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OVID^S FASTI; 



INTRODUCTION, NOTES, 



EXCURSUS, 



THOMAS KEIGHTLEY. 



REMODELED, AND CONSIDERABLY IMPROVED. 



LONDON: 
WHITTAKER AND CO. AVE MARIA LAxXK 

1848. 



-t# 



LONDON ; 
OILHERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTEKS, 

ST. John's square. 



PREFACE. 



No one, I should think, who has even done nothing more than 
look into Ovid's Fasti, will refuse his assent to the following- 
words of Hercules Ciofanus, one of the earliest editors of this 
poem : Ex omnihus veterum poetarum monumentis nullum 
hodierno die exstat opus, quod, aut eruditione aut rebus quae 
ad Romanam antiquitatem cognoscendam pertineant, hos Ovidii 
Fastorum libros antecellat. In effect we have here ancient 
Roman history, religion, mythology, topography, manners 
and customs, and moreover much Grecian mythology, and 
that portion of the ancient astronomy which regards the 
rising and setting of the different constellations. These alto- 
gether form a wide field of knowledge ; and the versification 
being, moreover, eminently beautiful, there is not, perhaps, in 
the whole compass of classical literature, a work better calcu- 
lated to be put into the hands of students. 

It is now some years since I most unadvisedly yielded to 

the solicitations of a publisher, and prepared an edition of this 

poem without the aid of many of the necessary books, and 

in a very short space of time. There is no act of my literary 

A 2 



IV PREFACE. 

life which I so much regret. The book was also very incor- 
rectly printed ; yet, with all its defects, it was, perhaps, the 
best edition of the Fasti that had appeared in this country, 
and it was adopted in one of our great schools, beside some 
respectable private ones. 

The present edition is a totally different book. Indeed, 
though called a second edition, it is as different as if it had 
been done by another person. For in the interval of time 
which lies between them I have written my Histories of 
Greece and Rome, prepared the second enlarged and improved 
edition of my classic INIythology, resided for some time in 
Italy, and finally commented on the more difficult poems of 
Virgil and Horace. Meantime the only really critical edition 
of the poem, the learned and elaborate work of Merkel, had 
appeared, and I have thus been enabled to give a better text. 
When to this is added that I have had abundant leisure for 
preparing it, I am surely justified in hoping that it may be the 
means of causing this most pleasing and valuable poem to be 
more generally read and studied than is the case at present. 

I have sought to give all necessary aid to the student, but 
I would not encourage idleness by giving mythic and historic 
narratives in the notes ; I have always, however, referred to 
accessible works where they may be found, and that I deem 
to be all that could be justly required. 

T. K. 

Adbury Lodge, Newbury, 
J;jri/21, 1848. 



INTRODUCTION. 



§ I. RISING AND SETTING OF THE STARS. §'2. THE ROMAN YEAR. 

5* ^- MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE ROMAN YEAR. § 4. THE 

ROMAN FASTI. () 5. OVID's POEM ON THE FASTI. 



§ 1. — Rising and Setting of the Stars. 

The attention of a pfiople who, like the ancient Greeks, dwelt in a 
region where, during a great part of the year, the night might be 
passed in the open air, and no mists or clouds obscured the heaven, 
must have been early drawn to those luminous points which are 
scattered over it in such profusion. They must have early learned 
to distinguish various clusters of them, and thence to give them 
appropriate names. Accordingly, in the most ancient portion of 
Grecian literature, the Homeric and Hesiodic poems, we find vari- 
ous groupes of the stars designated by peculiar names. Such are 
Orion, the Hyades, the Pleiades, the Bear or Wain, the Dog and 
the Ploughman or Bear-ward (Bootes or Arctophi/lax). The case 
was the same in the East : we meet in the book of Job (c. ix. 9, 
xxxviii. 31 .) with names for the Pleiades, the Bear, and Orion, and 
(xxvi. 14.) the constellation named the Great Serpent. The people 
of ancient Italy appear to have done the same : the Latin name of 
the Pleiades was Vergiliae, that of the Hyades Sucidae : the seven 
stars, which form the constellation of the Great Bear, were named 
by them the Septem Triones, or Seven Oxen ; for, as they go round 
A o 



VI INTRODUCTION. 

and round the pole without ever setting, the analogy between them 
and the oxen, which trod out the corn by going round and round 
the area or threshing-floor, was an obvious one. The brilliant con- 
stellation Orion was named in Italy Jugula, which probably signi- 
fied & yoke or couple ; for such it is in form : of the others, none but 
Greek appellations occur '. 

A very short acquaintance with the face of the stellar heaven 
sufficed to show that it did not always remain the same. During a 
part of the year, Orion flamed in full magnificence on the sky, and, 
to the eye of the Grecian herdsman and hunter, he and his Dog 
pursued the Bear, who kept walchvig him while the Pleiades 
(Peleiades, pigeons) wQreJlying before him ; at another season the 
sky was destitute of this brilliant scene. It was soon observed that 
the stars made ' their exits and their entrances' at regular periods, 
corresponding with the changes which took place in the course of 
nature on earth ; and these coincidences were marked and employed 
for agricultural purposes. A people who have no regular scientific 
calendar, always contrives a natural one, taken from celestial or 
terrestrial appearances. Thus the North American Aborigines 
designate times and seasons by the flowering of certain plants ; the 
ancient Greeks appear to have done something of the same kind, 
for one of Hesiod's designations of a particular season is, when the 
thistle is in blossom : we ourselves call the first season of the year 
the Spring (i. e. of plants) ; our forefathers termed and our Trans- 
atlantic brethren still term the autumn, the Fall (i. e. of the leaves). 

The Greeks, however, seem early to have seen the superior 
accuracy and determinateness of the celestial phenomena. In the 
didactic poem of Hesiod, this mode of marking the times of naviga- 
tion and of rural labours is frequently employed, and its use was 
retained by the countryfolk of both Greece and Italy far into the 
time of the Roman empire. Those who wrote on rural subjects or 
natural history employed it; we meet with it in Aristotle, as well 
as in Pliny and Columella. 



1 On this subject, see Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy, p. 465, 2nd 
edition. 



RISING AND SETTING OP THE STARS. Vll 

When intercourse with Eg'ypt and Phoenicia had called the 
thoughts of the Greeks to natural science, the rude astronomy of 
their rustic forefathers became the subject of improvement. The 
name of Thales is, as was to be expected, to be found at the head 
of the cultivators of this science. He is said to have been the 
first who taught to distinguish between the real and apparent rising 
and setting of a constellation, which implies a knowledge of spheric 
astronomy. His example was followed and observation extended 
by others ; and as rain, wind, and other aerial phenomena were held 
to be connected with the rising and setting of various signs, the 
times of their risings and settings, both apparent and real, were 
computed by Meton, Eudoxus, and other ancient astronomers. 
The tables thus constructed were cut on brass or marble, and fixed 
up (whence they were called TrapaTrriyfiara) in the several cities 
of Greece, and the peasant or sailor had only to look on one of 
these parapegviata, to know what sign was about to rise or set, and 
what weather might be expected. Without considering the differ- 
ence of latitude and longitude, the Romans borrowed the parapeg- 
mata, like every thing else, from the Greeks. The countryman, as 
we learn from Pliny (xviii. 60, 65), now ceased to mark the stellar 
heaven ; for a Kalendar taught him when the signs rose and set, and 
on what days he was to expect sacrifices and festivals. 

Before the time of Thales it was, of course, only the visible and 
apparent risings and settings of the signs that were the subject of 
observation. But astronomers now learned to distinguish these 
phenomena into three kinds. These they termed the cosmic, 
acronych, and heliac risings and settings. The cosmic rising or 
setting (KocrfiiKog sttitoXij, or dvaic;) was the true one in the morn- 
ing ; the acronych (dKpowxog ^), the true one in the evening ; the 
heliac (jyXia/coe), the apparent rising in the morning, or setting in the 
evening. A star was said to rise or set cosmically, when it rose or set 
at sun-rise ; it rose or set acronychally, when it rose or set at sun-set ; 
it rose heliacally, when in the morning it just emerged fro«i the 



2 'A/cpoi/u^, aKpoi/u^ia, to uKpov Tijs fuKTo?, prima now, is evening, the 
beginning (one end) of the night. <- .H-r^- .ct it- (,'■;,■ 



Vlll INTRODUCTION. 

solar rays ; it set in the same manner, when in the evening it sanli 
immediately after the sun. 

Some general observations may be made here. 1, The cosmic 
or true morning rising, and the acronych or true evening setting of 
a star, were matters of calculation, not of observation. 2. In the 
morning the true rising precedes the apparent one, ])erhaps several 
days. 3. In the evening the apparent setting precedes the real 
one. To illustrate this, let us with Milton suppose it 'spring 
time when the sun with Taurus rides,' the Hyades which are in the 
head of Taurus will rise with the sun, but lost in his eftulgence they 
will elude our vision ; at length when in his progress through the 
Tauric portion of the ecliptic, he has left them a sufficient distance - 
behind him, their rising (as his motion in the ecliptic is contrary to 
his apparent diurnal motion) will precede his by a space of time 
which will allow them to be seen. The real evening setting of a 
star, as we have said, is its sinking at the same moment with the sun 
below the horizon ; its heliac setting is its becoming visible as he is 
setting, and then disappearing, that is, ceasing to be visible after 
sun-set, in the western part of the hemisphere. Thus the Hyades 
will set heliacally, i.e. just appear and drop after the sun for some 
days before he, as it were, comes back to them and they sink together. 

There are thus three risings and three settings of a star, namely . 

The true morning rising, i. e. the cosmic. 

The apparent morning rising, i. e. the heliac. 
The true evening rising, i. e. the acronych. 

The true morning setting, i. e. the cosmic. 

The true evening setting, i. e. the acronych. 

The apparent evening setting, i. e. the heliac. 

Of these, the one which is most apt to engage the attention is 
the acronych or true evening rising, that is, the rising of the star at 
the eastern verge of the horizon, at the moment the sun is sinking 
on the western side. It is of this, we think, that Hesiod alwaj'^s 
speaks. The attention of the constructors of parapegmata does not 



THE ROMAN YEAR. iX 

seem to have been directed to the risings of the stars at different 
hours of the night. ^ 

§ 2. — The Roman Year. 

Nothing seems to be better established by competent authority, 
than that two kinds of year were in use among the ancient Romans, 
the one of ten, the other of twelve months. In the usual spirit 
of referring their ancient institutions to those whom they regarded 
as their first kings, the ten-month year was ascribed by them to 
Romulus, the improved one of twelve months to Numa. This was 
the current opinion, such as we find it in the following poem : some 
ancient writers, however, such as Licinius Macer and Fenestella, to 
whom we may perhaps add Plutarch, rejected the ten-month year 
as a mere fiction. Their opinion has been adopted by the great 
Joseph Scaliger, who asserts that the Roman year always consisted 
of twelve months. Both opinions may, we think, be maintained : the 
Romans may, from the beginning of their state, have had a year of 
twelve months, which we would call the Roman year, and yet have 
used along with it a year of ten months, which, for reasons which 
will presently appear, may be termed the Etruscan or cyclic year. 
We will commence by showing that a year often months was in use 
even in the time of the republic. 

Ten months was the term for mourning ; the fortunes of 
daughters, left by will, were to be paid in three instalments of ten 
months each ; on the sale of olives, grapes on the vine, and wine in 
the vessels, ten months' credit was given ; the most ancient rate of 
interest also supposes a year often months. These are then strong 
presumptions ; but a nearer approach may be made to certainty. 
There was nothing the ancient inhabitants of Italy more carefully 
shunned, than drawing down the vengeance of the gods, by even an 
involuntary breach of faith. It was also the custom, especially of 
the Etruscans, to make peace, under the form of truces, for a certain 
number of years. Now we find that, in the year 280, a peace was 

3 In the following notes we only notice tlie risings and settings generally, as 
they occur in the morning or the evening. 

A 5 



X INTRODUCTION. 

made with Veii for 40 years. In 316 Fidenae revolted and joined 
Veil, which must then have been at war with Rome ; but 316-280 
is only 36, yet the Romans, though highly indignant, did not accuse 
the Veientines of breach of faith. Suppose the truce made for 40 
ten-month years, and it had expired in the year 314. Again, in 
329, a truce was made for twenty years, and Livy says that it had 
expired in 347, but 347-329 is 18, not 20. Let the year have been 
of ten months, and the truce had ended in the year 346. These are 
Etruscan cases, but we find the same mode of proceeding in trans- 
actions with other nations : a truce for eight years, for instance, was 
made with the Volscians in 323, and in 331 they were at war with 
Rome, without being charged with perjury. 

This ten-month year was that of the Etruscans, who were the 
most learned and cultivated people of the peninsula. As the civil 
years of the Latin and other peoples were formed on various prin- 
ciples, and differed in length, the Romans at least, if not the others, 
deemed it expedient to use, in matters of importance, a common 
fixed measure of time. On all points relating to science and reli- 
gion they looked up to the Etruscans ; it was therefore a matter of 
course that their year should be the one adopted. 

This Etruscan year consisted of 304 days, divided into 38 weeks 
of eight days each. It is not absolutely certain that it was also 
divided into months, but all analogy is in favour of such a division. 
Macrobius and Solinus say, that it contained six months of 31, and 
four of 30 days ; but this does not seem to agree with weeks of eight 
days ; perhaps there were nine months of four weeks, and one of 
two, or more probal)ly eight of four weeks, and two of three'*. This 
year, which depended on neither the sun nor the moon, was a purely 
scientific one, founded on astronomical grounds and the accurate 
measurement of a long portion of time. It served the Etruscans 
as a correction of their civil lunar year, the one which was in com- 
mon use ; and, from the computations which have been made, it 
appears, that, by means of it, it may be ascertained that the Etrus- 
cans had determined the exact length of the tropical or solar year, 

■* See the Cambridge Philological Museum, No. V. p. 474. 



MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE KOMAN YEAR. XI 

with a greater degree of accuracy than is to be found in the Julian 
computation. 

Like the Etruscans, the Romans employed for civil purposes a 
lunar year, which they had probably borrowed also from that people. 
This year, which of course, like every year of the kind, must have 
consisted of twelve months, fell short of the solar year by the space 
of 1 1 days and 6 hours ; and the mode adopted for bringing them into 
accordance was to intercalate, as it was termed, a month in every 
other year, during periods of 22 years, these intercalated months 
consisting alternately of 22 and 23 days. This month was named 
Mercedonius. In the last biennium of the period no intercalation 
took place= As five years made a lustre, so five of these periods 
made a secle, which thus consisted of 1 10 years or 22 lustres, and 
was the largest measure of time among the Romans. 

The care of intercalating lay with the pontiffs, and they length- 
ened and shortened the year at their pleasure, in order to serve or 
injure the consuls and farmers of the revenue, according as they 
were hostile or friendly toward them. In consequence of this, 
Julius Caesar found the year 67 days in advance of the true time, 
when he undertook to correct it by the aid of foreign science. 
From his time the civil year of the Romans was a solar, not a lunar 
one, and the Julian year continued in use till the Gregorian reform- 
ation of the Calendar. 

We may thus see that the civil year of the Romans always con- 
sisted of twelve months, and that a year of ten months was in use 
along with it in the early centuries of the state, which served to 
correct it, and which was used in matters of importance. * 

§ 3. — Months and Days of the Roman Year. 

It has been usual with all peoples to begin their year at one of the 
great points marked by the course of the Sun in the ecliptic, namely, 
the solstices and the equinoxes. The civil year of the Hebrews 
began at the vernal ; their religious year, borrowed probably from 

3 On the subjects treated of in this section, see Niebvihr on the Secular Cycle, 
in his History of Rome, and Sc.aliger de Emendatione Temporum. 



Xll INTRODUCTION. 

the Eg-yptians, at the autumnal equinox. Our own civil year, pre- 
vious to the last century, commenced in March, i. e. was regulated 
by the vernal equinox. The Roman j'car, during- the period known 
to us, was regulated by the winter solstice ; but there are reasons for 
supposing that it may at one time have commenced with March. 
Six months of the year, it may be observed, have numerical names, 
apparently belonging to a year, of which March was the first month, 
while the other six have names of a different nature. This, no 
doubt, may have arisen from the junction of two years belonging to 
different people, one of which, the cyclic, may have proceeded 
numerically ; yet still it is deserving of notice that the months, 
Quinctilis, Sextilis, etc., are all apparently reckoned from March. 
But as this may have been caused by the taking of the names of 
the first six months of the one, the last six of the other year, we 
cannot raise any theory on this foundation. 

The oriental division of time into weeks of seven days, though 
resulting so naturally from the phases of the moon, was not known 
at Rome till the time of the emperors. The Etruscan year, as we 
have seen, consisted of weeks of eight days ; and in the Roman 
custom of holding markets on the nundines, or every ninth day, we 
see traces of its former use ; but a different mode of dividing the 
month seems to have early begun to prevail. 

In the Roman month there were three days with peculiar names, 
from their places with relation to which the other days were de- 
nominated. These were the Kalends {Kalcndae or Calendae), the 
Nones (Nonae), and the Ides {Idus or Eidus). The Kalends 
(from calare, to proclaim,) were the first day of the month ; the 
Nones (from nomis, ninth) were the ninth day before the Ides, 
reckoning inclusively ; the Ides (from iduare, to divide,) fell about, 
not exactly on, the middle of the months. In March, May, July, 
and October, the Ides were the 15th, and consequently the Nones 
the 7th day of the month ; in the remaining months the Ides were 
the 13th, the Nones the 5th. The space, therefore, between the 
Nones and Ides was always the same ; those between the Kalends 
and Nones, and the Ides and Kalends, were subject to variation. 
Originally, however, as it would appear, the latter space also was 



MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE ROMAN YEAE. XIU 

fixed : there were thus in every month, except February, 16 days 
from the Ides to the Kalends ; and the months, therefore, consisted 
of 31 and 29 days, February having 28. It was only necessary then 
to know how many days there were between the Kalends and 
Nones, as the remaining portions were constant. Accordingly, on 
the day of new moon, one of the pontiffs cried aloud that number, 
thus intimating the day of the Nones, which was quite sufficient for 
the people''. In the Julian Kalendar, January, August, and De- 
cember were raised from 29 to 31 days, while their Nones and Ides 
remained unchanged. 

We thus see that the Roman month was, like the Attic, divided 
into three portions : but its division was of a more complex and em- 
barrassing kind ; for while the Attic month consisted of three de- 
cades of days, and each day was called the first, second, third, or so, 
of the decade, to which it belonged, the days of the Roman month 
were counted with reference to the one of the three great days 
M'hich was before them. It is not, perhaps, quite correct to say 
that the Romans counted backwards ; for, taking the month of 
January for an example, the first day was the Kalends, the second 
was then viewed with reference to the approaching Nones, and 
was denominated the fourth before the Nones; the day after the 
Nones was the eighth before the Ides ; the day after the Ides, the 
nineteenth before the Kalends of February. So that in effect it was 
just as when one is traveling from the country up to London or 
any other capital, and he sees the numbers decreasing on the mile- 
stones as he advances. 

*> Primi dies mensium nominatae Calendae, ah eo quod Ms diebus cal-atitur ejus 
mensis Nonae a pontificihus^ quintanae an septimanae sint fidurae, in Capitolio 
in Curia Calahra sic: Dies te quinque calo Juno Covella. Septem dies 
te calo Juno Covella, Vairo L. L. vi. 27. The word covella here is perhaps 
■with reason supposed to be i. q. Koi\i], and to denote the hollowness of the 
moon during the first quarter. As this does not apply to Juno, who was never 
held to be the moon, we would adopt the opinion of Scaliger (De Em. Temp, 
p. 174), that tlie original word was Jana, which we know to have been the moon : 
see Mythol. p. 520. The Romans, when their religion had been Hellenised, 
appear to have made frequent changes of this kind. Thus we are told by Diony- 
sius and Festus (ib. p. 526), that Horatius made offerings to the Juno of his 
sister and the Janus of the Curiatii, where the last must have been the Genius, 
for no one ever heard of the Janus of a man. 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

The technical phraseology of the Roman Kalendar ran thus. The 
numeral was usually put in the ablative case, and, as the names of 
the months were adjectives, they were made to agree with the Ka- 
lends, etc., or followed in the genitive, mensis being understood. 
Thus, to say that an event occurred on the Ides of March, the term 
would be Idibus Martiis, or Idibus Martii (mensis). So also of the 
Kalends and Nones : for any other day the phrase would be, for 
example, tertio Kalendas, i. e. tertio (die ante) Kalendas or tertio (die) 
Kalendarum. The day before any of the three principal days was 
pridie (i. e. priore die) Kabndas or Kalendarum, Nonas or Nonarum, 
Idus or Idinim. 

Another mode of expression was to use a preposition and an 
accusative case. Thus, for tertio Nonas they would sa} ante diem 
tcrtium Nonas, which was written a. d. III. Non. This form is very 
much employed by Livy and Cicero. It was even used objectively, 
and governed of the prepositions in and ex. We thus meet in ante 
tcrtium Nonas, and ex ante diem Nonas in these authors. Another 
preposition thus employed is ad ; we meet ad 2'>ridie Nonas. 

As the Romans reckoned inclusively, we must be careful in 
assigning any particular day to its place in the month, according to 
the modern mode of reckoning. We must, therefore, always 
diminish the given number by one, or we shall be a day behind. 
Thus, the 5th of June being the Nones, the 3rd is III. Non.; but if 
we subduct 3 from 5, we get the 2nd instead of the 3rd of the 
month. The rule then is, as we know the days on which the Nones 
and Ides fall in each month, to subduct from that day the Roman 
number minus 1 , and we have the day of the month. For days be- 
fore the Kalends, subduct in the same manner from the number of 
days in the month. 

The Romans further divided the days of the year into two classes, 
n&meAfesti and profesti : the first, answering to our Sundays and holi- 
days, contained all festivals, holidays, etc. ; the second, answering to 
our week- or working-days, those on which ordinary business might be 
transacted. Some days, as we shall see, partook of the character of 
both. Another corresponding division was into fasti and nefasti. The 
dies fasti were those on which courts sat and justice was administered ; 



MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE ROMAN YEAR. XV 

and they were so named, because on them the praetor might pro- 
nounce (fari) the three legal words Do (bonoriim possessionem), 
Dico (jus), Addico (id de quo quaeritur) : and these were again sub- 
divided into fasti, properly so called, on which the courts of justice 
sat, but assemblies (comitia) could not be held, and comitiales, on 
which all kinds of legal and public business might be transacted. 
The dies nefasti were in like manner subdivided into nefasti, properly 
so called, on which the courts did not sit, but every other kind of 
business, public or private, might be transacted, and dies religiosi or 
atri, on which no public business, unless of the utmost necessity, 
could be engaged in (Gell. iv. 9). There were, beside these, days 
marked in the Fasti NP. and EN., part of which were fast, and part 
nefast. The former, like our half-holiday, appear to have been 
nefast in the morning, fast during the remainder of the day ; NP. 
signifying nefastus principio or nefastus -parte. The days marked 
EN. were named intercisi, and they were nefast in the morning and 
evening, /a5^ in the middle of the day'. 

In the Fasti which have been discovered^ we may observe on 
the left the letters A — H succeeding each other in regular series. 
These denote the Nundines or weeks. Next to these, in some, are 
marked alone the Kal. Non. Id. of each month, while others give 
also the intermediate days. The names of festivals, etc., are then 

^ Intercisi dies sunt per quos mane et vesperi est nefas, medio tempore inter 
hostiam caesam et exta porrecta fas ; a quo quod fas turn intercedit aid eo est 
intercisum nefas, intercisum, Varro, L. L. vi. 31. That there was a space of 
probably some hours inter caesa et porrecta, as it was proverbially termed, is 
manifest from this place, and from Id. ib. vi. 16". Endo, we may observe, was 
an old form of in, whence the EN. of the Fasti. 

8 The principal of these Fasti are the Maffeian, discovered at Rome in 1547 ; 
the Praenestine, or those of Verrius Flaccus, found at Praeneste in 1774, and 
published by Foggini, Rome, 1779, along with the fragments of the Amiternian, 
Venusinian, and such other Kalendars as had been discovered. All these and 
others have been again published by Orelli in his Corpus Inscriptionum. At the 
end of this Introduction we give the first six months of the Tabula MafFeiana, 
which, according to Merkel (p. xvii. seq.), was made A. U. 757-7 o9, and there- 
fore at the very time that Ovid was engaged on his Fasti. The numerals which 
we have placed on the left do not belong to it, neither do the days marked in 
Italics, between the K. N. Id. We have inserted these as they are iu the Prae- 
nestine tables. 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

set down, anil each has N. F. C. NP, EN., according' as it is neiast, 
fast, comitial, etc. After them is sometimes given in smaller letters 
some public event. 

§ 4. — T/te Roman Fasti. 

The Roman patricians derived from their Tuscan instructors the 
practice, common to sacerdotal castes, of maintaining power by 
keeping the people in ignorance of matters which, though simple in 
themselves, were of frequent use, and thence of importance. One 
of the things, which such bodies are most desirous of enveloping in 
mystery and confining the knowledge of to themselves, is the 
Kalendar, by which religious rites and legal proceedings are regu- 
lated. Accordingly, for a long time, the Roman people had no 
means of learning with certainty what days were fasfi and what not, 
but by applying to the pontiff, in whose house the tables of the Fasti 
were kept, or by the proclamation, which used to be made by the 
Rex Sacrorum, of the festivals which were shortly to take place. 
As we have seen above, the knowledge of the length of the ensuing 
month could only be obtained in the same manner. This, and the 
power of intercalating, gave a highly injurious degree of power to 
the pontiffs. 

Accordingly, nothing could exceed the indignation of the senate 
when, in the year 449, Fiavius, the clerk or secretary of App. 
Claudius, as a most effectual mode of gaining the popular favour, 
secretly made tables of the Kalendar, and set them up about the 
Forum ^. Thus the dies fasti and nefasli, the stative ks,t\\&\s, the 
anniversaries of the dedications of temples, etc., came to be known 
to every one. The days of remarkable actions, such as the suc- 
cesses and reverses of the arms of the republic, were also noted. 
Copies for the use of the public and individuals were multiplied : 
the municipia and other towns of Italy, as the fragments which have 
been discovered show, followed the example of Rome ; and the 
colonies, in this as in every thing else, presented the mother-city in 
little. The custom was transmitted to modern Europe, and, in the 






OVID S POEM ON THE FASTI. XVU 

Kalendar part of our own Almanacks, we may see a copy of those 
Fasti, which once formed a portion of the mysterious treasures of 
the patricians of ancient Rome. 

These were the Fasti Sacri or Kalendares : but the word Fasti 
was applied to another kind of register, named the Fasti Historici 
or Consulares, which contained the names of the magistrates of each 
year, especially the consuls ; and the chief events of the year were 
set down in them, so that they formed a kind of annals of the state. 
When we read of the name of any consul, as was the case with L. 
and M. Antonius, being erased from the Fasti by a senatusconsult, 
it is always these Fasti that are meant. 

§ 5. — Ovid's Poem on the Fasti. 

Ovid's Fasti, as a poem, is unique : there is nothing similar to it, 
that we can recollect, in any language. To form an idea of it, we 
may conceive a modern poet to have taken the Kalendar of our 
Almanacks as the ground of a poetic work. After an introduction 
respecting time, the year, and such matters, he would give an 
account of New-year's day and the mode of celebrating it. He would 
then probably relate the circumcision of our Lord and events con- 
nected with it, and perhaps notice the accomplishment of the legis- 
lative union between England and Ireland. He might then display 
his narrative and descriptive powers in an account of the Epiphany, 
and perhaps then sing Rodney's victory off Cape St. Vincent amid 
darkness and tempest in 1780, and, thus proceeding, conclude the 
month with a poetic view of the death on the scaffold of Charles I , 
just as Ovid concludes his second book with the Regifugium. Such 
then really is the Fasti of Ovid, with the exception of the rising 
and setting of the celestial signs, and the mythic tales connected 
with them, which a modern poet would of course omit. 

Ovid probably derived his historical notices from the various 
annalists, of whom Rome had so many, commencing with Fabius 
Pictor in the sixth century. He may even have read the works of 
Dionysius and Livy : he was certainly familiar with the Annals of 
Ennius. His knowledge of political and rtdigious ceremonies and 



XVIU INTRODUCTION. 

institutions he may have obtained from the works of Cincius, Varro, 
and other antiquaries. His intimacy with Grecian literature left 
him at no loss respecting mythic legends. It has been shown to be 
highly probable that one of his learned friends, named Clodius 
Tuscus, compiled for his use a Fasti Astronomici, of which a Greek 
translation is extant, and that his notices of the rising and setting of 
the stars have been taken from that work. As his guide, he may 
have taken one of the ordinary Fasti, which were cut on marble and 
set up in public ; perhaps, the very one of which we have given a 
portion, and which Merkel has shown to be contemporary with his 
poem. Finally, as various parts of it show% he was not negligent in 
making personal inquiry concerning remarkable practices. 

This poem, on which Ovid was engaged at the time of his myste- 
rious relegation in 762 to Tomi on the Euxine, was apparently 
never completed. In the long exculpatory epistle to Augustus, 
which forms the second book of his Tristia, he speaks of having 
written it in twelve books ; but that may only mean that he had in- 
tended it to be of that length : certain it is, that not the slightest 
trace of the last six books is to be found. It was originally addressed 
to Augustus ; but in 769, after the death of that prince, when Ger- 
manicus, the adopted son of Tiberius, was going to the East, the 
exiled poet conceived the idea of revising his Fasti, and dedicating 
it to that amiable and accomplished prince. He had only gone 
through the first book, when death terminated his labours. Hence 
we find that book addressed to Germanicus, but all the remainder 
to Augustus. 



TABULA MAFFEIANA. 



1 A K. JAN. F. 

2 B 7 F. F. 

3 C III. C. 

4 D Pr. C. 

5 E NON. F. 

6 F VIII. F. 



7 G 

8 H 

9 A 

10 B 

11 C 

12 D 

13 E 

14 F 

15 G 

16 H 

17 A 

18 B 

19 C 

20 D 

21 E 

22 F 

23 G 

24 H 

25 A 

26 B 

27 C 



VII. C. 

VI. C. 

V. AGON. 

IV. EN. 

III. CAR. NP. 

Pr.C. 

EID. NP. 

XIX. EN. DIES vj 

TIOS. EX S. C. 
XVIII. CAR. 

XVII. c. 
XVI. c, 
XV. c. 
XIV. c. 
XIII. c. 
XII. c. 
XI. c. 
x.c. 
IX. c. 

VIII. c. 

VII. c. 

VI. c. 



28 D V. C. 

29 E IV. F. 

30 F III. N. 

31 G Pr. C. 



H K. FEB. N. 

A IV. N. 
B ///. N. 
C Pr. N. 

D NON. 

E VIII. N. 



F VII. N. 
G VI. N. 

H F.N. 
A IV. N. 
B ///. N. 
C Pr. N. 

D EID. NP. 

E XVI. N. 

F XV. LUPER. NP. 

G XIV. EN. 

H XIII. QuiR. NP. 

A XII. C. 

B XI. C. 

C X.C. 

D IX. FERAL. F. 

E VIII. C. 

F F7/.TER. NP. 

G F/. REGIE. N. 

H V.C. 
A IV. EN. 

B ///. EQ. NP. 



C Pr. C. 



D K. MAR. NP. 

E VI. F. 
F F. C. 
G/F. C. 
H III. C. 

A Pr. NP. HOC DIE 

CAESAR PONTIF. 
MAXIM. FACT. EST. 
B NON. F. 

C VIII. F. 
D VII. C. 
E VI. C. 
F V.C. 
G IV. C. 
H ///. EN. 
A Pr. eq. NP. 

B EID. NP. 

C XVII. F. 

D XVI. LIB. NP. 

E XV. C. 

F XIV. QuiN. N. 

G XIII. C. 

H XII. C. 

A XI. N. 

B X. TUBIL. NP. 
C IX. Q. REX. C. F. 

D VIII. C. 
E VII.C. 

F VI. NP. HOC DIE 

CAESAR ALEXAND. 
RECEPIT. 

G V.C. 
H IV. C. 
A III. C. 
B Pk. C. 



TABULA MAFFEIANA. 



1 C K. A.... 




...N. 


2 D IV... 


VI... 


IV... 


3 E ///. C. 


V... 


III. C. 


-1 F Pr.LUD. MATR.MAG. 


IV... 


C Pr. C. 


5 G NON. LUDl. 


E ///. C. 


D NON. 


(J H TV//. NP. LUDi. 


F pR. C. 


E VIII. N. 


7 A ril. N. LUDI. 


G NON.N. 


F VII. N. 


8 B VI. N. LUDI. 


H VIII. F. 


G VI. N. MENTI. IN 
CA.PIT. 


!) C T^ N. LUDI. 


A VII. i.i:m. N. 


H F. VEST. N. h:r. 

VESTAE. 


lU D /F.N. LUD. INCIR. 


B VI. C. 


A IV. N. 


11 E ///. N. 


C F. LEM. N. 


B ///. MATR. N. 


12 F Pr.N.LUDI CERERI. 


D/F. NP. LUD. 

MART. IN CIRC. 


C Pr. N. 


13 G EID. NP. LUDI. 


E ///. LEM. N. 


D EID. N. 


14 H XF///. N.LUDi. 


F Pr. C. 


E XVIII. E. 


15 A A' F//. FORD. N P. 


G EID. NP. 


F XVII. Q. ST. D. F. 


LUDI. 






IC B XVI. N. LUDI. 


nxvii.F. 


G XVI. C. 


17 C XV. N.LUDi. 


A XVI. C. 


H XV. C. 


18 D XIV. N. LUDI. 


B XV. C. 


A A/F. C. 


l!J E XIII. CKU. N. LUD. 


C XIV. C 


B XIII. C. 


IN CIK. 






20 F XII. N. 


D XIII. C. 


C X//. C. 


21 G XI. PAR. NP. 


E XII. AGON. NP. 


D XI. C. 


22 H A'. N. 


F XI. N. 


E A. C. 


23 A IX. viN. NP. 


G A". TUB. NP. 


F IX. C. 


24 B VIII. C. 


H IX. a. R. c. F. 


G VIII. C. 


25 C VII. ROB. NP. 


A VIII. C. 


H F//. C. 


26 D VI. F. 


B VII. C. 


A VI. C. 


27 E F. C. 


C VI. C. 


B F. C. 


28 F /F.NP. LUD.FLOR. 


D F. C. 


C IV. C. 


29 G ///. C. LUDI. 


E IV. C. 




.30 H Pr. C. LUDI. 


F ///. C. 


D ///. F. 


31 


G Pr. C. 


E Pr. C. 



p. OVIDII NASONIS 

FASTORUM 

LIBER I. 



Temjjora cum causis Latiiim digesta per annum, 

Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa canam. 
Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, vultu 

Hoc opus, et timidae dirige navis iter ; 
Officioque, levem non aversatus honorem, 

Huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades. 
Sacra recognosces annalibus eruta priscis, 

Et quo sit merito quaeque notata dies. 
Invenies illic et festa domestica vobis ; 

Saepe tibi pater est, saepe legendus avus. 
Quaeque ferunt illi pictos signantia fastos, 

Tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres. 
Caesaris arma canant alii, nos Caesaris aras, 

Et quoscumque sacris addidit ille dies. 
Annue conanti per laudes ire tuorum, 

Deque meo pavidos excute corde metus. 
Da mibi te placidum, dederis in carmina vires ; 

Ingenium vultu statque caditque tuo. 
Pagina judicium docti subitura movetur 

Principis, ut Clario missa legenda deo. 
Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, 

Civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis. 
Scimus et, ad nostras cum se tulit impetus artes, 

Ingenii currant flumina quanta tui. 
Scilicet ut fas est, vates rege vatis liabenas, 

Auspicio felix totus ut annus eat. 



Tempora digereret cum conditor urbis, in anno 

Constituit menses quinque bis esse suo. 
Scilicet arma magis qiiam sidera, Romule, noras, 

Curaque finitimos vincere major erat. 3n 

Est tamen et ratio, Caesar, quae moverit ilium, 

Erroremque suum quo tueatur liabet. 
Quod satis est utero matris dum prodeat infans, 

Hoc anno statuit temporis esse satis ; 
Per totidem menses a funere conjugis uxor 35 

Sustinet in vidua tristia signa domo. 
Haec igitur ^ndit trabeati cura Quirini 

Cum rudibus populis annua jura daret. 
Martis erat primus mensis, Venerisque secundus, 

Haec generis princeps, ipsius ille pater. 40 

Tertius a senibus, juvenum de nomine quartus, 

Quae sequitur numero turba notata fuit. 
At Numa nee Janum nee avitas praeterit umbras, 

Mensibus antiquis praeposuitque duos. 

Ne tamen ignores variorum jura dierum ; 45 

Non liabet officii Lucifer omnis idem. 
Hie Nefastus erit, per qucm tria verba silentur ; 

Fastus erit, per quem lege licebit agi. 
Neu toto perstare die sua jura putaris ; 

Qui jam Fastus erit, mane Nefastus erat. 50 

Nam simul exta deo data sunt licet omnia fari, 

Verbaque lionoratus libera praetor liabet. 
Est quoque quo populum jus est includere septis ; 

Est quoque qui nono semper ab orbe redit. 
Vindicat Ausonias Junonis cura Kalendas ; 55 

Idibus alba Jovi grandior agna cadit ; 
Xonanim tutela deo caret. Omnibus istis 

— Ne fallare cave — proximus Ater erit. 
Omen ab eventu est, illis nam Roma diebus 

Damna sub adverso tristia Marte tulit. 60 

Haec mibi dicta fjomel totis liaerentia fastis, 

Ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt. 

KAL. 1st. 

Ecce tibi faustum, Grermanice, nuntiat annum, 

Inque meo primus carmine Janus adest. 



Jane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo, 65 

Solus de superis qui tua terga vides, 
Dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura labore 

Otia terra ferax, otia pontus agit. 
Dexter ades patribusque tuis populoque Quirini, 

Et resera nutu Candida terapla tuo. 70 

Prospera lux oritur ; linguisque animisque favete ; 

Nunc dicenda bono sunt bona verba die. 
Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint 

Jurgia ; differ opus, livida turba, tuum. 
Cernis odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether, 76 

Et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis ? 
Flamma nitore suo templorum verberat auruni, 

Et tre nudum summa spargit in aede jubar. 
Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur in arces, 

Et populus festo concolor ipse suo est. so 

Jamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget, 

Et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur. 
Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda juvenci, 

Quos aluit campis lierba Falisca suis. 
Juppiter, arce sua cum totum spectat in orbem, 85 

Nil nisi Romanum quod tueatur habet. 
Salve, laeta dies, meliorque revertere semper, 

A populo rerum digna potente coli ! 



Quem tamen esse deum te dicam, Jane biformis ? 

Nam tibi par nullum Graecia numen liabet. 
Ede simul causam cur de caelestibus unus, 

Sitque quod a tergo sitque quod ante, vides. 
Haec ego cum sumptis agitarem mente tabellis, 

Lucidior visa est, quam fuit ante, domus. 
Tum sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Janus 

Bina repens oculis obtvdit ora meis. 
Extimui, sensique metu riguisse capillos, 

Et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat. 
Ille, tenens dextra baculum clavemque sinistra, 

Edidit lios nobis ore priore sonos : 
Disce, metu posito, vates operose dierum, * 

Quod petis, et voces percipe mente meas. 
B 2 



4 FASTORUM 

Mr Chaos antiqui — nam sum res prisca — vocabant. 

Aspice, qiiam longi tcmporis acta canam. 
Lucidiis hie aer et quae tria corpora restant, lor, 

Ignis, aquae, tellus, unus acervus erant, 
l^t semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, 

Inquc novas abiit massa sohita domes, 
Altum flamma petit ; propior locus aera cepit ; 

Sederunt medio terra frctumque solo. i lo 

Tunc ego, qui fueram globus et sine imagine moles. 

In faciem redii dignaque membra deo. 
Nunc quoque, confusae quondam nota parva figurae, 

Ante quod est in me postque vidctur idem. 
Aceipe quaesitac quae causa sit altera formar", ii5 

Hane simul ut noris ofiiciumque meum. 
Quid([uid ubiquc vides, caelum, mare, nubila, terras. 

Omnia sunt nostra clausa jxatentque manu. 
]\Io penes est unura vasti custodia mundi, 

Et jus vertendi cardinis omne meum est. 120 

Cum libuit Pacem placidis emittere tectis, 

Libera perpetuas ambulat ilia vias. 
Sanguine letifero totus miscebitur orbis, 

Ni teneaut rigidae condita bella serae. 
Praesideo foribus caeli cum mitibus Horis ; 125 

It, redit officio Juppiter ipse meo. 
Inde Yocor Janus : cui cum Cereale sacerdos 

Imponit libum farraque mixta sale, 
Komina ridebis ; mode namque Patulcius idem, 

Et mode sacrifice Clusius oi'e vocor. 130 

Scilicet alterno voluit rudis ilia vetustas 

Xomine diversas significare vices. 
Vis mea narrata est : causam nunc disce figurae ; 

Jam tamen banc aliqua tu quoque parte vides. 
Omnis habet geminas hinc atque hinc janua frontes, 135 

E quibus haec populum spectat, at ilia Larem. 
Utque sedens vester primi prope limina tecti 

Janitor egressus introitusque videt ; 
Sic ego prospicio, caelestis janitor aulae, 

Eoas partes Hesperiasque simul. ho 

Ora vides Hecates in tres vergentia partes, 

Servat ut in ternas compita secta vias ; 



LIBER I. 5 

Et milii, ne flexu cervicis tempora perdam, 

Cernere non moto corpore bina licet. 
Dixerat, et vultu, si plura requirere vellem, us 

Difficilem milii se non fore fassus erat. 
Sumpsi animum, gratesque cleo non territus egi, 

Verbaque sum sjjectans pauca locutus bumum : 
Die, age, frigoribus quare novus incipit annus, 

Qui melius per ver incipfendus erat ? i5o 

Omnia tunc florent, tunc est nova temporis aetas, 

Et nova de gravido palmite gemma tumet, 
Et modo formatis operitur frondibus arbos, 

Prodit et in summum seminis berba solum, 
Et tepidum volucres concentibus aera mulcent, 155 

Ludit et in pratis luxuriatque pecus, 
Tum blandi soles, ignotaque prodit liirundo, 

Et luteum celsa sub trabe figit opus, 
Tum patitur cultus ager et renovatur aratro ; 

Hsec anni novitas jure vocanda fuit. i6o 

Quaesieram multis : non multis ille moratus, 

Contulit in versus sic sua verba duos : 
Bruma novi prima est veterisque novissima solis ; 

Principium capiunt Phoebus et annus idem. 
Post ea mirabar, cur non sine litibus esset I65 

Prima dies. Causam percipe, Janus ait. 
Tempora commisi nascentia rebus agendis, 

Totus ab auspicio ne foret annus iners. 
Quisque suas artes ob idem delibat agendo, 

Nee plus quam solitum testificatur opus. 170 

. Mox ego : Cur, quamvis aliorum numina plaeem, 

Jane, tibi prime tura merumque fero ? 
Ut per me possis aditum, qui limina servo. 

Ad quoscumque voles, inquit, habere deos. 
At cur laeta tuis dicuntur verba Kalendis, 175 

Et damns alternas accipimusque preces ? 
Tum deus incumbens baculo, quem dextra gerebat, 

Omina principiis, inquit, inesse solent. 
Ad priraam vocem timidas advertitis aures, 

Et primum visam consulit augur avem. isu 

Templa patent auresque deum, nee lingua caducas 

Concipit ulla preces, dictaque pondus habent, 
b3 



Desierat Janus ; nee longa silentia feci, 

Sed tetigi verbis ultima verba meis : 
Quid \idt palma sibi rugosaque carica, dixi, isr> 

Et data sub niveo Candida mella cado ? 
Omen, ait, causa est, ut res sapor ille sequatur, 

Et peragat coeptum duleis ut annus iter. 
Dulcia cur dentur video ; stipis adjice causam, 

Pars milii de festo ne labet ulla tuo. 190 

Risit, et, quam te fallunt tua saecula, dixit. 

Qui sti]^e mel sumpta dulcius esse putes ! 
Vix ego Saturno quemquam regnante videbam, 

Cujus non animo dulcia lucra forent. 194 

Tempore crevit amor, qui nunc est summus, liabendi ; 

Vix ultra quo jam progrediatur habet. 
Pluris opes nunc sunt quam prisci temporis annis, 

Dum po])ulus pauper, dum nova Roma fuit, 
Dum casa Martigenam capiobat parva Quirinuni, 

Et dabat exiguum fluminis ulva torum. 2ort 

Juppiter angusta vix totus stabat in aede, 

Inque Jovis dextra fictile fulmen erat. 
Frondibus ornabant, quae nunc Capitolia gemmis, 

Pascebatque suas ipse senator oves ; 
Xec pudor in stipula placidam cepisse quietem, 205 

Et foenum capiti supposuisse fuit. 
Jura dabat populis posito modo praetor aratro, 

Et levis argenti lamina crimen erat. 
At postquam fortuna loci caput extulit liujus, 

Et tetigit summos vertice Roma deos ; 210 

Oreverunt et opes et opum furiosa cupido, 

Et cum possideant plurima plura volunt. 
Quaerere ut absumant, absumpta requirere certant ; 

Atque ipsae vitiis sunt alimenta vices. 
Sic, C[uibus intumuit suiFusa venter ab unda, 215 

Quo plus sunt potae, plus sitiuntur aquae. 
In pretio pretium nunc est ; dat census honores, 

Census amicitias ; pauper ubique jacet. 
Tu tarn en auspicium si sit stipis utile quaeris, 

Curque juvent nostras aera vetusta manus. 220 

Aera dabant olim ; melius nunc omen in auro est, 

Victaque concessit prisca moneta novae. 



Nos quoque templa juvant, quamvis antiqua probemus, 

Aurea ; majestas convenit ista deo. 
Laudamus veteres sed iiostris utimur annis ; 225 

Mos tamen est aeque dignus uterque coli. 
Finierat monitus ; placidis ita rursus, ut ante, 

Clavigenim verbis alloquor ipse deum : 
Multa quidem didici : sed cur navalis in aere 

Altera signata est, altera forma biceps ? 230 

Noscere me duplici posses ut imagine, dixit, 

Ni vetus ipsa dies extenuaret opus. 
Causa ratis superest : Tuscum rate venit in amnem 

Ante pererrato falcifer orbe deus. 
Hac ego Saturnum memini tellure receptum ; 235 

Caelitibus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. 
Inde diu genti mansit Saturnia nomen ; 

Dicta quoque est Latium terra latente deo. 
At bona posteritas puppim formavit in aere, 

Hospitis adventum testificata dei. 240 

Ipse solum colui, cujus placidissima laevum 

Radit arenosi Tibridis unda latus. 
Hie, ubi nunc Roma est, incaedua silva virebat, 

Tantaque res paucis pascua bubus erat. 
Arx mea collis erat, quern cultrix nomine nostro 245 

Nuncupat liaec aetas, Janiculumque vocat. 
Tunc ego regnabam, patiens cum terra deorum 

Esset, et liumanis numina mixta locis. 
Nondum Justitiam facinus mortale fugarat, 

— Ultima de superis ilia reliquit liumum — 250 

Proque metu populum sine vi pudor ipse regebat ; 

Nullus erat justis reddere jura labor ; 
Nil milii cum bello, pacem postesque tuebar : 

Et clavem ostendens, Haec, ait, arma gero, 
Presserat ora deus : tunc sic ego nostra resolve, 255 

Voce mea voces eliciente dei : 
Cum tot sint Jani, cur stas sacratus in uno, 

Hie ubi juncta foris templa duobus liabes ? 
Hie manu mulcens propexam ad pectora barbam, 

Protinus Oebalii rettulit arma Tati, 260 

Utque levis custos armillis capta Sabinis 

Ad summae tacitos duxerit arcis iter. 
B 4 



8 FASTORUM 

Inde, velut nunc est, per qiiem descenditis, in quit, 

Ardiius ill valles et fora clivus erat. 
Et jam contigerant portam, Saturnia cujus 2(35 

Deinpsemt oppositas insidiosa seras. 
C'um, tanto veritiis committere numine piignam, 

Ipse meae movi callidus artis opus, 
Oraque, qua pollens ope sum, fontana reclusi, 

Sumque repentinas ejaculatus aquas. 270 

Ante tanien madidis subjeci sulfura venis, 

Claudcret ut Tatio fervidus humor iter. 
Cujus ut utilitas pulsis percepta Sabinis, 

Quae fuerat tuto reddita forma loco est ; 
Ara milii posita est parvo conjuncta saccllo : 275 

Haec adolct flammis cum strue farra suis. 
At cur pace lates, motisquc recluderis armis? 

Nee mora, quaesiti reddita causa mihi. 
Ut ])opulo reditus pateant ad bella profecto, 

Tota patct dempta janua nostra sera. 2S0 

Pace fores obdo, ne qua discedere possit : 

Caesareoquc diu nomine clausus ero. 
Dixit et, attollens oculos diversa tuentes, 

Aspexit toto quidquid in orbe fuit. 
Pax erat, et vestri, Germanice, causa triumplii 285 

Tradiderat famulus jam tibi Rhenus aquas. 
Jane, face acternos pacem pacisque ministros, 

Neve suum, praesta, deserat auctor opus. 

Quod tamen ex ipsis licuit milii discere fastis : 

Sacravere patres hoc duo templa die. 290 

Accepit Phoebo nymphaque Coronide natum 
Insula, dividua quam premit amnis aqua. 

Juppiter in parte est ; cepit locus unus utrumque, 
Junctaque sunt magno templa nepotis avo. 

Quid vetat et stellas, ut quaeque oriturque caditque, 

Dicere ? promissi pars fuit ista mei. 
Felices animos, quibus haec cognoscere primis 

Inque domos superas scandere cura fuit ! 
Credibile est illos pariter vitiisque locisque 

Altius humanis exseruisse caput. 300 



Non Venus et vinum suLlimia pectora fregit, 

Officiumve fori, militiaeve labor. 
Nee levis ambitio, perfusaque gloria fuco, 

Magnarumve fames sollicitavit opiim. 
Admovere oculis distantia sidera nostris, 305 

Aetheraque ingenio supposuere suo. 
Sic petitur caelum, non ut ferat Ossan Olympus, 

Summaque Peliacus sidera tangat apex. 
Nos quoque sub ducibus caelum metabimur illis. 

Ponemusque sues ad stata signa dies, 3io 

III. NON. Srd. 

Ergo ubi nox aderit Venturis tertia Nonis, 

Sparsaque caelesti rore madebit liumus, 
Octipedis frustra quaeruntur bracliia Cancri ; 

Praeceps occiduas ille subivit aquas. 

NON. 5th. 

Institerint imbres missi tibi nubibus atris ; 315 

Nonae signa dabunt exoriente Lyra. 

V. ID. 9th. 

Quattuor adde dies ductos ex ordine Nonis, 

Janus Agonali luce piandus erit. 
Nominis esse potest succinctus causa minister, 

Hostia caelitibus quo feriente cadit ; 320 

Qui calido strictos tincturus sanguine cultros, 

Semper Agatne rogat ; nee nisi jussus agit. 
Pars, quia non veniant pecudes sed agantur, ab aetu 

Nomen Agonalem credit habere diem. 
Pars putat hoc festum priscis Agnalia dictum, 325 

Una sit ut proprio littera dempta loco. 
An, quia prae vises in aqua timet hostia cultros, 

A pecoris lux est ista notata metu ? 
Fas etiam fieri solitis aetate priorum 

Nomina de ludis Grraia tulisse diem. 330 

Et pecus antiquus dicebat Agonia sermo : 

Veraque judicio est ultima causa meo. 
Utque ea nunc certa est, ita Rex placare Sacrorum 

Numina lanigerae conjuge debet ovis. 
Victima quae dextra cecidit victrice vocatur ; 335 

Hostibus a doraitis hostia nomen habet. 



1 FASTORUM 

Ante, deos homini quod conciliare valeret, 

Far erat et puri liicida mica salis. 
Nondiim pertulerat lacrimatas cortice myrrhas 

Acta per aeqiioreas hospita navis aquas ; 340 

Thura nee Euplirates, nee miserat India costum, 

Nee fuerant rubri cog-nita fila croci. 
Ara dabat fumos, herbis contenta Sabinis, 

Et non exiu'uo laurus adust a sono. 
Si quis erat factis prati dc flore coronis 345 

Qui posset violas adderc, dives erat. 
Ilic, qui nunc apei'it percussi viscera tauri, 

In sacris nullum culter habebat opus. 
Prima Ceres avidae gavisa est sanguine porcae, 

Ulta suas merita caede nocentis opes. 3oO 

Nam sata, vere novo, teneris lactentia succis, 

Eruta setigerae comperit ore suis. 
Sus dcderat poenas : exemplo territus liujus 

Palmitc debueras abstinuissc, caper. 
Quem spectans aliquis dentes in vite prementem 355 

Talia non tacito dicta dolore dedit : 
Rode, caper, vitem : tamen hinc, cum stabis ad arani, 

In tua quod spargi cornua possit erit. 
Verba fides sequitur ; noxae tibi deditus hostis 

Sj)argitur aftuso cornua, Bacclie, mero. 360 

Culpa sui nocuit : nocuit quoque culpa capellae : 

Quid bos, quid placidae commeruistis oves ? 
Flebat Aristaeus, quod apes cum stirpe necatas 

Viderat inceptos destituisse favos. 
Caerula quem genitrix, aegre solata dolentem, 36.5 

Addidit haec dictis ultima verba suis : 
Siste, puer, lacrimas : Proteus tua damna levabit, 

Quoque modo repares, quae periere, dabit. 
Decipiat ne te versis tamen ille figuris, 

Impediant geminas vincula firma manus. 370 

Pervenit ad vatem juvenis, resolutaque somno 

Alligat aequorei brachia capta senis. 
Ille sua faciem transformis adulterat arte ; 

Mox domitus vinclis in sua membra redit, 
Oraque caerulea tollens rorantia barba, 375 

Qua, dixit, repares arte requiris apes ? 



LIBER I. 11 

Obrue mactati corpus tellure juvenci ; 

Quod petis a nobis, obrutus ille clabit. 
Jussa facit pastor ; fervent examina putri 

De bove ; mille animas una necata dedit. 380 

Poscit ovem fatum : verbenas improba carpsit 

Quas pia dis ruris ferre solebat anus. 
Quid tu.ti superest, animam cum ponat in aris 

Lanigerumque pecus ruricolaeque boves ? 
Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperiona cinctum, 385 

Ne detur celeri victima tarda deo. 
Quod semel est triplici pro virgine caesa Dianae, 

Nunc quoque pro nulla virgine cerva datur. 
Exta canum vidi Triviae libare Sapaeos 

Et quicunique tuas accolit, Haeme, nives. 390 

Caeditur et rigido custodi ruris asellus : 

Causa pudenda quideni est, sed tamen apta deo. 
Festa corymbiferi celebrabas Graecia Bacchi, 

Tertia quae solito tempore bruma refert. 
Di quoque cultores in idem venere Lyaei, 395 

Et quicumque joci non alienus erat, 
Panes et in venerem Satyrorum prona juventus, 

Quaeque colunt amnes solaque rura deae. 
Venerat et senior pando Silenus asello, 

Quique rubro pavidas inguine terret aves. 400 

Dulcia qui dignum nemus in convivia nacti 

Gramine vestitis accubuere toris. 
Vina dabat Liber ; tulerat sibi quisque coronam ; 

Miscendas large rivus agebat aquas. 
Naides effusis aliae sine pectinis usu, 405 

Pars aderant positis arte manuque comis. 
Ilia super suras tunicam collecta ministrat, 

Altera dissuto pectus aperta sinu. 
Exserit liaec humerum, vestem trahit ilia per lierbas, 

Impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes. 4io 

Hinc aliae Satyris incendia mitia praebent ; 

Pars tibi, qui pinu tempora nexa geris ; 
Te quoque, inexstinctae Silene libidinis, urunt : 

Nequitia est, quae te non sinit esse senem. 
At ruber hortorum deus et tutela Priapus 415 

Omnibus ex illis Lotide captus erat. 
b6 



J 2 FASTORUM 

Haiic ciipit, hanc optat, solam siispirat in illain, 

Signaquo dat nutu, sollicitatque not is. 
Fastus inest pulcliris, sequiturqiie superbia forniani ; 

Irrisiim vultu despicit ilia sno. 420 

Nox erat, et, vino somnum facientc, jacebant 

Corpora divcrsis victa sopore locis. 
Lotis in herbosa sub acernis ultima ramis, 

Sicut erat lusu fessa, quievit humo. 
Surgit amans, animamque tenens vestigia furtim 425 

Suspense digitis fort taciturna gradu. 
lit tetigit niveae secrcta cubilia nympliac, 

Ipsa sui flatus ne sonet aura cavet. 
Et jam finitima corpus librabat in lierba: 

Ilia taraen multi ])lena soporis erat. 430 

Gaudet, et, a pcdibus tracto velamine, vota 

Ad sua felici coeperat ire via. 
Ecce rudens rauco Sileni vector asellus 

Intemi"»cstivos edidit ore sonos. 
Territa consurgit nymplie, manibusquc Priapuni 435 

Rejicit, et fugiens concitat omne nemus. 
Morte dedit poenas auctor clamoris ; et liaec est 

Hellespontiaco victima grata deo. 440 

Intactae fueratis aves, solatia ruris, 

Assuetum silvis innocuumque genus, 
Quae facitis nidos, et plumis ova fovetis, 

Et focili dulces editis ore modes. 
,Sed nihil ista juvant, quia linguae crimen habetis, 445 

Dique putant mentes vos aperire suas. 
Nee tamen hoc falsum : nam, dis ut proxima quaeque, 

Nunc penna veras, nunc datis ore notas. 
Tuta diu volucrum proles tum denique caesa est, 

Juvei-untque deos indicis exta sui. 450 

Ergo saepe, sue conjunx abducta marito, 

Uritur Idaliis alba columba focis. 
Nee defensa juvant Capitolia, quo minus anser 

Det jecur in lances, Inachi lauta, tuas. 
Nocte deae noctis cristatus caeditur ales, 455 

Quod tepidum vigili provocat ore diem. 

Interea Delphin clarum super aequora sidus 
ToUitur, et patriis exserit ora vadis. 



LIBEE I. -13 

IV. ID. 10th. 

Postera lux hiemen medio discrimine signat, 

Aequaque praeteritae quae superabit erit. 460 

III. ID. 11th. 

Proxima prospiciet Titliono Aurora relicto 

Arcadiae sacrum pontificale deae. 
Te quoque lux eadem, Turni soror, aede recepit, 

Hie ubi Virginea campus obitur aqua. 
Unde petam causas liorum moremque sacrorum ? 465 

Dirigat in medio quis mea vela freto ? 
Ipsa moiie, quae nomeu babes a carmine ductuni, 

Propositoque fave, ne tuus erret bonos. 
Orta prior luna, — de se si creditur ipsi — 

A magno tellus Arcade nomen babet. 470 

Hie fuit Evander, qui, quamquam clarus utroque, 

Nobilior sacrae sanguine matris erat, 
Quae, simul aetherios animo conceperat ignes, 

Ore dabat pleno carmina vera dei. 
Dixerat baec nato motus instare sibique 475 

Multaque praeterea ; tempore nacta fidem. 
Nam juvenis vera nimium cum matre fugatus 

Deserit Arcadium Parrbasiumque larem. 
Cui genitrix flenti, Fortuna viriliter, inquit, 

— Siste, precor, lacrimas — ista ferenda tibi est. 480 
Sic erat in fatis, nee te tua culpa fugavit, 

Sed deus ; offenso pulsus es urbe deo.' 
Non meriti poenam pateris sed numinis iram ; 

Est aliquid magnis crimen abesse malis. 
Conscia mens ut cuique sua est, ita concipit intra 485 

Pectora pro facto spemque metumque suo. 
Nee tamen ut primus maere mala talia passus ; 

Obruit ingentes ista procella viros. 
Passus idem est Tyriis qui quondam pulsus ab oris 

Cadmus in Aonia constitit exul liumo. 490 

Passus idem Tydeus, et idem Pagasaeus lason, 

Et quos praeterea longa referre mora est. 
Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus aequor, 

Ut volucri vacuo quidquid in orbe patet. 
Nee fera tempestas toto tamen borret in anno, 495 

Et tibi— crede mibi — tempera veris erunt. 



1 4 FASTORUM 

Vocibus Evander firmata mente parentis 

Nave sccat fluctus, Hesperiamque tenet. 
Jamqiie ratem doctac monitu Carmentis in aninem 

Egerat, et Tiiseis obvins ibat aqiiis. 500 

Fluminis ilia latus, cui sunt vada juncta Taivnti, 

Aspicit et sparsas per loca sola casas. 
Utque erat immissis puppim stctit ante capillis, 

Continuitque maniim torva regentis iter ; 
Et procul in dextram tendens sua braeliia ripam, 505 

Pinea non sano tcr pede texta ferit ; 
Neve darct saltum properans insistere terrae, 

Vix est Evandri vix(iue rctcnta manu ; 
Dique pctitorum, dixit, salvetc locorum, 

Tuque novos caelo terra datura deos, 510 

Fluminaque, et fontes quibus utitur liospita tcllus, 

Et nemorum silvac, Naiadumquc chori ! 
Este bonis avibus visi natoque mihique, 

Ripaque felici tacta sit ista pede ! 
Fallor? an hi lient ingcntia moenia colles, 515 

Juraque ab hac terra caetera terra petet ? 
Montibus liis olim totus promittitur orbis. 

Quis tantum fati eredat habere locum ? 
Et jam Dardaniac tangent haec litora pinus. 

Hie quoque causa noA'i femina Martis crit. 520 

Care nepos, Palla, funesta quid induis arma ? 

Indue : non liumili vindice caesus eris. 
Victa tamen vinces, eversaque Troja resurges ; 

Obruet hostiles ista ruina domes. 
Urite victrices Neptunia Pergama flammae : 525 

Num minus hie toto est altior orbe cinis ? 
Jam pius ^neas sacra, et sacra altera patrem, 

Atferet : Iliacos excipe, Vesta, deos. 
TemjDus erit cum vos orbemque tuebitur idem, 

Et fient ipso sacra colente deo ; 530 

Et penes Augustos patriae tutela manebit. 

Hanc fas imperii fi-ena tenere doraum. 
Inde nepos natusque dei — licet ipse recuset — 

Pondera caelesti mente paterna ferat. 
Utque ego perpetuis olim sacrabor in aris, 535 

Sic Augusta novum Julia numen erit. 



LIBER I. 15 

Talibus ut dictis nostros descendit in annos, 
Substitit in medios praescia lingua sonos. 

Puppibus egressus Latia stetit exul in herba. 

Felix, exilimn cui locus ille fuit ! 540 

Nee mora longa fuit ; stabant nova tecta, nee alter 
Montibus Ausoniis Areade major erat. 

Ecce boves illuc Erytliei'das applicat lieros 

Emensus longi claviger orbis iter. 
Dumquehuic hospitiunidomus est Tegeaea, vagantur 545 

Incustoditae lata per an^a boves. 
Mane erat : excussus somno Tiryntliius liospes 

De numero tauros sentit abesse duos. 
Nulla videt quaerens taciti vestigia furti ; 

Traxerat aversos Cacus in antra feros, 550 

Cacus Aventinae timor atque infamia silvae, 

Non leve finitimis hospitibusque malum. 
Dira viro facies, vires pro corpore, corpus 

Grande, pater monstri Mulciber hujus erat. 
Proque dome longis spelimca recessibus ingens, 555 

Abdita, vix ipsis invenienda feris. 
Ora super postes afSxaque bracbia pendent, 

Squalidaque humanis ossibus albet bumus. 
Servata male parte boum Jove natus abibas ; 

Mugitum rauco furta dedere sono. , 560 

Accipio revocamen, ait, vocemque secutus 

Impia per silvas ultor ad antra venit. 
Ille aditum fracti praestruxerat objice mentis : 

Vix juga movissent quinque bis illud opus. 
Nititur bic bumeris, — caelum quoque sederat illis — 565 

Et vastum motu collabefactat onus. 
Quod simul evidsum est, fragor aetbera terruit ipsum, 

Ictaque subsedit pondere molis humus. 
Prima movet Cacus collata proelia dextra, 

Remque ferox saxis stipitibusque gerit. 570 

Quis ubi nil agitur, patris male fortis ad artes 

Confugit, et flammas ore sonante vomit. 
Quas quoties proilat, spirare Typboea credas, 

Et rapidum Aetnaeo fulgur ab igne jaci. 



1 G EASTORUM 

Oceupat Alcides, adductaque clava trinodis 57r) 

Ter quater adversi sedit in ore viri. 
llle cadit, mixtosqiie vomit cum sanguine fumos, 

Et lato moriens pectore plangit liumum. 
Immolat ex illis tauruni tibi, Juppiter, unum 

Victor, et Evandrum ruricolasque vocat ; 58u 

Constituitque sibi, quae Maxima dicitur, aram, 

Hie ubi pars urbis de bove nomen liabet. 
Nee tacet Evandri mater prope tempus adesse, 

Hercule quo tcUus sit satis usa suo. 
At felix vates, ut dis gratissima vixit, a!>j 

Possidet hunc Jani sic dea mense diem. 

iDus. 13th. 

Idibus in magni castus Jovis aede sacerdos 

Scmimario llammis viscera libat ovis ; 
Redditaque est omnis populo provincia nostro, 

Et tuus Augusto nomine dictus avus. 590 

Perlege dispositas gen erosa per atria ceras ; 

Contigerunt nulli nomina tanta viro. 
Africa victorem de se vocat : alter Isauras, 

Aut Cretum domitas testificatur opes ; 
Ilunc Numidae faciunt, ilium Messana superbum ; 595 

llle Numantina traxit ab urbe notam. 
Et mortem et noraen Druso Germania fecit. 

Me miserum, virtus quam brevis ilia fuit ! 
8i petat a victis, tot sumat nomina Caesar, 

Quot numero gentes maximus orbis liabet. 600 

Ex uno (|uidam celebres, aut torquis ademptae, 

Aut corvi titulos auxiliaris babent. 
Magne, tuum nomen rerum mensura tuarum est ; 

Sed qui te vicit, nomine major erat. 
Nee gradus est ultra Fabios cognominis ullus ; 605 

Ilia domus meritis Maxima dicta suis. 
Sed tamen humanis celebrantur lionoribus omnes ; 

Hie socium summo cum Jove nomen liabet. 
Sancta vocant augusta patres : augusta vocantur 

Templa sacerdotum rite dicata manu. 610 

Hujus et augurium dependet origine verbi, 

Et quodcumque sua Juppiter auget ope. 



LIBER I. 17 

Augeat imperiiim nostri ducis, augeat annos ; 

Protegat et vestras querna corona fores. 
Aiispieibusque dels tanti cognominis lieres 6i5 

Online suscipiat, quo pater, orbis onus. 

XVIII. KAL. ] OTH. 

Respiciet Titan actas ubi tertius Idus, 

Fient Parrliasiae sacra relata deae. 
Nam prius Ausonias matres carpenta veliebant, 

— Haec quoque ab Evandri dicta parente reor — 620 
Mox honor eripitur, matronaque destinat omnis 

Ingratos nulla prole novare viros ; 
Neve daret partus, ictu temeraria caeco 

Visceribus crescens excutiebat onus. 
Corripuisse patres ausas immitia nuptas, 625 

Jus tamen exemptum restituisse, ferunt. 
Binaque nunc pariter Tegeaea sacra parenti 

Pro pueris fieri virginibusque jubent. 
Scortea non illi fas est inferre sacello, 

Ne violent puros exanimata focos. 630 

Si quis amas veteres ritus assiste precanti ; 

Nomina percipies non tibi nota prius. 
Porrima placantur Postvertaque, sive sorores, 

Sive fugae coraites, Maenali diva, tuae. 
Altera quod porro fuerat, cecinisse putatur : 6J5 

Altera venturum postmodo quidquid erat. 

XVII. KAL. 16th. 

Candida, te niveo posuit lux proxima templo 

Qua fert sublimes alta Moneta gradus. 
Nunc bene prospicies Latiam, Concordia, turbam ; 

Nunc te sacratae restituere manus. 640 

Furius antiquam populi superator Etrusci 

Voverat, et voti solverat ante fidem. 
Causa, quod a patribus sumptis secesserat armis 

Vulgus, et ipsa suas Roma timebat opes. 
Causa recens melior : passes Germania crines 645 

Porrigit auspiciis, dux venerande, tuis. 
Inde triumphatae libasti munera gentis, 

Templaque fecisti, quam colis ipse, deae. 
Haec tua constituit Genitrix et rebus et ara, 

Sola tore magni digna reperta Jovis. 6 so 



18 FASTORUM 

XVI.' KAL. 17tII. 

Haec ubi transierint, Capricorno, Phoebe, relicto 
Per juvenis curres sigiia gerentis aquam, 
X. KAL. 28rd. 

Septimus hinc Oriens cum se demiserit undis, 
Fulgebit toto jam Lyra nulla polo. 

IX. KAL. 24th. 

Sidere ab hoc ignis venienti nocte, Leonis 655 

Qui micat in medio pectore, mersus erit. 

Ter quater evolvi signantes tcmpora fastos, 

Nee Sementina est ulla reperta dies : 
Cum mihi — scnsit enim — Lux haec indicitur, inquit 

Musa : quid a fastis non stata sacra petis ? 660 

Utque dies incerta sacri sic tcmpora certa, 

Seminibus jactis est ubi fetus agcr. 
State coronati plenum ad praesepe juvenci ; 

Cum tepido vestrum vere redibit opus. 
Rusticus emeritum palo suspendat aratrum ; 665 

Omne reformidat frigida vulnus humus. 
Villice, da requiem terrae, sementc peracta, 

Da requiem, terrara qui coluere, viris ; 
Pagus agat festum ; pagum lustrate, coloni, 

Et date paganis annua liba focis. 670 

Placentur matres frugum, Tellusque Ceresque, 

Farre suo gravidae visceribusque suis. 
Officium commune Ceres et Terra tuentur ; 

Haec praebet causam frugibus, ilia locum. — 
Consortes operum, per quas correcta vetustas 675 

Quernaque glans victa est utiliore cibo, 
Frugibus immensis avidos satiate colonos, 

Ut capiant cultus praemia digna sui. 
Vos date perpetuos teneris sementibus auctus, 

Nee nova per gelidas herba sit usta nives. 680 

Cum serimus, caelum ventis aperite serenis ; 

Cum latet, aetheria spargite semen aqua ; 
Neve graves cultis Cerealia rura, cavete, 

Agmine laesuro depopulentur aves. 
Vos quoque, formicae, subjectis parcite granis ; 685 

Post messem praedae copia major erit. 



LIBER I. 19 

Iiiterea crescat scabrae robiginis expers, 

Nee vitio caeli palleat ulla seges, 
Et neqiie deiiciat macie, neque pinguior aequo 

Divitiis pereat luxviriosa suis ; 690 

Et careant loliis oculos vitiantibus agri, 

Nee sterilis culto surgat avena solo. 
Triticeos fetus, passuraque farra bis ignem, 

Hordeaque ingenti fenore reddat ager. — 
Haec ego pro vobis, haee vos optate eoloni, 695 

Effieiatque ratas utraque diva preces. 
Bella diu tenuere viros, erat aptior ensis 

Vomere, cedebat taurus arator equo, 
Sarcula cessabant, versique in pila ligones, 

Factaque de rastri pondere cassis erat. 700 

Gratia dis domuique tuae ! religata eatenis 

Jam pridem vestro sub pede bella jacent. 
Sub juga bos veniat, sub terras semen aratas : 

Pax Cererem nutrit, pacis alumna Ceres. 

VI. KAL. 27th. 

At quae venturas praeeedit sexta Kalendas, 705 

Hae sunt Ledaeis templa dicata dels. 
Fratribus ilia dels fratres de gente deorum 

Circa Juturnae composuere lacus. 

III. KAL. 30th. 

Ipsum nos carmen deducit Pacis ad aram. 

Haee erit a niensis fine secunda dies. 710 

Frondibus Actiacis comptos redimita capillos 

Pax ades, et toto mitis in orbe mane. 
Dum desint liostes, desit quoque causa triumphi ; 

Tu dueibus bello gloi*ia major eris. 
Sola gerat miles, quibus arma coerceat, arma, 715 

Canteturque fera, nil nisi pompa, tuba, 
Horreat Aeneadas et primus et ultimus orbis, 

Si qua parum K,omam terra timebat, amet. 
Thura, sacerdotes, Pacalibus addite flammis, 

Albaque perfusa victima fronte cadat ; 720 

Utque domus, quae praestat eam, cum pace pereiinet 

Ad pia propensos vota rogate deos. 
Sed jam prima mei pars est exacta laboris, 

Cumque suo finem mense libellus habet. 



20 



LIBER II. 



Janus habet finein ; cum carmine crescat et annus : 

Alter ut Lie mensis, sic liber alter eat. 
Nunc primum velis, elegi, majoribus itis ; 

Exiguum, memini, nuper eratis opus. 
Ipse ego vos babui faciles in amore ministros, 5 

Cum lusit numeris prima juventa suis. 
Idem sacra cano, signataque terapora fastis. 

Ecquis ad liaec illinc crederet esse viam ? 
Haec mea militia est ; ferimus, quae possumus, arma, 

Dextraque non omni munere nostra vacat. lo 

Si mihi non valido torquentur pila lacerto, 

Nee bellatoris terga premuntur equi, 
Nee galea tegimur, nee acuto cingimur ense : 

— His habilis telis quilibet esse potest — 
At tua prosequimur studioso pectore, Caesar, 15 

Nomina, per titulos ingredimurque tuos. 
Ergo ados, et placido paulum mea munera vultu 

Respice, pacando si quid ab hoste vacat. 

Fehrua Romani dixere piamina patres : 

Nunc quoque dant verbo plurima signa fidem. 20 

Pontifices ab Rege petunt et Flamine lanas, 

Quis yeteri lingua Fehrua nomen erat ; 
Quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina certis, 

Toi'rida cum mica farra, vocantur idem. 
Nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura 25 

Casta saeerdotum tempera fronde tegit. 
Ipse ego Flaminicam poseentem /e5ri*a vidi: 

Fehrua poscenti pinea virga data est. 
Denique quodeumque est, quo pectora nostra piantur. 

Hoc apud intonsos nomen liabebat avos. 30 

Mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle Luperei 

Omne solum lustrant, idque piamen liabent ; 
Aut quia plaeatis sunt tempera pura sepulcris, 

Tunc cum ferales praeteriere dies. 



Omne nefas omnemqiie mali piirgamina causam 35 

Credebant nostri tollere posse senes. 
Graecia principium moris dedit: ilia nocentes 

Impia lustratos ponere facta putat. 
Actoriden Peleiis, ipsum qiioque Pelea Phoci 

Caede per Haenionias solvit Acastus aquas. 40 

Vectam frenatis per inane draconibus Aegeus 

Credulus immerita Phasida juvit ope. 
Amphiaraides Naupactoo Aclieloo, 

Solve nefas, dixit : solvit et ille nefas. 
Ah nimiimi faciles, qui tristia crimina caedis 45 

Fluminea tolli posse putatis aqua ! 

Sed tanien — antiqui ne nescius ordinis erres — 

Primus, ut est, Jani mensis et ante fuit. 
Qui sequitur Janum veteris fuit ultimus anni ; 

Tu quoque sacrorum, Termine, finis eras. 50 

Primus enim Jani mensis, quia janua prima est ; 

Qui sacer est imis Manibus, imus erat. 
Postmodo creduntur spatio distantia longo 

Tempera bis quini continuasse viri. 

KAL. 1st. 

Principio mensis Phrygiae contermina Matri 55 

Sospita delubris dicitur aucta novis. 
Nunc ubi sint illis quae sunt sacrata Kalendis 

Templa deae ? longo procubuere die. 
Caetera ne simili caderent labefacta ruin a, 

Cavit sacrati provida cura ducis, 60 

Sub quo delubris sentitur nulla senectus : 

Nee satis est homines, obligat ille deos. 
Templorum positor, temjjlorum sancte repostor, 

Sit superis, opto, mutua cura tui. 
Dent tibi caelestes, quos tu caelestibus, annos, 65 

Proque tua maneant in statione dome. 

Tum quoque vicini lucus celebratur Helerni, 
Qua petit aequoreas advena Tibris aquas. 

Ad penetrale Numae, Capitolinumque Tonantem, 
Inque Jovis summa caeditur arce bidens. 70 



22 • FASTORUM 

Saepe graves pluvias aclopertus nubibus Aiistor 

Concitat, aut posita sub nive terra latet. 
IV. NON. 2nd. 

Proximus Hesperias Titan abituriis in undas 

Gemmca purpureis cum juga demet equis, 
Ilia nocte aliquis tollens ad sidera vultuni 75 

Dieet : Ubi est liodie, quae Lyra fulsit lieri ? 
Dumque Lyram quaeret, medii quoque terga Leonis 

In liquidas subito mersa notabit aquas. 

PRID. NON. 4th. 

Quern modo caelatum stellis Delpliina videbas, 

Is fugiet visus nocte sequente tuos ; 80 

Seu fuit occultis felix in amoribus index, 

Lesbida cum domino seu tulit ille lyram. 
Quod mare non novit, quae nescit Ariona tellus ? 

Carmine current es ille tenebat aquas. 
Saepe sequens agnani lupus est a voce retentus, 85 

Saepe avidum fugiens restitit agna lupum ; 
Saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una, 

Et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae ; 
Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite cornix 

Sedit, et accipitri juncta columba fuit. 90 

Cynthia saepe tuis fertur, vocalis Arion, 

Tamquam fraternis obstupuisse modis. 
Nomen Arionium Siculas impleverat urbes, 

Captaque erat lyricis Ausonis ora sonis. 
Inde domum repetens puppim conscendit Arion, 95 

Atque ita quaesitas arte ferebat opes. 
Forsitan, infelix, ventos undamque timebas ; 

At tibi nave tua tutius aequor erat. 
Namque gubernator destricto constitit ense, 

Caeteraque armata conscia turba manu. 100 

Quid tibi cum gladio ? dubiam rege, navita, pinum. 

Non liaec sunt digitis arma tenenda tuis. 
Ille metu pavidus, Mortem non deprecor, inquit, 

Sed liceat sumpta pauca referre lyra. 
Dant veniam, ridentque moram ; capit ille coronam, 105 

Quae possit ciines, Phoebe, decere tuos. 
Induerat Tyrio bis tinctam murice pallam ; 

Reddidit icta sues poUice chorda sonos, 



LIBER II. 23 

Flebilibus numeris veluti canentia dura 

Trajectus penna tempora cantat olor. no 

Protinus in medias ornatus desilit vmdas ; 

Spargitiir impulsa caerula puppis aqua. 
Inde, fide majus, tergo delpliina recurvo 

Se memorant oneri sujjposuisse novo. 
Ille sedens citliaranique tenet pretiumque veliendi us 

Cantat, et aequoreas carmine mulcet aquas. 
Di pia facta vident ; astris delpliina recepit 

Juppiter, et stellas jussit habere novera. 
Npif. 5th. 

Nunc mibi mille sonos, quoque est memoratus Achilles, 

Vellem, Maeonide, pectus inesse tuum. i-iO 

Dum canimus sacras alterno jjectine Nonas, 

Maxinius hinc fastis accumulatur honos. 
Deficit ingenium, majoraque viribus urgent : 

Haec milii praecij)uo est ore canenda dies. 
Quid volui demons elegis imponere tantum 125 

Ponderis ? heroi res erat ista pedis. 
Sancte Pater Patriae, tibi plebs, tibi curia nomen 

Hoc dedit, hoc dedimus nos tibi nomen eques. 
Res tamen ante dedit ; sero quoque vera tulisti 

Nomina ; jam pridem tu pater orbis eras. 130 

Hoc tu per terras, quod in aethere Juppiter alto, 

Nomen habes ; hominum tu pater, ille deum. 
Romule, concedes ; facit hie tua magna tuendo 

Moenia : tu dederas transilienda Remo. 
Te Tatius, parvique Cures, Caeninaque sensit ; 135 

Hoc duce Romanum est solis utrumque latus. 
Tu breve nescio quid victae telluris habebas ; 

Quodcumque est alto sub Jove Caesar habet. 
Tu rapis, hie castas duce se jubet esse maritas ; 

Tu recipis luco, reppulit ille nefas. ]40 

Vis tibi grata fuit, florent sub Caesare leges ; 

Tu domini nomen, principis ille tenet. 
Te Remus incusat, veniam dedit hostibus ille ; 

Caelestem fecit te pater, ille patrem. 

Jam puer Idaeus media tonus eminet alvo, 145 

Et liquidas mixto nectare fundit aquas. 



24 FASTORUM 

Ell etiam, si quis Borcan liorrere solebat, 

Graudeat : a Zepliyris mollior aura venit. 
V. ID. 9th. 

Qiiintus ab aequoreis nitidum jiibar extulit imdis 

Lucifer, et prima tenipora veris erunt. 150 

Ne fallare tamen, restant tibi frigora, rcstant, 

Magnaque discedens signa reliquit hiems. 
III. ID. 11th. 

Tertia nox veniat : Custodem protinus Ursae 

Aspicies geminos cxeruisse pedes. 
Inter Hamadryadas jaculatricemque Dianam 155 

Callisto sacri pars fuit una chori. 
Ilia deac tangens areus, Quos tangimus, arcus, 

Este meac testes virginitatis, ait. 
Cynthia laudavit, promissaquc foedera serva, 

Et comitum princeps tu milii, dixit, eris. iCo 

Foedera servasset, si non formosa fuisset : 

Cavit mortales ; de Jove crimen habet. 
IMille feras Phoebe silvis venata redibat, 

Aut plus, aut medium sole tenente diem. 
Ut tetigit lucum, — densa niger ilice lucus, 165 

In medio gelidae fons erat altus aquae — 
Hie, ait, in silva, virgo Tegeaea, lavemur : 

Eiiibuit falso virginis ilia sono. 
Dixerat et nymphis ; nymphae velamina ponunt : 

Hanc pudct, et tardae dat mala signa morae. 170 

Exuerat tunicas : uteri manifesta tumore 

Proditiir indicio ponderis ipsa sui, 
Cui Dea, Virgineos, perjura Lycaoni, coetus 

Desere, uec castas pollue, dixit, aquas. 
Luna novum decies implerat cornibus orbem ; 175 

Quae fuerat virgo credit a, mater erat. 
Laesa furit Juno, formam mutatque puellae. 

Quid facis ? invito est pectore passa Jovem. 
Utque ferae ^ddit turpes in pellice vultus, 

Hujus in amplexus Juppiter, inquit, eat. iso 

Ursa per incultos errabat squalida montes, 

Quae fuerat summo nuper amata Jovi. 
Jam tria lustra puer furto conceptus agebat, 

Cum mater nato est obvia facta suo. 



LIBER II. 25 

Ilia quidem tamquam cognosceret, adstitit amens, 185 

Et gemuit : gemitus verba parentis erant. 
Hanc puer ignarus jaculo fixisset acuto, 

Ni foret in superas raptus uterque domiis. 
Signa propinqua micant: prior est, quam dicimiis Arcton; 

Arctophylax formam terga sequentis liabet. 190 

Saevit adliuc canamque rogat Saturnia Tetli3m, 

Maenaliam tactis ne lavet Arcton aquis. 

iDus. 1 Sth. 

Idibus agrestis fumant altaria Fauni, 

Hie ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas. 
Haec fuit ilia dies, in qua Veientibus ai-vis 195 

Ter centum Fabii ter cecidere duo. 
Una domus vires et onus susceperat urbis : 

Sumunt gentiles arma professa manus ; 
Egreditur castris miles generosus ab isdem, 

E quis dux fieri quilibet aptus erat. 200 

Carmentis portae dextro est via proxima Jano ; 

Ire per banc noli, quisquis es, omen habet. 
[Ilia fama refert Fabios exisse trecentos : 

Porta vacat culpa ; sed tamen omen habet.] 
Ut celeri passu Cremeram tetigere rapacem, 205 

— Turbidus liibernis ille fluebat aquis — 
Castra loco ponmit : destrictis ensibus ipsi 

Tyrrlienum valido Marte per agmen eunt, 
Non alitor, quam cum Libyca de rupe leones 

Invadunt sparsos lata per arva greges. 210 

Diffugiunt liostes, inhonestaque vulnera tergo 

Accipiunt ; Tusco sanguine terra rubet. 
Sic iterum, sic saepe cadunt. Ubi vincere aperte 

Non datur, insiclias armaque tecta parant. 
Campus erat, campi claudebant ultima colles, 215 

Silvaque montanas occulere apta feras. 
In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt ; 

Caetera virgultis abdita turba latet. 
Ecce, velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus 

Aut nive, quae Zepliyro victa tepente fluit, 220 

Per sata perque vias fertur, nee, ut ante solebat, 

Riparum clausas margine finit aquas : 

c 



26 FASTORUM 

Sic- Fabii vallem latis disciirsibus iinplent, 

Quodqiie vident stcrnunt, nee metus alter incst. 
Quo ruitis, generosa domiis ? male creditis liosti. -ii^ 

Simplex nobilitas, pertida tela cave. 
Fi-aiide perit virtus. In apertos undique canipos 

Prosiliuut liostes, et latus omne tenent. 
Quid facient pauci contra tot millia fortes ? 

Quidve, quod in misero temi)ore restet, liabent ? -iso 
Sicut aper silvis longe Lavn'cntibus actus 

Fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes ; 
Mox tamen ipse perit : sic non moriuntur inulti, 

Vulneraque altcrna dantque feruntque manu. 
Una dies Fabios ad bcUum miserat omnes ; 23') 

Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. 
TJt tamen llerculeae superessent semina gentis, 

Credibile est ipsos consuluisse deos : 
Nam puer impubes et adliuc non utilis armis 

Unus de Fabia gente relictus erat, 2-10 

Scilicet, ut posses olim tu, Maximo, nasci, 

Cui res cunctando restituenda foret. 

XVI. KAL. 14tii. 

Continuata loco tria sidera, Corvus et Anguis, 

Et medius Crater inter utrumque jacet. 
Idibus ilia latent : oriuntur nocte sequenti. 24 5 

Quae tibi cur tria sint tam sociata, canam. 
Forte Jovi festum Phoebus sollemne parabat : 

— Non faciet longas fabula nostra moras — 
I mea, dixit, avis, ne quid pia sacra moretur, 

Et tenuem vivis fontibus afFer aquam. 250 

CorAiis inauratum pedibus cratera recur\'is 

Tollit, et aeriura pervolat altus iter. 
Stabat adliuc duris ficus densissima pomis ; 

Tent at eam rostro ; non erat apta legi. 
Immemor imperii sedisse sub arbore fertur, 255 

Dum fierent tarda dulcia poma mora. 
Jamque satur nigris longum rapit unguibus hydruin, 

Ad dominumque redit, fictaque verba refert : 
Hie milii causa morae, vivarum obsessor aquarum : 

Hie tenuit fontes officiumque meum. 260 

Addis, ait, culpae mendacia ? Phoebus, et audes 

Fatidicum verbis fallere velle deum ? 



LIBER II. 27 

At tibi, dum lactens liaerebit in arbore ficus, 

De nullo gelidae fonte bibentur aquae. 
Dixit, et antiqui monumenta perennia facti 2«33 

Anguis, Avis, Crater, sidera juncta micant. 

XV. KAL. 15th. 

Tertia post Idus iiudos Aurora Lupercos 

Aspicit et Fauni sacra bicornis eunt. 
Dicite, Pierides, sacrorum quae sit origo, 

Attigerint Latias unde petita domes. 270 

Pana deum pecoris veteres coluisse feruntur 

Arcades : Arcadiis plurimus ille jugis. 
Testis erit Pboloe, testes Stymphalides undae, 

Quique citis Ladon in mare currit aquis, 
Cinctaque pinetis nemoris juga Nonacrini, 275 

Altaque Tricrene, Parrhasiaeque nives. 
Pan erat armenti, Pan illic numen equarum ; 

Munus ob incolumes ille ferebat oves. 
Transtulit Evander silvestria numina secum ; 

— Hie ubi nunc urbs est, tum locus urbis erat — 280 
Inde deum colimus, devectaque sacra Pelasgis : 

Flamen ad baec prisco more Dialis erit. 
Cur igitur currant, et cur — sic currere mos est — 

Nuda ferant posita corpora veste, rogas ? 
Ipse deus velox discurrere gaudet in altis 285 

Montibus, et subitas concipit ille fugas. 
Ipse deus nudus nudos jubet ire ministros : 

Nee satis ad cursus commoda vestis erat. 
Ante Jovem genitum terras liabuisse feruntur 

Arcades, et Lima gens prior ilia fuit. 290 

Vita feris similis, nullos agitata per usus ; 

Artis adliuc expers et rude vulgus erat. 
Pro domibus frondes norant, pro frugibus lierbas ; 

Nectar erat palrais bausta duabus aqua. 
Nullus anhelabat sub adunco vomere taurus ; 290 

Nulla sub imperio terra colentis erat ; 
Nvillus adbuc erat usus equi, se quisque ferebat. 

Ibat ovis lana corpus amicta sua ; 
Sub Jove durabant, et corpora nuda gerebant, 

Docta graves imbres et tolerare Notos. 300 

c2 



28 FASTORUM 

Nunc quoque detect! referunt monumenta vetusti 
Moris, et antiquas testificantur opes. 

Sed, cur praecipue fugiat velamina Faunus, 

Traditur antiqui fabula plena joci. 
Forte comes dominae juvenis Tirynthius ibat : 305 

Vidit ab excelso Faunus utrumque jugo. 
Vidit, et incaluit, Montanaque numina, dixit, 

Nil milii vobiscum est ; haec mens ardor erit. 
Ibat odoratis liumeros perfusa capillis 

Maeonis, aurato conspicienda sinu. 310 

Aurea pellebant rapidos umbracula soles, 

Quae tamen Herculeae sustinuere manus. 
Jam Bacchi nemus et Tmoli vineta tenebant, 

Hesperus et fusco roscidus ibat equo. 
Antra subit tophis laqueataque pumice vivo ; 315 

Garrulus in prime limine rivus erat. 
Dumque parant epulas potandaque vina ministri, 

Cultibus Alciden instruit ilia suis. 
Dat tenues tunicas Gaetulo murice tinctas ; 

Dat teretem zonam, qua modo cincta fuit. 320 

Ventre minor zona est ; tunicarum vincla relaxat, 

Ut posset vastas exseruisse manus. 
Fregerat armillas non ilia ad bracbia factas ; 

Scindebant raagni vincula parva pedes. 
Ipsa capit clavamque gravem spoliumque leonis, 325 

Conditaque in pliaretra tela minora sua. 
Sic epulis functi, sic dant sua corpora somno, 

Et positis juxta secubuere toris. 
Causa, repertori vitis pia sacra parabant. 

Quae facerent pure cum foret orta dies. 330 

Noctis erat medium — quid non amor improbus audet ? — 

Roscida per tenebras Faunus ad antra venit. 
Utque videt comites somno vinoque solutes, 

Spem capit in dominis esse soporis idem, 
lutrat, et liuc illuc temerarius errat adulter, 335 

Et praefert cautas" subsequiturque manus. 
Venerat ad strati captata cubilia lecti, 

Et felix prima forte futurus erat. 
Ut tetigit fulvi setis liirsuta leonis 

Vellera, pertimuit, sustinuitque manum, 340 



LIBER II. 29 

Attonitusqiie metii rediit : ut saepe viator 

Turbatum viso rettulit angue pedem. 
Inde tori, qui junctus erat, velamina tangit 

Mollia, mendaci decipiturque nota. 
Caetera tentantem cubito Tirynthius lieros 

Reppulit : e summo decidit ille toro.. 350 

Fit sonus ; inclamant comites, et lumina poscit 

Maeonis : illatis ignibus acta patent. 
Ille gemit lecto graviter dejectus ab alto, 

Membraque de dura vix sua tollit humo. 
Ridet et Alcides, et qui videre jacentem ; 355 

Ridet amatorem Lyda puella suum. 
Veste deus lusus fallentes lumina vestes 

Non amat, et nudos ad sua sacra vocat. 

Adde peregrinis causas, mea Musa, Latinas, 

Inque suo noster pulvere currat equus. 36o 

Cornipedi Fauno caesa de more capella, 

Venit ad exiguas turba vocata dapes ; 
Dumque sacerdotes veribus transuta salignis 

Exta parant, medias sole tenente vias, 
Romulus et frater pastoralisque juventus 365 

Solibus et campo corpora nuda dabant ; 
Vectibus et jaculis et missi pondere saxi 

Bracliia per lusus experienda dabant. 
Pastor ab excelso, Per devia rura juvencos, 

Romule, praedones, et Reme, dixit, agunt. 370 

Longum erat armari ; diversis exit uterque 

Partibus ; accursu praeda recepta Remi. 
Ut rediit veribus stridentia detrahit exta 

Atque ait : Haec certe non nisi victor edet. 
Dicta facit, Fabiique simul. Venit irritus illuc 375 

Romulus, et mensas ossaque nuda videt. 
Risit, et indoluit Fabios potuisse Remumque 

Vincere, Quintilios non potuisse suos. 
Fama manet facti ; posito velamine currunt, 

Et memorem famam, quod bene cessit, liabet. 380 

Forsitan et quaeras, cur sit locus ille Lupercal, 
Quaeve diem tali nomine cavisa notet, 
c3 



oO FASTORUM 

Silvia Vestalis caelestia semina partu 

Ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo. 
Is jubet auferri pueros et in amne necari. 385 

Quid facis ? ex istis Romulus alter erit. 
Jussa recusantes peragaint lacrimosa ministri ; 

Flent tamen, et geminos in loca jussa ferunt. 
Albula, queni Tiberin mersus Tiberinus in unda 

Reddidit, bibernis forte tumebat aquis. 390 

Hie, ubi nunc Fora sunt, lintres errare videres, 

Q.uaque jacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae. 
Hue ubi venerunt, — neque enim procedere possunt 

Longius — ex illis unus et alter, ait : 
At quam sunt similes ! at quam formosus uterque ! 395 

Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris liabet. 
Si genus arguitur vultu, nisi fallit imago, 

Nescio quera e vobis suspicor esse deum. 
At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor, 

In tam praecipiti tempore ferret opem. 400 

Ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret, 

Quae facta est uno mater et orba die. 
Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas 

Corpora. Desierat deposuitque sinu ; 
Vagierunt anibo pariter ; sentire putares. 403 

Hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis ; 
Sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda. 

Heu quantum fati parva tabella tulit ! 
Alveus in limo silvis appulsus opacis, 

Paullatim fluvio deficiente, sedet. 410 

Arbor erat ; remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur 

Romula non ficus, Romula ficus erat. 
Yenit ad expositos — mirum — lupa feta gemellos. 

Quis credat pueris non nocuisse feram ? 
Nonnocuisse parumest, prodestquoque; quos lupa nutrit, 

Perdere cognatae sustinuere manus. 
Constitit, et cauda ten oris blanditur alumnis, 

Et fingit lingua corpora bina sua. 
Marte satos scires, timor abfuit ; ubera ducunt, 

Nee sibi promissi lactis aluntur ope. 420 

Ilia loco nomen fecit ; locus ipse Lupercis. 

Magna dati nutrix praemia lactis babet. 



LIBER ir. ;:>i 

Quid vetat Arcadio dictos a monte Lupercos ? 
Faiinus in Arcadia terapla Lycaeus habet. 

Nupta, quid exspectas ? noii tu pollentibus lierbis, 425 

Nee prece, nee magico carmine mater eris. 
Excipe fecundae patienter verbera dextrae ; 

Jam socer optatum nomen habebit avi. 
Nam fuit ilia dies, dura cum sorte maritae 

Reddebant uteri pignora rara sui. -iso 

Quid mihi, clamabat, prodest rapuisse Sabinas ! 

Romulus — hoc illo sceptra tenente fuit — 
Si mea non vires sed bellum injuria fecit, 

Utilius fuerat non liabuisse nurus. 
Monte sub Esquilio, multis incaeduus annis 435 

Junonis magnae nomine lucus erat. 
Hue ubi venerunt, pariter nuptaeque virique 

Suppliciter posito procubuere genu. 
Cum subito motae tremuere eacumina silvae, 

Et dea per lucos mira locuta suos, 440 

Italidas matres, inquit, sacer bircus inito ! 

Obstupuit dubio territa turba sono. 
Augur erat ; nomen longis intercidit annis ; 

Nuper ab Etrusca venerat exul liumo. 
Ille caprum raactat ; jussae sua terga puellae 445 

Pellibus exsectis percutienda dabant. 
Luna resumebat decimo nova cornua motu, 

Virque pater subito, nuptaque mater erat. 
Gratia Lucinae : dedit baec tibi nomina lucus, 

Aut quia prineipiuni tu, dea, lucis babes. 450 

Parce, precor, gravidis, facilis Lucina, puellis, 

Maturumque utero molliter effer onus. 

Orta dies fuerit ; tu desine credere ventis, 

Perdidit illius temporis aura fidem. 
Flamina non constant, et sex reserata diebus 455 

Carceris Aeolii janua laxa patet. 
Jam levis obliqua subsedit Aquarius urna ; 

Proximus aetberios excipe, Piscis, equos. 
Te memorant fratremque tuum — nam juncta mieatis 

Signa — duos tergo sustinuisse decs. 460 

c 4 



32 ^ FASTOKUM 

Terribilem quondam fugiens Tjpliona Dione, 

Tunc cum pro caelo Juppiter arma tulit, 
Venit ad Eupliraten comitate Cupidine parvo, 

Inque Palaestinae margine sedit aquae. 
Populus et cannae riparum summa tenebant, 465 

Spemque dabant salices, hos quoque posse tegi. 
Dum latet, insonuit vento nemus. Ilia timore 

Pallet, et liostiles credit adesse manus ; 
Utque sinu tenuit natum, Succurrite Nympliae, 

Et dis auxilium ferte duobus, ait. 47o 

Nee mora, prosiluit : pisces subiere gemelli ; 

Pro quo nunc cerni sidera munus liabent. 
Inde nefas ducunt genus hoc imponere mensis, 

Nee violant timidi piscibus ora Syri. 

XTiL KAL. 17th. 

Proxima lux vacua est : at tertia dicta Quirino. 475 

Qui tenet lioc nomen, Romulus ante fuit ; 
Sive quod liasta curis priscis est dicta Sabinis ; — 

Bellicus a telo venit in astra deus — 
Sive suo regi nomen posuere Qviirites ; 

Sen quia Romanis junxerat ille Cures. 480 

Nam pater armipotens, postquam nova moenia vidit, 

Multaque Romulea bella peracta manu, 
Juppiter, inquit, liabet Romana potentia vires ; 

Sanguinis officio non eget ilia mei. 
Redde patri natum ; quamvis intercidit alter, 485 

Pro se, proque Remo, qui milii restat, erit. 
Unus erit quem tu tolles in caerula caeli, 

Tu milii dixisti ; sint rata dicta Jovis. 
Juppiter annuerat ; nutu tremefactus uterque 

Est polus, et caeli pondera movet Atlas. 490 

Est locus ; antiqui Capreae dixere paludem. 

Forte tuis illic, Romule, jura dabas. 
Sol fugit, et removent subeuntia nubila caelum, 

Et gravis eifusis decidit imber aquis, 
Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aetlier. 493 

Fit fuga ; rex patris astra petebat equis. 
Luctus erat, falsaeque Patres in crimine caedis : 

Haesissetque animis forsitan ilia fides ; 



LIBER II. S3 

Sed Proculus Longa veniebat Julius Alba, 

Lunaque surgebat, nee facis usus erat ; 500 

Cum subito motu sepes tremuere sinistrae. 

Rettulit ille gradus, hoiTueruntque comae. 
Pulclier, et bumano major, trabeaque deconis 

Romulus in media visus adesse via, 
Et dixisse simul : Proliibe lugere Quirites ; 505 

Nee violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. 
Tbura ferant, plaeentque novum pia turba Quirinum, 

Et patrias artes militiamque colant. 
Jussit, et in tenues oculis evanuit auras. 

Convocat liie populos, jussaque verba refert 5io 

Templa deo fiunt ; coUis quoque dictus ab illo est, 

Et referunt certi sacra paterna dies. 

Lux quoque cur eadem Stultorum festa vocetur, 

Aceipe ; parva quidem causa, sed apta subest. 
Non habuit doctos tellus antiqua colonos ; 515 

Lassabant agiles aspera bella viros. 
Plus erat in gladio, quam curve laudis aratro ; 

Neglectus domino pauca ferebat ager. 
Farra tamen veteres jaciebant, farra metebant, 

Primitias Cereri farra resecta dabant. 520 

Usibus admoniti flammis torrenda dederunt, 

Multaque peecato damna tulere sue. 
Nam modo verrebant nigras pro farre fa villas ; 

Nunc ipsas ignes corripuere casas. 
Facta dea est Fornax : laeti Fornace coloni 525 

Orant, ut fruges temperet ilia suas. 
Curio legitimis nunc Fornacalia verbis 

Maximus indicit, nee stata sacra facit ; 
Inque Foro, multa circum pendente tabella, 

Signatur certa Curia quaeque nota ; 530 

Stultaque pars populi quae sit sua Curia nescit ; 

Sed facit extrema sacra relata die. 

XII — IX. KAL. 18th — 21sT. 

Est honor et tumulis : animas placate paternas, 

Parvaque in exstructas munera ferte pyras. 
Parva petunt Manes : pietas pro divite grata est 535 

Munere ; non avidos Styx liabet ima deos. 
c 5 



S4 FASTOKUM 

Tegula porrectis satis est velata coronis, 

Et sparsae friiges, parvaque mica salis, 
Iiique mero moUita Ceres, violaeque solutae. 

Haec habeat media testa relicta via. 540 

Nee majora veto : sed et his placabilis umbra est. 

Adde preces positis et sua verba focis. 
Hunc morem Aeneas, pietatis idoneus auctor, 

Attulit in terras, juste Latine, tuas. 
Ille patris Genio sollemnia dona ferebat ; 545 

Hinc populi ritus edidicere pios. 
At quondam, dum longa gerunt pugnacibus armis 

Bella, Parentales deseruere dies. 
Non impune fuit ; nam dicitur omine ab isto 

Roma suburbanis incaluisse rogis. 550 

Yix equidem credo : bustis exisse feruntur, 

Et tacitae questi tempore noctis avi ; 
Perque vias urbis, latosque ululasse per agros 

Deformes aniluas, vulgus inane, ferunt. 
Post ea praeteriti tumulis redduntur lionores, 555 

Prodigiisque venit funeribusque modus. 
Dum tamen haec fient, viduae cessate puellae ; 

Exspectet puros pinea taeda dies. 
Nee tibi, quae cupidae matura videbere matri, 

Comat virgineas liasta recurva comas. 560 

Conde tuas, Hymenaee, faces, et ab ignibus atris 

Aufer : habent alias maesta sepulcra faces. 
Di quoque templorum foribus celentur opertis, 

Thure vacent arae, stentque sine igne foci. 
Nunc animae tenues et corpora functa sepulcris 565 

Errant ; nunc posito pascitur umbra cibo. 
Nee tamen haec ultra, quam tot de mense supersint 

Luciferi, quot habent carmina nostra pedes. 
Hanc, quia justa ferunt, dixere Feralia lucem. 

Ultima placandis Manibus ilia dies. 570 



Ecce anus in mediis residens amiosa puellis 
Sacra facit Tacitae — vix tamen ipsa facet — 

Et digitis tria thura tribus sub limine ponit, 
Qua brevis occultum mus sibi fecit iter. 



Turn cantata ligat cum fusco licia plumbo ; 575 

Et septem nigras versat in ore fabas ; 
Quodque pice astrinxit, quod acu trajecit aena, 

Obsutum maenae torret in igne caput. 
Vina quoque instillat ; vini quodcumque relictum est, 

Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit. 580 

Hostiles ling-uas inimicaque vinximus era, 

Dicit discedens, ebriaque exit anus. 



Protinus a nobis, quae sit dea Muta, requires. 

Disce, per antiquos quae mibi nota senes. 
Juppiter immodico Juturnae captus amore 585 

Multa tulit, tanto non patienda deo. 
Ilia niodo in silvis inter coryleta jacebat ; 

Nunc in cognatas desiliebat aquas. 
Convocat liic Nymphas, Latium quaecumque tenebant, 

Et jacit in medio talia verba clioro : 590 

Invidet ipsa sibi vitatque, quod expedit illi, 

Vestra sorer sumrao jungere membra deo. 
Consulite ambobus ; nam quae mea magna voluptas, 

Utilitas vestrae magna sororis erit. 
Yos illi in prima fugienti obsistite ripa, 595 

Ne sua fluminea corpora mergat aqua. 
Dixerat : annuerunt udae omnes Tiberinides, 

Quaeque colunt tlialamos, Ilia diva, tuos. 
Forte fuit Nais, Lara nomine ; prima sed illi 

Dicta bis antiquum syllaba nomen erat, 600 

Ex vitio positum. Saepe illi dixerat Almon, 

Nata, tene linguam : nee tamen ilia tenet. 
Quae, simul ac tetigit Juturnae stagna sororis, 

Eifuge, ait, ripas : dicta refertque Jovis. 
Ilia etiam Junonem adiit, miserataque nuptas, 605 

Naida Juturnam vir tuus, inquit, amat. 
Juppiter intumuit ; quaeque est non usa modeste, 

Eripuit linguam, Mercuriumque vocat, 
Due banc ad Manes : locus ille silentibus aptus. 

Nymplia, sed infernae Nympba paludis, erit 610 

Jussa Jovis fiunt ; accepit lucus euntes ; 

Dicitur ilia duci turn placuisse deo. 
c6 



36 FASTORUM 

Vim parat hie ; vultu pro verbis ilia precatur, 

Et frustra muto nititur ore loqui. 
Fitque gravis, geminosque parit, qui compita servant, 61 5 

Et vigilant nostra semper in urbe, Lares. 
VIII. KAL. 22nd. 

Proxima cognati clixere Caristia cari, 

Et venit ad socios turba propinqua deos. 
Scilicet a tumulis et qui periere propinquis 

Protinus ad vivos ora referre juvat, 620 

Postque tot amissos, quidquid de sanguine restat, 

Aspicere, et generis dinumerare gradus. 
Innocui veniant : procul Line, procul impius esto 

Prater, et in partus mater acerba suos, 
Cui pater est vivax, qui matris digerit annos, 625 

Quae premit invisarn soerus iniqua nurum. 
Tantalidae fratres absint, et lasonis uxor, 

Et quae rurieoiis semina tosta dedit, 
Et soror, et Proene, Tereusque duabus iniquus, 

Et quicumque suas per seelus auget opes. 630 

Dis generis date tliura bonis ; Concordia fertur 

Ilia praeeipue mitis adesse die ; 
Et libate dapes, ut, grati pignus honoris, 

Nutriat incinetos missa patella Lares. 
Jamque ubi suadebit plaeidos iiox hurnida somnos, 635 

Parea preeaturi sumite vina manu, 
Et, Bene vos, bene te patriae Pater, optime Caesar ! 

Dieite suffuse ter bona verba mere. 

VII. KAL. 2.3rd. 

Nox ubi transierit, solito eelebretur honore 

Separat indicio qui deus arva suo. 640 

Termine, sive lapis, sive es defossus in agro 

Stipes ab antiquis, tu quoque numen liabes. 
Te duo diversa domini pro parte eoronant, 

Binaque serta tibi, binaque liba ferunt. 
Ara fit : hue ignem eurto fert rustica testu 645 

Sumptum de tepidis ipsa eolona focis. 
Ligna senex minuit, eoncisaque eonstruit alte, 

Et solida ramos figere pugnat humo ; 
Tum sicco primas irritat cortiee flammas, 

Stat puer, et manibus lata eanistra tenet. 650 



LIBER II. 37 

Inde, ubi ter fruges medios immisit in ignes, 

Porrigit incisos filia parva favos. 
Vina tenent alii ; libantur singula flammis. 

Spectant et linguis Candida turba fa vent. 
Spargitur et caeso communis Terminus agno ; 655 

Nee queritur, lactens cum sibi porca datur. 
Conveniunt celebrantque dapcs vicinia supplex, 

Et cantant laudes, Termine sancte, tuas. 
Tu populos, urbesque, et regna ingentia finis : 

Omnis erit sine te litigiosus ager. 660 

Nulla tibi ambitio est ; nullo corrumperis auro ; 

Legitima servas credita rura tide. 
Si tu signasses olim Tliyreatida terram, 

Coi-pora non leto missa trecenta forent, 
Nee foret Otbryades congestis lectus in armis. 665 

quantum patriae sanguinis ille dedit ! 
Quid nova cum fierent Capitolia ? nempe deorum 

Cuncta Jovi cessit turba, locumque dedit. 
Terminus — ut veteres memorant — inventus in aede 

Restitit, et magno cum Jove templa tenet. 670 

Nunc quoque, se supra ne quid nisi sidera cernat, 

Exiguum templi tecta foramen liabent. 
Termine, post illud levitas tibi libera non est, 
~ Qua positus fueris in statione, mane. 
Nee tu vicino quidquam concede roganti, 675 

Ne videare hominem praeposuisse Jovi ; 
Et sen vomeribus, sou tu pulsabere rastris, 

Clamato, Suus est liic ager, ille tuns. — 
Est via, quae populum Laurentes ducit in agros, 

Quondam Dardanio regna petita duci. 6so 

Iliac lanigeri pecoris tibi, Termine, fibris 

Sacra videt fieri sextus ab urbe lapis. 
Gentibus est aliis tellus data limite certo ; 

Romanae spatium est urbis et orbis idem. 

VI. KAL. 2-iTH, 

Nunc milii dicenda est Regis fuga. Traxit ab ilia 685 

Sextus ab extreme nomina mense dies. 
Ultima Tarqviinius Romanae gentis liabebat 

Regna, vir injustus, fortis ad anna tamen. 



88 FASTORUM 

Ceperat hie alias, alias everterat urbes, 

Et Gabios turpi fecerat arte suos. 690 

Namque trium minimus, proles manifesta Superbi, 

In meclios liostes nocte silente venit, 
Nudarant g-ladios : Occidite, dixit, inermem ! 

Hoc cupiant fratres, Tarquiniusque pater, 
Qui mea crudeli laceravit verbere terga ! 695 

— Dicere ut hoc posset, verbera passus erat — 
Luna fuit : spectant juvenem, gladiosque recondunt, 

Tergaque, deducta veste, notata vident. 
Flent quoque, et, ut secum tueatur bella, precantur. 

Callidus ignaris annuit ille viris. 700 

Jamque potens misso genitorem appellat amico, 

Perdendi Grabios quod sibi monstret iter. 
Hortus odoratis suberat cultissimus herbis, 

Sectus humum rivo lene sonantis aquae. 
Illic Tarquinius mandata latentia nati 705 

Accipit, et virga lilia summa metit. 
Nuntius ut rediit, decussaque lilia dixit, 

Filius, Agnoscojussa. parentis, ait. 
Nee mora : prineipibus eaesis ex urbe Grabina, 

Traduntur dueibus moenia nuda suis. 710 

Ecce — nefas visu — mediis altaribus anguis 

Exit, et exstinctis ignibus exta rapit. 
Consulitur Phoebus. Sors est ita reddita : Matri 

Qui dederit princeps oscula, victor erit. 
Oseula quisque suae matri properata tulerunt 71 5 

Non intellecto credula turba deo. 
Brutus erat stulti sapiens imitator, ut esset 

Tutus ab insidiis, dire Superbe, tuis. 
Ille jacens pronus matri dedit oscula Terrae, 

Creditus offense procubuisse pede. 720 

Cingitur interea Romanis Ardea signis, 

Et patitur lentas obsidione moras. 
Dum vaeat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam, 

Luditur in castris ; otia miles agit. 
Tarquinius juvenis soeios dapibusque meroque 725 

Accipit, ex illis rege creatus ait : 
Dum nos sollicitos pigro tenet Ardea bello. 

Nee sinit ad patrios arma referre deos ; 



LIBER II. 39 

Ecquid in officio torus est socialis ? et ecqtiid 

Conjugibus nostris mutua cura sumus ? 730 

Quisque suam laudat ; studiis certamina crescunt, 

Et fervent multo linguaque corque mero. 
Surgit cui dederat clarum Collatia nomen ; 

Non opus est verbis, credite rebus, ait. 
Nox superest : tollamur equis, urbemque petamus. 735 

Dicta placent ; frenis impediuntur equi ; 
Pertulerant dominos ; regalia protinus illi 

Tecta petunt ; custos in fore nullus erat. 
Ecce nurum regis fusis per colla coronis 

Inveniunt posito pervigilare mero. 740 

Inde cito passu petitur Lucretia. Nebat ; 

Ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erant. 
Lumen ad exiguum famulae data pensa traliebant, 

Inter quas tenui sic ait ipsa sono : 
Mittenda est domino — nunc, nunc properate, puellae — 

Quamprimum nostra facta lacerna manu. 
Quid tamen auditis ? — nam plura audire potestis — 

Quantum de bello dicitur esse super ? 
Postmodo victa cades, melioribus, Ardea, restas, 

Improba, quae nostros cogis abesse viros. 7.50 

vSint tantum reduces. Sed enim temerarius ille 

Est mens, et stricto qualibet ense ruit. 
Mens abit et morior, quotiens pugnantis imago. 

Me subit, et gelidum pectora frigus liabet. 
Desinit in lacrimas, incoeptaque fila remittit, 755 

In gremio vultum deposuitque suum. 
Hoc ipsum decuit : lacrimae decuere pudicam, 

Et facies animo dignaque parque fuit. 
Pone metum, venio, conjunx ait. Ilia revixit, 

Deque viri collo dulce pependit onus. 760 

Interea juvenis furiatos regius ignes 

Concipit, et caeco raptus amore furit. 
Forma placet, niveusque color, flavique capilli, 

Quique aderat nulla factus ab arte decor. 
Verba placent, et vox, et quod corrumpere non est ; 765 

Quoque minor spes est, hoc magis ille cupit. 
Jam dederat cantus lucis praenuntius ales, 

Cum referunt juvenes in sua castra pedem. 



40 FASTOKUM 

Carpitur attonitos absentis imagine sensus 

Ille : recordanti plura magisque placent. 770 

Sic sedit, sic culta fuit, sic stamina nevit, 

Neglectae collo sic jacuere comae, 
Hos liabiiit voltus, haec illi verba fuerimt, 

Hie decor, haec facies, hie color oris erat. 
Ut solet a magno fluctus languescere flatu, 775 

Sed tamen a vento, qui fuit, unda tumet : 
Sic, quamvis aberat placitae praesentia formae, 

Quem dederat praesens forma, manebat amor. 
Ardet, et injusti stimulis agitatur amoris ; 

Comparet indigno vimque dolumque toro. 7S0 

Exitus in dubio est. Audebimus ultima, dixit ; 

Viderit, audentes forsve deusve juvet ; 
Cepimus audendo Gabios quoque. Talia fatus 

Ense latus cinxit, tergaque pressit equi. 
Accipit aerata juvenem Collatia porta, 785 

Condere jam voltus sole parante sues. 
Hostis, ut liospes, init penetralia Collatini : 

Comiter excipitur ; sanguine junctus erat. 
Quantum animis erroris inest ! parat inscia rerum 

Infelix epulas liostibus ilia suis. 790 

Functus erat dapibus : poscunt sua tempera somnum. 

Nox erat, et tota lumina nulla dome. 
Surgit, et auratum vagina deripit ensem, 

Et venit in tlialamos, nupta pudica, tuos. 
Utque torum pressit, Fermm, Lucretia, mecum est, 755 

Matus, ait, regis, Tarquiniusque loquor. 
Ilia nihil : neque enim vocem viresque loquendi, 

Aut aliquid toto pectore mentis babet. 
Sed tremit, ut quondam stabulis deprensa relictis 

Parva sub infesto cum jacet agna lupo, sco 

Quid faciat ? pugnet ? vincetur femina pugnans. 

Clamet ? at in dextra, qui vetet, ensis adest. 
Eifugiat ? positis urgentur pectora palmis ; 

Tunc primum externa pectora tacta manu. 
Instat amans hostis precibus, pretioque, minisque : 805 

Nee prece, nee pretio, nee movet ille minis. 
Nil agis ; eripiam, dixit, per crimina vitam ; 

Falsus adulterii testis adulter ero. 



LIBER TI. 41 

Interimam famulum, cum quo deprensa fereris. 

Succubuit famae victa puella metu. 8io 

Quid, victor, gaudes ? liaec te victoria perdet. 

Heu quanto regnis nox stetit una tuis ! 
Jamque erat orta dies : passis sedet ilia capillis, 

Ut solet ad nati mater itura rogum ; 
Grandaevumque patrem fido cum conjuge castris 8 1 5 

Evocat : et posita venit uterque mora. 
Utque vident hab-itum, quae luctus causa, requinmt. 

Cui parct exequias, quove sit icta malo. 
Ilia diu reticet, pudibundaque celat amictu 

Ora ; fluunt lacrimae more peremiis aquae, 820 

Hinc pater, liinc conjunx lacriraas solantur, et orant, 

Indicet ; et caeco ilentque paventque metu. 
Ter conata loqui, ter destitit, ausaque quarto 

Non oculos adeo sustulit ilia suos. 
Hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus ? eloquar, inquit, S25 

Eloquar infelix dedecus ipsa meum ? 
Quaeque potest narrat. Restabant ultima ; flevit, 

Et matronales erubuere genae. 
Dant veniam facto genitor conjunxque coactae. 

Quam dixit, veniam vos datis, ipsa nego. S30 

Nee mora ; celato figit sua pectora ferro, 

Et cadit in patrios sanguinolenta pedes. 
Tunc quoque jam moriens, ne non procumbat honest e, 

Respicit, haec etiam cura cadentis erat. 
Ecce super corpus communia damna gementes, 835 

Obliti decoris, virque paterque jacent. 
Brutus adest, tandemque animo sua nomina fallit, 

Fixaque semanimi corpore tela rapit ; 
Stillantemque tenens generoso sanguine cultrum, 

Edidit impavidos ore minante sonos : sio 

Per tibi ego hunc jure fortem castumque cruorem, 

Perque tuos Manes, qui" niilii numen erunt, 
Tarquinium profuga poenas cum stirpe daturum. 

Jam satis est virtus dissimulata diu. 
Ilia jacens ad verba oculos sine lumine movit, S4 5 

Visaque concussa dicta probare coma. 
Fertur in exequias animi matrona virilis, 

Et secum lacrimas invidiamque traliit. 



42 FASTORUM 

Vulnus inane patet. Brutus clamore Quirites 

Concitat, et regis facta nefanda refert. 850 

Tarquinius cum prole fugit ; capit annua Consul 
Jura : dies regnis ilia suprema fuit. 

Fallimur ? an veris praenuntia venit liirundo, 

Et metuit, ne qua versa recurrat liiems ? 
Saepe tamen, Procne, nimium properasse quereris, 855 

Virque tuo Tereus frigore laetus erit. 

III. KAL. 27th. 

Jamque duae restant noctes de mense secundo, 

Marsque citos junctis curribus urget equos. 
Ex vero j)Ositum permansit Equiria nomen, 

Quae deus in campo prospicit ipse suo. 860 

Jure venis, Gradive ; locum tua tempera poscunt, 

Signatusque tuo nomine mensis adest. 
Venimus in portum libro cum mense peracto. 

Naviget hinc alia jam milii linter aqua. 



LIBER III. 



Bellice, depositis clipeo pavillisper et liasta, 

Mars, ades, et nitidas casside solve comas. 
Forsitan ipse roges, quid sit cum Marte poetae. 

A te, qui canitur, nomina mensis habet. 
Ipse vides peragi manibus fera bella Minervae : 

Num minus ingenuis artibus ilia vacat ? 
Palladis exemplo ponendae tempora sume 

Cuspidis ; invenies et quod inermis agas. 
Tum quoque inermis eras, cum te Romana sacerdos 

Oepit, ut huic urbi semina digna dares. 
Silvia Vestalis — quid enim vetat inde moveri ? — 

Sacra lavaturas mane petebat aquas. 
Ventum erat ad molli declivem tramite ripam ; 

Ponitur e summa fictilis urna coma. 
Fessa resedit liumo, ventosque accepit aperto 

Pectore, turbatas restituitque comas. 



LIBER III. 4o 

Dum seclet, umbrosae salices volucresque canorae 

Fecerunt somnos, et leve murmur aquae. 
Blanda quies victis furtim subrepit ocellis, 

Et cadit a mento languida facta manus. 20 

Mars videt banc, visamque cupit, potiturque cupita, 

Et sua divina furta fefellit ope. 
Somnus abit ; jacet ilia gravis ; nam scilicet intra 

Viscera, Romanae conditor urbis, eras. 
Languida consurgit, nee scit, cur languida surgat, 25 

Et peragit tales arbore nixa sonos : 
Utile sit faustumque, precor, quod imagine somni 

Vidimus ! An somno clarius illud erat ? 
Ignibus Iliacis aderam, cum lapsa capillis 

Decidit ante sacros lanea vitta focos. 30 

Inde duae pariter — visu mirabile — palmae 

Surgunt. Ex illis altera major erat, 
Et gravibus ramis totum protexerat orbem, 

Contigeratque sua sidera summa coma. 
Ecce mens ferrum patruus molitur in illas ! 35 

Terreor admonitu, corque timore micat. 
Martia picus avis gemino pro stipite pugnant 

Et lupa. Tuta per bos utraque palma fuit. 
Dixerat : et plenam non firmis viribus urnam 

Sustulit. — Implerat, dum sua visa refert. — 40 

Interea crescente Remo, crescente Quirino, 

Caelesti tumidus pondere venter erat. 
Quo minus emeritis exiret cursibus annus, 

Restabant nitido jam duo signa deo : 
Silvia fit mater. Vestae simulacra feruntur 45 

Virgineas oculis opposuisse manus. 
Ai'a deae certe tremuit, pariente ministra, 

Et subiit cineres territa flamma sues. 
Haec ubi cognovit contemptor Amulius aequi, 

— Nam raptas fratri victor liabebat opes — 50 

Amne jubet mergi geminos. Scelus unda refugit : 

In sicca pueri destituuntur bumo. 
Lacte quis infantes nescit crevisse ferine, 

Et picum expositis saepe tulisse cibos ? 
Non ego te, tantae nutrix Larentia gentis, 55 

Nee taceani vestras, Faustule pauper, opes. 



44 FASTORUM 

Vester lionos veniet, cum Larentalia clicam : 

Acceptiis Greniis ilia December liabet. 
Martia ter senos proles adoleverat annos, 

Et suberat flavae jam nova barba comae : 60 

Omnibus agricolis armentorumque magistris 

Iliadae fratres jura petita clabant. 
Saepe domum veniunt praedonum sanguine laeti, 

Et redigunt actos in sua jura boves. 
Ut genus audierunt, animos pater editus auget, 6f) 

Et pudet in paucis nomen habere casis : 
Romuleoque cadit trajectus Amulius ense, 

Regnaque longaevo restituuntur avo. 
Moenia conduntur, quae, quamvis parva fuerunt, 

Non tamen expediit transiluisse Remo. 70 

Jam, modo qua fuerant silvae pecorumque recessus, 

Urbs erat, aetemae cum pater urbis ait : 
Arbiter armonmi, de cujus sanguine natus 

Credor, et ut credar, pignora multa dabo, 
A te principium Romano ducimus anno : 75 

Primus de patrio nomine mensis erit. 
Vox rata fit, patrioque vocat de nomine mensem. 

Dicitur haec pietas grata fuisse deo. 
Et tamen ante omnes Martem coluere priores ; 

Hoc dederat studiis bellica turba suis. so 

Pallada Cecropidae, Minoia Greta Dianam, 

Vulcanum tellus Hypsipylea colit, 
Junonem Sparte Pelopeiadesque Mycenae, 

Pinigerum Fauni Maenalis ora caput. 
Mars Latio venerandus erat, quia praesidet armis : 85 

Arma ferae genti rem que decusque dabant. 
Quod si forte vacas, peregrines inspice fastos : 

Mensis in his etiam nomine Martis erit. 
Tertius Albanis, quintus fuit ille Faliscis, 

Sextus apud populos, Hernica terra, tuos. 90 

Inter Aricinos Albanaque tempera constant 

Factaque Telegoni moenia celsa manu. 
Quintuiii Laurentes, bis quintum ^quicolus asper, 

A tribus hunc primum turba Curensis habet. 
Et tibi cum proavis, miles Peligne, Sabinis 95 

Convenit : hie genti quartus utrique deus. 



Romulus, lios omnes ut vinceret ordine saltern, 

Sang'uinis auctori tempora j)rima dedit. 
Nee totidem veteres, quot nunc, habuere kalendas ; 

Ille minor geminis mensibus annus erat. lOO 

Nondum tradiderat victas victoribus artes 

Grraecia, facundum sed male forte genus. 
Qui bene pugnabat, Roraanam noverat artem ; 

Mittere qui poterat pila, disertus erat. 
Quis tunc aut Hyadas, aut Pleiadas Atlanteas 105 

Senserat, aut geminos esse sub axe polos ? 
Esse duas Arctos, quarum Cynosura petatur 

Sidoniis, Helicen Graia carina notet ? 
Signaque, quae longo frater percenseat anno. 

Ire per haec uno mense sororis equos ? no 

Libera currebant et inobservata per annum 

Sidera ; constabat sed tamen esse deos. 
Non illi caelo labentia signa tenebant, 

Sed sua, quae magnum perdere crimen erat. 
Ilia quidem foeno ; sed erat reverentia foeno, 1 1 5 

Quantam nunc aquilas cernis habere tuas. 
Fertica suspenses portabat longa maniples : 

Unde maniplaris nomina miles liabet. 
Ergo animi indociles et adliuc ratione carentes 

Mensibus egerunt lustra minora decem. 1 20 

Annus erat, decimum cum luna receperat orbem : 

Hie numerus magno tunc in honore fuit. 
Seu quia tot digiti, per quos numerare solemus ; 

Seu quia bis quino femina mense parit ; 
Seu quod adusque decem numero crescente venitur ; 125 

Principium spatiis sumitur inde novis. 
Inde Patres centum denos secrevit in orbes 

Romulos, Hastatos instituitque decem, 
Et totidem Princeps, totidem Pilanus habebat 

Corpora, legitime quique merebat equo. 130 

Quin etiaia partes totidem Titiensibus idem, 

Quosqve vocant Ramnes, Luceribusque dedit. 
Assuetos igitur numeros servavit in anno. 

Hoc luget spatio femina maesta virum, 
Neu dubites, primae fuerint quin ante kalendae 135 

Martis, ad haec animum signa referre potes. 



46 FASTOEUM 

Laurea Flaminibus, quae toto perstitit anno, 

Tollitur, et froncles sunt in honore novae ; 
Janua tunc Regis posita viret arbore Phoebi ; 

Ante tuas fit idem, Curia Prisca, fores ; 140 

Vesta quoque ut folio niteat velata recenti, 

Cedit ab Iliacis laurea cana focis. 
Adde, quod arcana fieri novus ignis in aede 

Dicitur, et vires flamma refecta capit. 
Nee mihi parva fides, annos liinc isse priores, 145 

Anna quod hoc coepta est mense Perenna coli. 
Hinc etiam veteres initi memorantur honores 

Ad spatium belli, perfide Poene, tui. 
Denique quintus ab hoc fuerat Quintilis, et inde 

Incipit a numero nomina quisquis liabet. 150 

Primus oliviferis Romam deductus ab arvis 

Pompilius menses sensit abesse duos : 
Sive lioc a Samio doctus, qui posse renasci 

Nos putat, Egeria sive monente sua. 
Sed tamen errabant etiam tunc tempera, donee J 55 

Caesaris in multis baec quoque cura fuit. 
Non haec ille deus, tantaeque propaginis auetor, 

Credidit officiis esse minora suis ; 
Promissumque sibi voluit praenoscere caelum. 

Nee deus ignotas hospes inire domes. lOu 

Ille moras solis, quibus in sua signa rediret, 

Traditur exactis disposuisse notis. 
Is decies senos tercentum et quinque diebus 

Junxit, et e pleno tempora quarta die. 
Hie anni modus est. In lustrum accedere debet, 165 

Quae consummatur partibus, una dies. 

KAL. MART. Isr. 

Si licet occultos monitus audire deorum 

Vatibus, ut certe fama licere putat, 
Cum sis officiis, Gradive, virilibus aptus, 

Die mihi, matronae cur tua festa colant. 170 

Sic ego. Sic posita dixit mihi casside Mavors ; 

Sed tamen in dextra missilis hasta fuit : 
Nunc primum studiis pacis deus utilis armis 

Advocor, et gressus in nova castra fero. 



LIBER III. 47 

Nee plg-et Incoepti ; juvat liac quoqiie parte morari, ]75 

Hoc solam ne se posse Minerva putet. 
Disce, Latinorum vates operose dierum, 

Quod petis, et memori pectore dicta nota. 
Parva fait, si prima velis elementa referre, 

Roma : sed in parva spes tamen Imjus erat. 180 

Moenia jam stabant, populis angaista futuris, 

Credita sed turbae tunc nimis ampla suae. 
Quae fuerit nostri, si quaeris, regia nati, 

Aspice de canna straminibusque domum. 
In stipula placidi carpebat munera somni, 185 

Et tamen ex illo venit in astra toro. 
■Jamque loco majus nomen Romanus habebat, 

Nee conjunx illi, nee socer ullus erat. 
Spernebant generos inopes vicinia dives, 

Et male credebar sanguinis auctor ego. 190 

In stabulis habitasse, et oves pavisse, nocebat, 

Jugeraque inculti pauca tenere soli. 
Cum pare quaeque sue coeunt volucresque feraeque, 

Atque aliquam, de qua procreet, anguis liabet. 
Extremis dantur connubia gentibus ; at, quae 195 

Romano vellet nubere, nulla fuit. 
Indolui, patriamque dedi tibi, Romule, mentem. 

Tolle preces, dixi : quod petis, arma dabunt. 
Festa para Conso. Consus tibi cetera dicet 

Illo facta die, cum sua sacra canes. 200 

Intumuere Cures, et quos dolor attigit idem, 

Tum prirnum generis intulit arma socer. 
Jamque fere raptae matrum quoque nomen liabebant, 

Tractaquc erant longa bella propinqua mora, 
Conveniunt nuptae dictam Junonis in aedem, 205 

Quas inter mea sic est nurus orsa loqui : 
pariter raptae. quoniam hoc commune ten emus 

Non ultra lente possumus esse piae. 
Stant acies : sed utra di sint pro parte rogandi, 

Eligite ; liinc conjunx, bine pater arma tenet ; 210 
Quaerenduni est, viduae fieri malimus an orbae. 

Consilium vobis forte piumque dabo. 
Consilium dederat : parent, crinemque resolvunt, 

Maestaque funerea corpora veste tegunt. 



48 FASTOEUM 

Jam steterant acies ferro mortique paratae ; 215 

Jam litims pugnae signa daturus erat ; 
Cum raptae veniunt inter patresque virosque, 

Inque sinu natos, pignora cara ferunt. 
Ut medium cam pi scissis tetigere capillis, 

In terram posito procubuere genu ; 220 

Et, quasi sentirent, Llando claraore nepotes 

Tendebant ad avos bracbia parva suos. 
Qui poterat, clamabat avum tum denique visum ; 

Et qui vix poterat, posse coactus erat. 
Tela viris animique cadunt, gladiisque remotis 225 

Dant soceri generis accipiuntque manus ; 
Laudatasque tenent natas, scutoque nepotem 

Fert avus : bic scuti dulcior usus erat. 
Inde diem, quae prima, meas celebrare kalendas 

Oebalides matres non leve munus babent. 230 

Aut quia committi strictis muc-ronibus ansae 

Finierant lacrimis Martia bella suis ? 
Vel, quod erat de me feliciter Ilia mater, 

Rite colunt matres sacra diemque meum ? 
Quid ? quod biems adoperta gelu tunc denique cedit, 

Et pereunt lapsae sole tepente nives ; 
Arboribus redeunt detonsae frigore frondes, 

Uvidaque e tenero palmite gemma tumet ; 
Quaeque diu latuit, nunc se qua tollat in auras 

Fercilis occultas invenit berba vias. 24O 

Nunc fecundus ager ; pecoris nunc bora creandi ; 

Nunc avis in ramo tecta laremque parat. 
Tempera jure colunt Latiae fecunda parentes, 

Quarum militiam votaque partus babet. 
Adde, cj:Uod, excubias ubi rex Romanus agebat, 245 

Qui nunc Esquilias nomina collis babet, 
Illic a nuribus Junoni templa Latinis 

Hac sunt, si memini, publica facta die. 
Quid moror, et variis onero tua pectora causis ? 

Eminet ante oculos, quod petis, ecce tuos. 250 

Mater amat nuptas ; matrum me turba frequentant. 

Haec nos praecipue tam pia causa decet. 
Ferte deae flores ; gaudet florentibus berbis 

Haec dea : de tenero cingite iiore caput. 



LIBER III. 40 

Dicite, Tu lucem nobis, Liicina, declisti ; 253 

Dicite, Tu voto parturientis ades. 
Si qua tamen gravida est, resoluto crine precetur, 

IJt solvat partus molliter ilia suos. 



Quis mihi nunc dicet, quare caelestia Martis 

Arma ferant Salii, Mamuriumque canant ? 2C0 

Nyinplia, mone, nemori stagnoque operata Dianae : 

Nynipha, Numae conjunx, ad tua facta veni. 
Vallis Aricinae silva praecinctus opaca 

Est lacus antiqua relligione sacer. 
Hie latet Hippolytus furiis direptus equorum ; 265 

Unde nenius nullis illud aditur equis. 
Licia dependent longas velantia sepes, 

Et posita est meritae multa tabella deae. 
Saepe potens voti, frontem redimita coronis, 

Femina lucentes portat ab urbe faces. 270 

Regna tenent fortesque manu, pedibusque fugaces ; 

Et perit exemplo postmodo quisque suo. 
Defluit incerto lapidosus murmure rivus : 

Saepe, sed exiguis haustibus, inde bibi. 
Egeria est, quae praebet aquas, dea grata Caraenis. 275 

Ilia Numae conjunx consiliumque fuit. 
Principio nimium promptos ad bella Quirites 

Molliri placuit jure deumque metu. 
Inde datae leges, ne firmior omnia posset, 

Coeptaque sunt pure tradita sacra coli. 280 

Exuitur feritas, armisque potentius aequum est, 

Et cum cive pudet conseruisse manus. 
Atque aliquis, modo trux, visa jam vertitur ara, 

Vinaque dat tepidis salsaque farra focis. 
Ecce deum genitor rutilas per nubila flammas 285 

Spargit, et effusis aethera siccat aquis. 
Non alias missi cecidere frequentius ignes. 

Rex pavet, et vulgi pectora terror habet. 
Cui dea, Ne nimium terrere ! piabile fulmen 

Est, ait, et saevi flectitur ira Jo vis. , 290 

Sed poterunt ritum Picus Faunusque piandi 

Prodere, Romani numen uterque soli. 



50 FASTORUM 

Nec sine vi tradent ; adliibe tu vincula captis. 

Atqiie ita qua possint edidit arte capi. 
Lucus Aventino suberat niger ilicis umbra, 293 

Quo posses viso dicere, numen in est. 
In medio gramen, muscoque adoperta virenti 

Manabat saxo vena perennis aquae. 
Inde fere soli Faunus Picusque bibebant. 

Hue venit, et fonti rex Numa mactat ovem, 300 

Plenaque odorati disponit pocula Bacchi, 

Cmnque suis antro conditus ipse latet. 
Ad solitos veniunt silvestria numina fontes, 

Et relevant multo pectora sicca mero. 
Yina quies sequitvir ; gelido Numa prodit ab antro, 305 

Yinclaque sopitas addit in arta manus. 
Soranus ut abscessit, tentando vincula pugnant 

Piumpere ; pugnantes fortius ilia tenent. 
Tunc Numa Di nemorum, factis ignoscite nostvis. 

Si scelus ingenio scitis abesse meo ; a 10 

Quoque modo possit fulmen, monstrate, piari. 

Sic Numa. Sic quatiens coraua Faunus ait : 
Magna petis, nec quae monitu tibi discere nostro 

Fas sit. Habent fines numina nostra sues. 
Di sumus agrestes, et qui dominemur in altis 315 

Montibus. Arbitrium est in sua tecta Jovi. 
Hunc tu non poteris per te deducere caelo ; 

At poteris nostra forsitan usus ope. 
Dixerat liaec Faunus : par est sententia Pici. 

Deme tamen nobis vincula, Picus ait. 320 

Juppiter buc veniet valida deductus ab arte. 

Nubila promissi Styx milii testis erit. 
Emissi quid agant laqueis, quae carraina dicant, 

Quaque trahant superis sedibus arte Jovem, 
Scire nefas liomini. Nobis coricessa canentur, 325 

Quaeque pio dici vatis ab ore licet. 
Eliciunt caelo te, Juppiter ; undo minores 

Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciumque vocant. 
Constat Aventinae tremuisse cacumina silvae, 

Terraque subsedit pondere pressa Jovis. 330 

Corda micant regis, totoque e coriDore sanguis 

Fugit, et hirsutae diriguere comae. 



LIBER III. 51 

Ut rediit animus, DcX certa plamina, dixit, 

Fulminis, altorum rexque paterque deum ; 
Si tua contigimus manibus donaria puris, 335 

Hoc qiioqiie, quod petitur, si pia lingua rogat. 
Annuit orau ti : sed verum ambage remota 

Abdidit, et dubio terruit ore ^drum. 
Caede caput dixit. Cui rex, Parebimus, inquit : 

Caedenda est bortis einita cepa meis. 340 

Acldidit liic, Hominis. Sumes, ait ille, capilhs. 

Postulat bic animatn. Cui Numa, Piscis, ait. 
Risit, et, His, inquit, facito mea tela procures, 

vir colloquio non abigende deum ! 
Sed tibi, protulerit cum totum crastinus orbem 345 

Cyntbius, imperii pignora certa dabo. 
Dixit, et ingenti tonitru super aetbera motuni 

Fertur, adorantem destituitque Numam. 
Ille redit laetus, memoratque Quiritibus acta. 

Tarda venit dictis difficilisque fides. 350 

At certe credemur, ait, si verba sequatur 

Exitus. En, audi crastina, quisquis ades. 
Protulerit terris cum totum Cyntbius orbem, 

Juppiter imperii pignora certa dabit. 
Discedunt dubii, promissaque tarda videntur, 355 

Dependetque fides a veniente die. 
Mollis erat tellus rorataque mane pruina ; 

Ante sui populus limina regis adest. 
Prodit et in solio medius consedit acerno ; 

Innumeri circa stantque silentque viri. 3G0 

Ortus erat summo tantummodo margine Pboebus ; 

Sollicitae mentes speque metuque pavent. 
Constitit, atque caput niveo velatus amictu 

Jam bene dis notas sustulit ille manus. 
Atque ita, Tempus adest promissi muneris, inquit, 365 

Pollicitam dictis, Juppiter, adde fidem. 
Dum loquitur, totum jam sol emoverat orbem, 

Et gravis aetlierio venit ab axe fragor. 
Ter tonuit sine nube deus, tria fulgura misit. 

Credite dicenti ; mira, sed acta, loquor. 370 

A media caelum regione debiscere coepit ; 

Submisere oculos cum duce turba suo. 
D 2 



Ecce levi scutum versatum leniter aura 

Decidit. A populo clamor ad astra venit. 
Tollit humo munus caesa prius ille juvenca, 375 

Quae dederat nulli colla premenda jugo ; 
At que ancile vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est, 

Quaque notes oculis angulus omnis abest. 
Tum, memor imperii sortem consistere in illo, 

Consilium multae calliditatis init. 3S0 

Plurajubet fieri simili caelata figura, 

Error ut ante oculos insidiantes eat. 
Mamurius, morum fabraene exactior artis 

Difficile est ulli dicere, clausit opus. 
Cui Nuraa munificus, Facti pete praemia, dixit : 3S5 

Si mea nota fides, irrita nulla petes. 
Jam dederat Saliis a saltu nomina dicta 

Armaque, et ad certos verba canenda modes. 
Turn sic Mamurius, Merces mihi gloria detur, 
- Nominaque extreme carmine nostra sonent. 390 

Inde sacerdotes operi promissa vetusto 

Praemia persolvunt, Mamuriumque vocant. 



Nubere si qua voles, quamvis properabitis ambo, 

Differ ; habent parvae commoda magna morae. 
Arma movent pugnam, pugna est aliena maritis. 395 

Condita cum fuerint, aptius omen erit. 
His etiam conjunx apicati cincta Dialis 

Lucibus impexas debet habere comas. 

V. NGN. 8rd. 

Tertia nox demersa sues ubi moverit ignes, 

Conditus e geminis Piscibus alter erit. 400 

Nam duo sunt : Austris liic est, Aquilonibus ille 

Proximus ; a vento nomen uterque tenet. 
III. NOK 5 th. 

Cum croceis rorare gen is Tithonia conjunx 

Coeperit, et quintae tempera lucis aget ; 
Sive est Arctophylax, sive est piger ille Bootes, 405 

Mergetur, visus efFugietque tuos. 
At non effugiet Vindemitor. Hoc quoque causam 

Unde traliat sidus, parva docere mora est. 



LIBER III. 53 

Ampelon intonsum satyro nymphaque creatum 

Fertur in Ismariis Bacchus araasse jugis. 410 

Tradidit liuic vitem pendentem frondibus ulmi, 

Quae nunc de pueri nomine nomen liabet. 
Dum legit in ramo pictas temerarius uvas, 

Decidit : amissum Liber in astra veliit. 

PR. NON. 6th. 

Sextus ubi Oceano clivosum scandit Olympum 415 

Phoebus, et alatis aethera carpit equis ; 
Quisquis ades, castaeque cohs penetraha Vestae, 

Gratare Iliacis thuraque pone focis. 
Caesaris innumeris, quos maluit ille mereri, 

Accessit tituhs pontificalis honos. 420 

Ignibus aeternis aeterni numina praesunt 

Caesaris. Imperii pignora juncta vides. 
Di veteres Troiae, dignissima praeda ferenti, 

Qua gravis Aeneas tutus ab hoste fuit ; 
Ortus ab Aenea tangit cognata sacerdos 425 

Numina ; cognatum, Vesta, tuere caput. 
Quos sancta fovet ille manu, bene vivitis ignes. 

Vivite inexstincti, flammaque, dux que ! precor. 
NON. 7th. 

Una nota est Marti Nonis, sacrata quod illis 

Templa putant lucos Vedjovis ante duos. 430 

Romulus ut saxo lucum circumdedit alto, 

Quilibet hue, inquit, confuge, tutus eris. 
quam de tenui Romanus origine crevit ! 

Turba vetus quam non invidiosa fuit ! 
Ne tamen ignaro novitas tibi nominis obstet, 435 

Disce, quis iste deus, curve vocetur ita. 
Juppiter est juvenis ; juvenales aspice voltus. 

Aspice deinde, manu fulmina nulla tenet. 
Fulmina post ausos caelum aiFectare Gigantas 

Sumpta Jovi : prime tempore inermis erat. 440 

ignibus Ossa novis, et Pelion altior Ossa 

Arsit, et in solida tixus Olympus humo. 
Stat quoque capra simul ; Nymphae pavisse feruntur 

Cretides : infanti lac dedit Jovi. 
Nunc vocor ad nomen. Vegrandia farra colonae, 445 

Quae male creverunt, vescaque parva vocant. 
d3 



54 FASTOEUM 

Vis ea si verbi est, cur non ego Vedjovis aedem, 
Aedem non magni suspicer esse Jovis ? 

Jamque, ubi caeinileum variabunt sidera caelum, 

Suspice ; Gorgonei colla videbis equi. 450 

Creditur hie caesae gravida cervice Medusae 

Sanguine respersis prosiluisse jubis. 
Huic supra nubes et subter sidera lapso 

Caelum pro terra, pro pede penna fuit. 
Jamque indignanti nova frena receperat ore, 455 

Cum levis Aonias ungula fodit aquas. 
Nunc fmitur caelo, quod pennis ante petebat, 

Et nitidus stellis quinque decemque micat, 
VIII. ID. 8th. 

Protinus adspicies venienti nocte Coronam 

Gnosida : Theseo crimine facta dea est. 4Co 

Jam bene perjure mutarat conjuge Bacchum, 

Quae dedit ingrato fila legenda viro. 
Sorte tori gaudens. Quid flebam rustica ? dixit, 

Utiliter nobis perfidus ille fuit. 
Interea Liber depexis crinibus Indos 465 

Vincit; et Eoo dives ab orbe redit. 
Inter captivas facie praestante puellas 

Grata nimis Bacclio filia regis erat. 
Flebat amans conjunx, spatiataque litore curvo 

Edidit incultis talia verba comis : 470 

En iterum, fluctus, similes audite querelas ! 

En iterum lacrimas accipe, arena, meas ! 
Dicebam, memini, perjure et perfide Tlieseu! 

Ille abiit : eadem crimina Bacclius liabet. 
Nunc quoque, nulla viro, clamabo, femina credat, 475 

Nomine mutate causa relata mea est. 
utinam mea sors, qua primum coeperat, isset ! 

Jamque ego praesenti tempore nulla forem ! 
Quid me desertis perituram. Liber, arenis 

Servabas ? potui dedoluisse semel. 480 

Bacclie levis, leviorque tuis, quae tempera cingunt, 

Frondibus, in lacrimas cognite Bacclie meas, 
Ausus es ante oculos adducta pellice nostros 

Tam bene compositum sollicitare torum ? 



Heu ! ubi pacta fides ? ubi, quae jurare solebas ? 483 

Me miseram ! quotiens liaec ego verba loquor ? 
Thesea culpabas, fallacemque ipse vocabas : 

Judicio peccas turpius ipse tiio. 
Ne sciat hoc quisquam, tacitisque dolovibus urar ! 

Ne toties falli digna fuisse puter ! 49O' 

Praecipue cupiam celari Thesea, ne te 

Consortem culpae gaudeat esse suae. 
At, puto, praeposita est fuscae mibi Candida pellex. 

Eveniat nostris bostibus ille color ! 
Quid tamen hoc refert ? vitio tibi gratior ipso est. 495 

Quid facis ? amplexus inquinat ilia tuos. 
Bacche, fidem praesta, nee praefer amoribus ullani 

Conjugis ; assuevi semper amare virum. 
Cepenuit matrem formosi cornua tauri ; 

Me tua : at hie laudi est, ille pudendus amor. 50u 

Ne noceat quod amo ! neque enim tibi, Bacche, nocebat, 

Quod flammas nobis fassus es ipse tuas ; 
Nee, quod nos uris, mirum facis ; ortus in igne 

Diceris, et patria raptus ab igne manu. 
Ilia ego sum, cui tu solitus promittere caelum 505 

Hei mihi, ])ro caelo qualia dona fero ! 
Dixerat : audibat jamdudum verba querentis 
- Liber, ut a tergo forte secutus erat. 
Occupat amplexu, lacrimasque per oscula siecat : 

Et, Pariter caeli summa petamus, ait. 5iu 

Tu mihi juncta tore mihi juncta vocabula sumes ; 

Jam tibi mutatae Libera nomen erit : 
Sintque tuae tecum faciam monumenta coronae, 

Vulcanus Veneri quam dedit, ilia tibi^. 
Dicta facit, gemmasque novos transformat in ignes. 5 1 5 

Aurea per stellas nunc micat ilia novem. 

PR. ID. 14th. 

Sex ubi sustulerit, totidem demiserit orbes, 

Purpureum rapido qui vehit axe diem ; 
Altera gramineo spectabis Equiria campo, 

Quem Tiberis curvis in latus urget aquis. 32() 

Qui tamen ejecta si forte tenebitur unda, 

Caelius accipiat pulverulentus equos. 
D 4 



56 FASTOEUM 

IDUS. 15th. 

Idibus est Annae festum geniale Perennae, 

Haud procul a ripis, advena Tibri, tuis. 
Plebs venit, ac virides passim disjecta per lierbas 525 

Potat, et accurabit cum pare quisque sua. 
Sub Jove pars durat ; pauci tentoria ponunt ; 

Sunt, quibus e rarais frondea facta casa est ; 
Pars, ubi pro rigidis calamos statuere columnis, 

Desuper extentas imposuere togas. 530 

vSole tamen vinoque calent, annosque precantur, 

Quot sumant cyathos, ad numerumque bibunt. 
Invenies illic, qui Nestoris ebibat annos ; 

Quae sit per calicos facta Sibylla suos. 
Illic et cantant, quicquid didicere theatris, 535 

Et jactant faciles ad sua verba manus ; 
Et ducunt posito duras cratere clioreas, 

Cultaque diffusis saltat amica comis. 
Cum redeunt, titubant, et sunt spectacula vulgo, 

Et fortunatos obvia turba vocat. 540 

Occurri nuper .... Visa est mihi digna relatu 

Pompa : senem potum pota trahebat anus. — 
Quae tamen haec Dea sit, quoniam rumoribus errant, 

Fabula proposito nulla tacenda meo. 
Arserat Aeneae Dido miserabilis igiie ; 545 

Arserat exstructis in sua fata regis ; 
Compositusque cinis, tumulique in marmore carmen 

Hoc breve, quod morions ipsa reliquit, erat : 
Praebuit Aeneas et causam mortis et ensem : 

Ipsa sua Dido concidit usa manu. 550 

Protinus invadunt Numidae sine vindice regnum, 

Et potitur capta Maurus larba dome ; 
Seque memor spretum, Tlialamis tamen, inquit, Elissae 

En ego, quem totiens reppulit ilia, fruor ! 
Diifugiunt Tyrii, quo quemque agit error, ut olim 555 

Amisso dubiae rege vagantur apes. 
Tertia nudandas acceperat area messes, 

Inque cavos ierant tertia musta lacus ; 
Pellitur Anna dome, lacrimansque sororia linquit 

Moenia ; germanae justa dat ante suae. 56o 



LIBER III. 57 

Mixta bibunt molles lacrimis unguenta favillae, 

Vertice libatas accipiuntque comas ; 
Terque, Vale, dixit ; cineres ter ad ora relates 

Pressit, et est illis visa subesse soror. ' 
Nacta ratem comitesque fugae pede labitiir aequo, 665 

Moenia respiciens, dulce sororis opus. 
Fertilis est Melite sterili vicina Cosyrae 

Insula, quam Libyci verberat unda freti. 
Hanc petit hospitio regis confisa vetusto ; 

Hospes opum dives rex ibi Battus erat. 570 

Qui postquam didicit casus utriusque sororis, 

Haec, inquit, tellus quantulacumque tua est. 
Et tamen liospitii servasset ad ultima munus, 

Sed timuit magnas Pygmalionis opes. 
Signa recensuerat bis sol sua ; tertius ibat 575 

Annus, et exilio terra petenda novo est. 
Frater adest belloque petit, rex arma perosus, 

Nos sumus imbelles, tu fuge sospes, ait. 
Jussa fugit, ventoque ratem committit et undis. 

Asperior quovis aequore frater erat. 580 

Est prope piscosos lapidosi Cratliidis amnes 

Parvus ager : Cameren incola turba vocat. 
Illuc cursus erat ; nee longius abfuit inde, 

Quam quantum novies mittere funda potest. 
Vela cadunt prime, et dubia librantur ab aura. 585 

Findite remigio, navita, dixit, aquas. 
Dumque parant torto subducere carbasa lino, 

Percutitur rapido puppis adunca Note, 
Inque patens aequor, frustra pugnante magistro. 

Fertur, et ex oculis visa refugit humus. 590 

Asslliunt fluctus, imoque a gurgite pontus 

Vertitur, et canas alveus liaurit aquas. 
Vincitur ars vento nee jam moderator liabenis 

Utitur, at votis vix quoque poscit opem. 
Jactatur tumidas exul Plioenissa per undas, 595 

Humidaque opposita lumina veste tegit. 
Tum primum Dido felix est dicta sorori, 

Et quaecumque aliquam corpore pressit liumum. 
Figitur ad Laurens ingenti flamine litus 

Puppis, et expositis omnibus liausta perit. Goo 

D 5 



Jam plus ^neas regno nataque Latini 

Auctiis erat, populos miscueratque duos. 
Litore dotali solo comitatus Acliate 

Secretum nudo dum pede carpit iter, 
Aspicit errantem, nee credere sustinet Annam 605 

Esse. Quid in Latios ilia veniret agros ? 
Dum secum Aeneas, Anna est ! exclamat Achates. 

Ad nomen vultus sustulit ilia sues. 
Quo fugiat ? quid agat ? quos terrae quaerat hiatus ? 

Ante oculos miserae fata sororis erant. 6io 

Sensit et alloquitur trepidam Cjthereius lieros : 

Flet tamen admonitu motus, Elissa, tuae. 
Anna, per hanc jure, quam quondam audire solehas 

Tellurem fato prosperiore dari ; 
Perque deos comites, hac nuper sede locates, 6i5 

Saepe meas illos increpuisse moras. 
Nee timui de morte tamen : metus abfuit iste. 

Hei mihi ! credibili fortior ilia fuit. 
Ne refer. Aspexi non illo pectore digna 

Vulnera, Tartareas ausus adire domes. 620 

At tu, seu ratio te nostris appulit oris, 

Sive deus, regni commoda carpe mei. 
Multa tibi memores, nil non debemus Elissae. 

Nomine grata tuo, grata sororis, oris. 
Talia dicenti, neque enim spes altera restat, 625 

Credidit, errores exposuitque sues. 
Utque domum intravit Tyrios induta paratus, 

Incipit Aeneas : — cetera turba silet. — 
Hanc tibi cur tradam, pia causa, Lavinia conjunx, 

Est mihi : consumpsi naufragus hujus opes. 630 

Orta Tyro est regnum Libyca possedit in ora: 

Quam precor ut carae more sororis ames. 
Omnia promittit, falsumque Lavinia vulnus 

Mente premit tacita, dissimulatque fremens ; 
Donaque cum videat praeter sua lumina ferri 635 

Multa palam, mitti clam quoque multa putat. 
Non habet exactum, quid agat. Furialiter edit, 

Et parat insidias, et cupit ulta mori. 
Nox erat : ante torum visa est adstare sororis 

Squalenti Dido sanguinolenta coma, 640 



LIBER III. 5.9 

Et, Fuge, ne dubita, maestum fuge, dicere, tectum, 

Sub verbum querulas impulit aura fores. 
Exilit, et velox liumili super arva fenestra 

Se jacit, audacem fecerat ipse timer. 
Quaque metu rapitur tunica velata recincta, 645 

Currit, ut auditis territa dama lupis. 
Corniger banc cupidis rapuisse Numicius undis 

Creditur, et stagnis occuluisse suis. 
Sidonis interea magno clamore per agros 

Quaeritur. Apparent signa notaeque pedum. o5u 
Ventum erat ad ripas ; inerant vestigia ripis. 

Sustinuit tacitas conscius amnis aquas. 
Ipsa loqui visa est : Placidi sum nympba Numici : 

Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor. 
Protinus erratis laeti vescuntur in agris, 655 

Et celebrant largo seque diemque mero. — 
Sunt quibusbaecLuna est, quia niensibus impleat annum ; 

Pars Tbemin ; Inacbiam pars putat esse bovem. 
Invenies, qui te Nympben Atlantida dicant, 

Teque Jovi primes, Anna, dedisse cibos. 66o 

Haec quoque, quam referam, nostras pervenit ad aures 

Fama, nee a vera dissidet ilia fide. 
Plebs vetus, et nullis etiani tunc tuta tribunis, 

Fugit, et in sacri vertice mentis abit. 
Jam quoque, quem secum tulerant, defecerat illos (J65 

Victus et humanis usibus apta Ceres. 
Orta suburbanis quaedara fuit Anna Bovillis 

Pauper sed mundae sedulitatis anus. 
Ilia, levi mitra canos redimita capillos, 

Fingebat tremula rustica liba manu. 670 

At que ita per populum fumantia mane solebat 

Dividere. Haec populo copia grata fuit. 
Pace domi facta signum posuere Perennae, 

Quod sibi defectis ilia tulisset opem. — 
Nunc milii, cur cantent, superest, obscaena puellae, 675 

Dicere : nam coeunt certaque proba canunt. 
Nuper erat dea facta ; venit Grradivus ad Annam, 

Et cum seducta talia verba facit .- 
Mense meo coleris ; junxi mea tempera tecum ; 

Pendet ab officio spes.mibi magna tuo. . . 6S() 

D 6 



C)0 EASTORUM 

Armifer armiferae correptus amore Minervae 

Uror et hoc longo tempore vulnus alo. 
Effice, di studio similis coeamus in unum. 

Conveniunt partes hae tibi comis anus. 
Dixerat : ilia deum promisso ludit inani, 6S5 

Et stultam dubia spem traliit usque mora, 
Saepius instanti, Mandata peregimus, inquit, 

Et victas precibus vix dedit ilia manus. 
Credit amans tlialamosque parat. Deducitur illuc 

Anna tegens vultus, ut nova nupta, sues. 690 

Oscula sumpturus subito Mars aspicit Annam ; 

Nunc pudor elusum, nunc subit ira deum. 
Ridet amatorem carae nova diva Minervae ; 

Nee res hac Veneri gratior ulla fuit. 
Inde joci veteres obscaenaque dicta canuntur, 695. 

Et juvat banc magno verba dedisse deo. 



Praeteriturus eram gladios in principe fixes, 

Cum sic a castis Vesta locuta focis : 
Ne dubita meminisse : mens fuit ille sacerdos. 

Sacrilegae telis me petiere manus. 700 

Ipsa virum rapui, simulacraque nuda reliqui ; 

Quae cecidit ferro, Caesaris umbra fuit. 
Ille quidem caelo positus Jovis atria vidit, 

Et tenet in magno templa dicata foro. 
At quicumque nefas ausi, proliibente deorum 705 

Numine, polluerant pontificale caput, 
Morte jacent merita. Testes estote Pliilippi, 

Et quorum sparsis ossibus albet humus. 
Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuerunt 

Caesaris, ulciscijusta per arma patrem, 710 

XVII. KAL. APR. 16th. 

Postera cum teneras Aurora refecerit herbas, 

Scorpios a prima parte videndus erit. 

XVI. KAL. 17th. 

Tertia post Idus lux est celeberrima Baccho. 

Bacche, fave vati, dum tua festa cano. 
Nee referam Semelen ; ad quam nisi fulmina secum 7i5 

Juppiter afferret, parvus inermis eras : 



LIBER III. 61 

Nec, puer ut posses maturo tempore nasci, 

Expletum patrio corpore matris opus. 
Sithonas et Scythicos longum est narrare triumphos, 

Et domitas gentes, tliurifer Inde, tuas. 720 

Tu quoque Tliebanae mala praeda tacebere matris, 

Inque tuum furiis acte, Lycurge, genu. 
Ecce libet subitos pisces Tyrrhenaque monstra 

Dicere ; sed non est carminis liujus opus. 
Carminis hujus opus, causas expromere, quare 725 

Vilis anus populos ad sua liba vocet. 
Ante tuos ortus arae sine lionore fuerunt, 

Liber, et in gelidis lierba reperta focis. 
Te memorant, Gange totoque Oriente subacto, 

Primitias magno seposuisse Jovi. 730 

Cinnama tu primus captivaque thura dedisti, 

Deque triumpliato viscera tosta bove. 
Nomine ab auctoris ducunt Libamina nomen, 

Libaque, quod sacris pars datur inde focis. 
Liba deo fiunt, succis quia dulcibus ille 735 

Gaudet, et a Baccho mella reperta ferunt. 
Ibat arenoso satyris comitatus ab Hebro ; 

Non habet ingratos fabula nostra jocos. 
Jamque erat ad Rhodopen Pangaeaque florida ventiun : 

Aeriferae comitum concrepuere manus. 740 

Ecce novae coeunt volucres tinnitibus actae, 

Quosque movent sonitus aera sequuntur apes. 
Colligit errantes, et in arbore claudit inani 

Liber ; et inventi praemia mollis habet. 
Ut satyri levisque senex tetigere saporem, 745 

Quaerebant flavos per nemus omne favos, 
Audit in exesa stridorem examinis ulmo, 

Aspicit et ceras dissimulatque senex ; 
Utque piger pandi tergo residebat aselli, 

Applicat liunc ulmo corticibusque cavis. 750 

Constitit ipse super ramoso stipite nixus, 

Atque avide trunco condita mella petit. 
Milia crabronum coeunt, et vertice nudo 

Spicula defigunt, oraque summa notant. 
Ille cadit praeceps, et calce feritur aselli, 755 

Inclamatque sues, auxiliumque rogat. 



62 FASTORUM 

Concurrunt satyri, turgentiaque ora parentis 

Rident. Percusso claudicat ille genu. 
Ridet et ipse deus, limumque inducere monstrat. 

Hie paret monitis et linit ora luto. 760 

Melle pater fruitur, liboque infusa calenti 

Jure repertori Candida mella damus. 
Femina cur presset, non est rationis opertae. 

Femineos tliyrso concitat ille clioros. 
Cur anus hoc faciat, quaeris ; Vinosior aetas 765 

Haec est, et gravidae raunera vitis amat. 
Cur hedera cincta est ; Hedera est gratissima Baccho. 

Hoc quoque cur ita sit, dicere nulla mora est. 
Nysiadas nymphas, puerum quaerente noverca, 

Hanc frondem cunis opposuisse ferunt. — 770 

Restat, ut inveniam, quare toga libera detur 

Luce fere pueris, candide Bacclie, tua : 
Sive quod ipse puer semper juvenisque videris, 

Et media est aetas inter utrumque tibi ; 
Sen, quia tu pater es, patres sua pignora natos 775 

Commendant curae numinibusque tuis ; 
Sive, quod es Liber, vestis quoque libera per te 

Sumitur, et vitae liberioris iter ; 
An quia, cum colerent prisci studiosius agros, 

Et patrio faceret rure senator opus, 780 

Et caperet fasces a curve consul aratro. 

Nee crimen duras esset habere manus, 
Rusticus ad ludos populus veniebat in urbem 

Sed dis, non studiis, ille dabatur lionos : 
Luce sua ludos uvae commentor liabebat, 735 

Quos cum taedifera nunc babet ille dea : 
Ergo, ut tironem celebrare frequentia posset, 

Visa dies dandae non aliena togae ? 
Mite, Pater, caput liuc placataque cornua vertas, 

Et des ingenio vela secunda meo ! 790 

Itur ad Argeos — qui sint sua pagina dicet — 
Hac, si commemini, praeteritaque die. 

Stella Lycaoniam vergit declinis ad Arcton 
Miluus. Haec ilia nocte videnda venit. 



LIBER III. iJS 

Quid dederit volucrl, si vis cognoscere caelum : 795 

Saturnus regnis ab Jove pulsus erat. 
Concitat iratus validos Titanas in arma, 

Quaeque fuit fatis debita tentat opem. 
Matre satus Terra, monstrum mirabile, taurus 

Parte sui serpens posteriore fuit. 800 

Hunc triplici niuro lucis incluserat atris 

Parcarum monitu Styx violenta trium. 
Viscera qui tauri flammis adolenda dedisset, 

Sors erat, aeternos vincere posse deos. 
Immolat hunc Briareus facta ex adamante securi : 805 

Et jam jam flammis exta daturus erat. 
Juppiter alitibus rapere imperat. Attulit illi 

Miluus, et mentis venit in astra suis. 

XIV. KAL. 19th. 

Una dies media est, et fiunt sacra Minervae, 

Nominaque a junctis quinque diebus liabent. 8 10 

Sanguine prima vacat, nee fas concurrere ferro : 

Causa, quod est ilia nata Minerva die. 
Altera tresque super strata celebrantur arena : 

Ensibus exertis bellica laeta dea est. 
Pallada nunc pueri teneraeque orate puellae : 8 15 

Qui bene placarit Pallada, doctus erit. 
Pallade placata lanam mollire, puellae 

Discitis et plenas exonerare colos. 
Ilia etiani stantes radio percurrere tolas 

Erudit, et rarum pectine denset opus. 820 

Hanc cole, qui maculas laesis de vestibus aufers : 

Hanc cole velleribus quisquis aena paras. 
Nee quisquam invita faciet bene vincula plantae 

Pallade, sit Tycliio doctior ille licet ; 
Et licet antique rnanibus coUatus Epeo 825 

Sit prior, irata Pallade mancus erit. 
Vos quoque, Phoebea morbos qui pellitis arte, 

Munera de vestris pauca referte deae. 
Nee vos, turba fere censu fraudata, magistri 

Spernite ,; discipulos attraliit ilia novos. S3o 

Quique moves caelum tabulamque coloribus uvis, 

Quique facis docta moUia saxa manu. 



64 FASTORUM 

Mille dea est operiim ; certe dea carminis ilia est. 

Si mereor, studiis adsit arnica meis. — 
Caelius ex alto qua mons descendit in aequiim, 835 

Hie ubi non plana est sed prope plana via est, 
Parva licet videas Captae delubra Minervae, 

Quae dea natali coepit habere suo. 
Nominis in dubio causa est. Capitale vocanius 

Ingenium sellers ; ingeniosa dea est. 8iO 

An, quia de capitis fertur sine matre paterni 

Vertice cum clipeo prosiluisse suo ? 
An, quia perdomitis ad nos captiva Faliscis 

Venit ? et lioc ipsum littera prisca docet. 
An, quod babet legem, capitis quae pendere poenas 845 

Ex illo jubeat furta reperta loco ? 
A quacumque trahis ratione vocabula, Pallas, 

Pro ducibus nostris aegida semper habe. — 
Summa dies e quinque tubas lustrare canoras 

Admonet, et forti sacrificare deae. 850 

XI. KAL. 22nd. 

Nunc potes ad solem sublato dicere vultu : 

Hie here Phrixeae vellera pressit ovis. 
Seminibus testis sceleratae fraude novercae 

Sustulerat nuUas, ut solet, herba comas. 
Mittitur ad tripodas, certa qui sorte reportet 855 

Quam sterili terrae Delpliicus edat opem. 
Hie quoque corruptus cum semine nuntiat Holies 

Et juvenis Phrixi funera sorte peti. 
Usque recusantem cives, et tempus, et Ino 

Compulerunt regem jussa nefanda pati ; 860 

Et soror, et Phrixus velati tempera vittis 

Stant simul ante aras junctaque fata gemunt. 
Aspicit hos, ut forte pependerat aethere mater, 

Et ferit attonita pectora nuda manu ; 
Inque draconigenam nimbis comitantibus urbem 865 

Desilit, et nates eripit inde sues ; 
Utque fugam capiant, aries nitidissimus auro 

Traditur. Hie vehit per freta longa duos. 
Dicitur infirma cornu tenuisse sinistra 

Femina, cum de se nomina fecit aquae. 8 70 



65 



Paene simul periit, dum vult succurrere lapsae, 

Frater, et exteiitas porrigit usque manus. 
Flebat, ut amissa geinini consorte pericli, 

Caeruleo junctam nescius esse deo. 
Litoribus tactis aries fit sidus: at hujus 

Pervenit in Colclias aurea lana domes. 

vii. KAL. 26th. 

Tres ubi Luciferos veniens praemiserit Eos, 

Tempera nocturnis aequa diurna feres. 

III. KAL. 30th. 

Inde quater pastor saturos uibi clauserit liaedos, 

Canuerint herbae rore recente quater ; 
Janus adorandus, cumque hoc Concordia mitis, 

Et Roraana Salus, araque Pacis erit. 

PR. KAL. 3 1st. 

Luna regit menses : hujus quoque tempora mensis 
Finit Aventino Luna colenda jugo. 



LIBER IV. 



Alma, fave, dixi, geminorum mater Amorum. 

Ad vat em vultus rettulit ilia suos. 
Quid tibi, ait, mecum ? certe majora canebas. 

Num vetus in moUi pectore vulnus habes ? 
Scis dea, respondi, de vulnere. Risit, et aether 

Protinus ex ilia parte serenus erat. 
Saucius, an sanus, numquid tua signa reliqui ? 

Tu mihi propositum, tu mihi semper, opus. 
Quae decuit, primis sine crimine lusimus annis : 

Nunc teritur nostris area major equis. 
Tempora cum causis annalibus eruta priscis, 

Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa cano. 
Venimus ad quartum, quo tu celeberrima, mensem 

Et vatem et mensem scis, Venus, esse tuos. 
Mota Cytheriaca leviter mea tempora myrto 

Contigit, et, Coeptum perfice, dixit, opus. 



66 FASTORUM 

Sensimus, et causae subito patuere clierum. 

Dum licet, et spirant fiamina, navis eat. — 
Si qua tamen pars te de fastis tangere debet, 

Caesar, in Aprili quod tuearis liabes. 20 

Hie ad te magna descendit imagine mensis, 

Et fit adoptiva nobilitate tuns. 
Hoc pater Iliades, cum longum scriberet annum, 

Vidit, et auctores rettulit ipse suos. 
Utque fero Marti primam dedit ordine sortem, 25 

Quod sibi nascenti proxima causa fuit ; 
Sic Venerem gradibus multis in gente repertam 

Alterius voluit mensis habere locum ; 
Principiumque sui generis revolutaque quaerens 

Saecula, cognates venit ad usque deos. 30 

Dardanon Electra nesciret Atlantide cretum 

Scilicet, Electran concubuisse Jovi ? 
Hujus Ericlitlionius ; Tros est generatus ab illo ; 

Assaracon creat hie, Assaracusque Capyn. 
Proximus Anchisen, cum quo commune parentis 35 

Non dedignata est nomen habere Venus. 
Hinc satus Aeneas, pietas spectata per ignes, 

Sacra patremque humeris, altera sacra, tulit. 
Venimus ad felix aliquando nomen luli, 

Unde domus Teucros Julia tangit avos. 40 

Postumus hinc, qui, quod silvis fuit ortus in altis, 

Silvius in Latia gente vocatus erat ; 
Isque, Latine, tibi pater est ; subit Alba Latinum ; 

Proximus est titulis Epitus, Alba, tuis ; 
Hie dedit Capyi recidiva vocabula Troiae, 45 

Et tuus est idem, Calpete, factus avus. 
Cumque patris regnum post hunc Tiberinus haberet, 

Dicitur in Tuscae gurgite mersus aquae. 
Jam tamen Agrippam natum Remulumque nepotem 

Viderat ; in Remulum fulmina missa ferunt. 50 

Venit Aventinus post hos, locus unde vocatur, 

Mens quoque. Post ilium tradita regna Procae, 
Quem sequitur duri Numitor germanus Amuli ; 

Ilia cum Lauso de Numitore sati. 
Ense cadit patrui Lausus ; placet Ilia Marti, 55 

Teque parit gemino juncte Quirine Remo. 



LIBER IV. 67 

Ille siios semper Venerem Martemque parentes 

Dixit, et emeruit vocis habere fidem. 
Neve secuturi possent nescire nepotes, 

Tempera clis generis continuata dedit. — 6o 

Sed Veneris mensem Graio sermone notatiim 

Aug'uror : a spumis est dea dicta maris. 
Nee tibi sit minim Graeco rem nomine dici ; 

Itala nam telkis Graecia major erat. 
Venerat Evander plena cum classe suorum ; 65 

Venerat Alcides, Grains uterque genus. 
Hospes Aventinis armentum pavit in herbis 

Claviger, et tanto est Albula pota deo. 
Dux quoque Neritius ; testes Laestrygones exstant, 

Et quod adliuc Circes nomina litus habet. 7o 

Et jam Telegoni, jam moenia Tiburis udi 

Stabant, Argolicae quod posuere manus. 
Venerat Atridae fatis agitatus Halesus, 

A quo se dictam terra Falisca putat. 
Adjice Trojanae suasorem Antenora pacis, 75 

Et generum Oeniden, Appule Daune, tuum. 
Serus ab Iliacis, et post Antenora, flammis 

Attulit Aeneas in loca nostra deos. 
Hujus erat Solymus Plirygia comes unus ab Ida : 

A quo Sulmonis moenia nomen liabent, so 

Sulmonis gelidi, patriae, Germanice, nostrae. 

Me miserum ! Scytliico quam procul ilia sola est ! 
Ergo age, tam longas sed supprime, Musa, querelas ; 

Non tibi sunt maesta sacra canenda lyra. — 
Quo non livor adit ? Sunt qui tibi mensis lionorem 85 

Eripuisse velint invideantque, Venus. 
Nam, quia ver aperit tunc omnia, densaque cedit 

Frigoris asperitas, fetaque terra patet ; 
Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum, 

Quem Venus injecta vendicat alma manu. 90 

Ilia quidem totum dignissima temperat orbem ; 

Ilia tenet nullo regna minora deo ; 
Juraque dat caelo, terrae, natalibus undis, 

Perque sues initus continet omne genus. 
Ilia deos omnes longum est numerare creavit ; 95 

Ilia satis causas arboribusque dedit ; 



68 FASTORUM 

Ilia rudes animos liominum contraxit in unum, 

Et docuit jungi cum pare quemque sua. 
Quid genus omne creat volucrum, nisi blanda voluptas ? 

Nee coeant pecudes, si levis absit amor. lOO 

Cum mare trux aries cornu decertat ; at idem 

Frontem dilectae laedere parcit ovis. 
Deposita taurus sequitur feritate juvencam, 

Quem toti saltus, quem nemus omne tremit. 
Vis eadem, lato quodcumque sub aequore vivit, 105 

Servat, et innumeris piscibus implet aquas. 
Prima feros habitus liomini detraxit : ab ilia 

Venerunt cultus raundaque cura sui. • 
Primus amans carmen vigilatum nocte negata 

Dicitur ad clausas concinuisse fores ; no 

Eloquiumque fuit duram exorare puellam ; 

Proque sua causa quisque disertus erat. 
Mille per banc artes motae, studioque placendi, 

Quae latuere prius, multa reperta ferunt. 
Hanc quisquam titulo mensis spoliare secundo lis 

Audeat ? a nobis sit procul iste furor. — 
Quid ? quod ubique potens,templisquefrequentibusaucta, 

Urbe tamen nostra jus dea majus liabet ? 
Pro Troja, Romane, tua Venus arma ferebat ; 

Cum gemuit teneram cuspide laesa manum. 120 

Caelestesque duas Trojano judice vicit ; 

All ! nolim victas hoc meminisse deas ! 
Assaracique nurus dicta est, ut scilicet olim 

Magnus luleos Caesar haberet avos. 
Nee Veneri tempus, quam ver, erat aptius ullum. 125 

Vere nitent terrae ; vere remissus ager. 
Nunc herbae ruptae tellure cacumina tollunt ; 

Nunc tumido gemmas cortice palmes agit. 
Et formosa Venus formoso tempore digna est, 

Utque solet, Marti continuata suo. 130 

Vere monet curvas materna per aequora puppes 

Ire, nee hibernas jam timuisse minas. 

KAL. 1st. 

Rite deam Latiae colitis matresque nurusque ; 
"Et vos, quis vittae longaque vestis abest. 



LIBER lY. 69 

Aurea marmoreo redimicula solvite collo ; 135 

Demite divitias ; tota lavanda dea est. 
Aurea siccato redimicula reddite collo ; 

Nunc alii flores, nunc nova danda rosa est. 
Vos quoque sub viridi myrto jubet ipsa lavari ; 

Causaque cur jubeat, discite, certa subest. ho 

Lit ore siccabat sudantes rora capillos ; 

Viderunt satyri, turba proterva, deam. 
Sensit, et opposita texit sua corpora myrto : 

Tuta fuit facto, vosque referre jubet. — 
Discite nunc, quare Fortunae thura Virili 145 

Detis eo, gelida qui locus humet aqua. 
Accipit ille locus posito velamine cunctas, 

Et vitium nudi corporis omne patet. 
Ut tegat lioc, celetque viros, Fortuna Virilis 

Praestat, et lioc, parvo tliure rogata facit. 150 

Nee pigeat niveo tritum cum lacte papaver 

Sumere, et expressis mella liquata fa vis. 
Cum primum cupido Venus est deducta marito, 

Hoc bibit ; ex illo tempore nupta fuit. 
Supplicibus verbis illam placate ; sub ilia 155 

Et forma, et mores, et bona fama manet. 
Roma pudicitia proavorum tempore lapsa est : 

Cumaeam, veteres, consuluistis anum. 
Templa jubet Veneri fieri : quibus ordine factis, 

Inde Venus verso nomina corde tenet. 160 

Semper ad Aeneadas placido, pulclierrima, vultu 

Respice, totque tuas, diva, tuere nurus — 
Dum loquor, elatae metuendus acumine caudae 

Scorpios in virides praecipitatur aquas. 

IV. NON. 2nd. 

Nox ubi transierit, caelumque rubescere prime 165 

Coeperit, et tactae rore querentur aves, 
Semiustamque facem vigilata nocte viator 

Ponet, et ad solitum rusticus ibit opus : 
Pleiades incipiunt humeros relevare paternos, 

Quae septem dici, sex tamen esse solent. 170 

Seu, quod in amplexum sex bine venere deonam : — 

Nam Steropen Marti concubuisse ferunt ; 



70 FA.STORUM 

Neptuno Halcyonen, et te, formosa Celaeno ; 

Maian, et Electran, Taygetenque Jovi ; — 
Septima mortali Merope tibi, Sisyplie, nupsit ; 175 

Poenitet, et facti sola pudore latet : 
Sive, quod Electra Trojae spectare ruinas 

Non tulit, ante oculos opposuitque manum. 

PE. NON. 4th. 

Tei- sine perpetuo caelum versetur in axe ; 

Ter jungat Titan, terque resolvat equos ; iso 

Protinus inflexo Berecyntia tibia cornu 

Flabit, et Idaeae festa Parentis erunt. 
Ibunt semimares et inania tympana tundent, 

Aeraque tinnitus aere repulsa dabunt. 
Ipsa sedens niolli comitum cervice feretur 1S5 

Urbis per medias exululata vias. 
Scena sonat, ludique vocant. Spectate, Quirites !■ 

Et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent. 
Quaerere multa libet : sed me sonus aeris acuti 

Terret, et borrendo lotos adunca sono. 190 

Da, dea, quas sciter, doctas, Cybeleia, neptes. 

Vidit, et has curae jussit adesse meae. 
Pandite mandati memores, Heliconis alumnae, 

Gaudeat assiduo cur dea Magna sono. 
Sic ego. Sic Erato : mensis Cytbereius illi ] 95 

Cessit, quod teneri nomen Anions babet, 
Reddita Saturno sors baec erat : Optime regum. 

A nato sceptris excutiere tuis. 
Ille suam metuens, ut quaeque erat edita, prolem 

Devorat, immersam visceribusque tenet. 200 

Saepe Rhea questa est totiens fecunda, nee umquam 

Mater, et indoluit fertilitate sua. 
Jujjpiter ortus erat. Pro magno teste vetustas 

Creditur ; acceptam parce movere fidem. 
Veste latens saxum caelesti gutture sedit. 205 

Sic genitor fatis decipiendus erat. 
Ardua jam dudum resonat tinnitibus Ide, 

Tutus ut infanti vagiat ore puer. 
Pars clipeos sudibus, galeas pars tundit inanes : 

Hoc Curetes habent, hoc Corybantes opus. 210 



LIBER IV. 71 

Res latuit patrem ; priscique imitamina facti 

Aera deae comites raucaque terga movent. 
Cymbalsi pro galeis, pro scutis tympana pulsant ; 

Tibia clat Phrygios, ut dedit ante, modos. 
Desierat : coepi: Cur liuic genus acre leonum 215 

Praebeat insolitas ad juga curva jubas ? 
Desieram : coepit : Feritas mollita per illam 

Creditur. Id curru testificata suo est. 
At cur turrifera caput est ornata corona ? 

An primis turres urbibus ilia dedit ? 220 

Annuit. Unde venit, dixi, sua membra secandi 

Impetus ? Ut tacui, Pieris orsa loqui : 
Phrjx puer in silvis facie spectabilis Attis 

Turrigeram casto vinxit amore deam. 
Hunc sibi servari voluit, sua templa tueri : 225 

Et dixit, Semper fac puer esse velis. 
Ille fidem jussis dedit ; et. Si mentiar, inquit, 

Ultima, qua fallam, sit Venus ilia mihi. 
Fallit, et in Nymplia Sagaritide desinit esse, 

Quod fuit. Hinc poenas exigit ira deae. 230 

Naida vulneribus succidit in arbore factis. 

Ilia perit : fatum Naidos arbor erat. 
Hie furit ; et credens tlialami procumbere tectum, 

Effugit et cursu Dindyma summa petit. 
Et mode, Telle faces ! Hemove, modo, verbera ! clamat. 

Saepe Palaestinas jurat adesse deas. 236 

Ille etiam saxo corpus laniavit acuto, 

Longaque in immundo pulvere tracta coma est ; 
Voxque fuit, Merui : meritas do sanguine poenas : 

Ah pereant partes, quae nocuere mihi ! 240 

Ah pereant ! dicebat adhuc : onus inguinis aufert ; 

Nullaque sunt subito signa relicta viri. 
Venit in exemplum furor hie, mollesque ministri 

Caedunt jactatis vilia membra comis. 
Talibus Aoniae facunda voce Camenae 245 

Reddita quaesiti causa furoris erat. 
Hoc quoque, dux operis, moneas, precor, unde petita 

Venerit, an nostra semper in urbe fuit ? 
Dindymon, et Cybelen, et amoenam fontibus Iden 

Semper, et Iliacas Mater amavit opes. 250 



72 FASTORUM 

Cum Trojam Aeneas Italos portaret in agros, 

Est dea sacriferas paene secuta rates. 
Sed nondum fatis Latio sua nimiina posci 

Senserat, assuetis substiteratque locis. 
Post, ut Roma potens opibus jam saecula quinque 255 

Vidit, et edomito sustulit orbe caput ; 
Carminis Euboici fatalia verba sacerdos 

Inspicit. Inspectum tale fuisse ferunt : 
Mater abest ; Matrem jubeo, Romane, requiras. 

Cum veniet, casta est accipienda raanu. 260 

Obscurae sortis Patres ambagibus errant, 

Quaeve parens absit, quove petenda loco. 
Consolitur Paean, Divumque arcessite Matrem, 

Inquit, in Idaeo est invenienda jugo. 
Mittuntur proceres. Plirygiae tum sceptra tenebat 265 

Attains : Ausoniis rem negat ille viris. 
Mira canam : longo tremuit cum murmure tellus, 

Et sic est adytis diva locuta suis : 
Ipsa peti volui. Ne sit mora : mitte volentem. 

Dignus Roma locus, quo deus omnis eat. 270 

Ille soni terrore pavens, Proficiscere, dixit : 

Nostra eris ; in Phrygios Roma refertur avos. 
Protinus innumerae caedunt pineta secures 

Ilia, quibus fugiens Phryx pius usus erat. 
Mille manus coeunt : et picta coloribus ustis 275 

Caelestum Matrem concava puppis habet. 
Ilia sui per aquas fertur tutissima nati, 

Longaque Phrixeae stagna sororis adit, 
Rhoeteumque capax, Sigeaque litora transit, 

Et Tenedum, et veteres Eetionis opes. 2S0 

Cyclades excipiunt, Lesbo post tcrga relicta, 

Quaque Carysteis frangitur unda vadis. 
Transit et Icarium, lapsas ubi perdidit alas 

Icarus, et vastae nomina fecit aquae. 
Tum laeva Creten, dextra Pelopeidas undas 285 

Deserit, et Veneris sacra Cythera petit. 
Hinc mare Trinacrium, candens ubi tingere ferrum 

Brontes, et Steropes, Acmonidesque solent : 
Aequoraque Afra legit, Sardoaque regna sinistris 

Prospicit a rem is, Ausoniamque tenet. 290 



Ostia contigerat, qua se Tiberinus in altiim 

Dividit, et campo liberiore natat : 
Omnis eques, mixtaque gravis cum plebe senatus 

Obvius ad Tiisci fluminis ora venit ; 
Procedunt pariter matres, nataeque, nurusque, 295 

Quaeque coluiit sanctos yirginitate focos. 
Sedula fun© viri contento brachia lassant ; 

Vix subit adversas hospita navis aquas. 
Sicca diu fuerat tellus ; sitis usserat herbas ; 

Sedit limoso pressa carina vado. 300 

Quisquis adest open, plus quam pro parte laborat, 

Adjuvat et fortes voce sonante manus. 
Ilia velut medio stabilis sedet insula ponto, 

Attoniti monstro stantque paventque viri. 
Claudia Quinta genus Clauso referebat ab alto ; 305 

Nee facies impar nobilitate fuit. 
Casta quidem, sed non et credita. Rumor iniquus 

Laeserat, et falsi criminis acta rea est. 
Cultus et ornatis varie prodisse capillis 

Obfuit ad rigidos promptaque lingua senes. 3io 

Conscia mens recti famae mendacia risit ; 

Sed nos in vitium credula turba sumus. 
Haec ubi castarum processit ab agmine matrum, 

Et manibus puram fluminis hausit aquam, 
Ter caput irrorat, ter tollit in aetliera palmas ; 315 

Quicumque aspiciunt, mente carere putant. 
Submissoque genu vultus in imagine divae 

Figit, et lios edit crine jacente sonos : 
Supplicis, alma^ tuae, genitrix fecunda deorum, 

Accipe sub certa condicione preces. 320 

Casta negor. Si tu damnas, meruisse fatebor ; 

Morteluam poenas judice victa dea. 
Sed, si crimen abest, tu nostrae pignora vitae 

Re dabis, et castas casta sequere manus. 
Dixit, et exiguo funem conamine traxit. 325 

Mira, sed et scena testificata loquar. 
Mota dea est, sequiturque ducem, laudatque sequendo. 

Index laetitiae fertur in astra sonus. 
Fluminis ad flexum veniunt : Tiberina priores 

Atria dixerunt, unde sinister abit. 330 

E 



74 FASTOEUM 

Nox aderat : querno religant a stipite funenij 

Dantque levi somno corpora functa cibo. 
Lux aderat : querno solvunt a stipite funem ; 

Ante tamen posito tliura dedere foco ; 
Ante coronarunt puppim sine labe juvencam 335 

Mactarunt ojjerum conjugiique rudem. 
Est locus, in Tiberin qua lubricus influit Almo 

Et nomen magno perdit ab amne minor ; 
Illic purpurea canus cum veste sacerdos 

Almonis dominam sacraque lavit aquis. 340 

Exululant comites, furiosaque tibia flatur, 

Et feriunt molles taurea terga manus. 
Claudia praecedit, laeto celeberrima vultu ; 

Credita vix tandem teste pudica dea. 
Ipsa sedens plaustro porta est invecta Capena : 345 

Sparguntur junctae flore recente boves. 
Nasica accepit. Templi non'perstitit auctor ; 

Augustus nunc est ; ante Metellus erat. 
Substitit liic Erato. Mora fit, si cetera quaeram. 

Die, inquam, parva cur stipe quaerat opes ? 350 

Contulit aes populus, de quo delubra Metellus 

Fecit, ait ; dandae mos stipis inde manet. 
Cur vicibus factis ineant convivia, quaere, 

Turn magis, indictas concelebrentque dapes. 
Quod bene mutarit sedem Berecyntia, dixit, 355 

Captant mutatis sedibus omen idem. 
Institeram, quare primi Megalesia ludi 

Urbe forent nostra, cum dea, — sensit enim — 
Ilia deos, inquit, peperit : cessere parenti, 

Princiijiumque dati Mater honoris babet. 360 

Cur igitur Grallos, qui se excidere, vocamus. 

Cum tantum a Pbrygia Gallica distet bumus ? 
Inter, ait, viridem Cybelen altasque Celaenas, 

Amnis it insana, nomine Gallus, aqua. 
Qui bibit inde, furit, Procul bine discedite, quis est 365 

Cura bonae mentis. Qui bibit inde, furit. 
Non pudet herbosum, dixi, posuisse moretum 

In dominae mensis ? an sua causa subest ? 
Lacte mere veteres usi memorantur et herbis, 

Sponte sua si quas terra ferebat, ait. 370 



LIBER IV. 75 

Candidus elisae miscetur caseus lierbae, 

Cognoscat priscos ut dea prisca cibos. 

NON. 5 th. 

Postera cum caelo motis Pallantias astris 

Fulserit, et niveos Luna levarit equos, 
Qui dicet, Quondam sacrata est colle Quirini 375 

Hac Fortuna die Publica, verus erit. 

viii. ID. 6th. 

Tertia lux memini ludis erat. At mihi quidam 

Spectanti senior contiguusque loco, 
Haec, ait, ilia dies, Libycis qua Caesar in oris 

Perfida magnanirai contudit arma Jubae. 380 

Dux milii Caesar erat, sub quo meruisse tribunus 

Glorior. Officio praefuit ille meo. 
Hanc ego militia sedem, tu pace parasti, 

Inter bis quinos usus honore Viros. 
Plura locuturi subito seducimur imbre ; 385 

Pendula caelestes Libra movebat aquas. 
V. ID. 9 th. 

Ante tamen, quam summa dies spectacula sistat, 

Ensifer Orion aequore mersus erit. 

IV. ID. 10th. 

Proxima victricem cum Romam inspexerit Eos, 

Et dederit Phoebo stella fugata locum ; 390 

Circus erit pompa celeber,'numeroque deorum ; 

Primaque ventosis palma petetur equis. 
PR. ID. 12th. 

Hinc Cereris Ludi. Non est opus indice causae ; 

Sponte deae munus promeritumque patet. 
Messis erant primis virides mortalibus herbae, 395 

Quas tellus nullo sollicitante dabat ; 
Et modo carpebant viva de cespite gramen, 

Nunc epulae tenera fronde cacumen erant. 
Postmodo glans nata est. Bene erat jam glande reperta, 

Duraque magniiicas quercus habebat opes. 400 

Prima Ceres homini ad meliora alimenta vocato 

Mutavit glandes utiliore cibo. 
Ilia jugo tauros collum praebere coegit ; 

Turn primum soles eruta vidit liumus. 
e2 



76 FASTORUM 

Aes erat in pretio : clialybeia massa latebat. 405 

Elieu perpetuo debuit ilia tegi ! 
Pace Ceres laeta est, et vos optate, coloni, 

Perpetuam pacem, perpetimmque ducem. 
Farra deae, micaeque licet salientis honorem 

Detis, et in veteres tliurea grana focos ; 410 

Et, si tliura aberunt, unctas accendite taedas. 

Parva bonae Cereri, sint modo casta, placent. 
A bove succincti cultros removete ministri. 

Bos aret ; ignavam sacrificate snem. 
Apta jugo cervix non est ferienda securi ; 415 

Vivat, et in dura saepe laboret humo. — 
Exigit ipse locus, raptus ut virginis edam : 

Plura recognosces ; paiica docendus eris. 
Terra tribus scopulis vastum procurrit in aequor 

Trinacris, a positu nomen adepta loci. 420 

Grata domus Cereri : multas ea possidet urbes, 

In quibus est culto fertilis Henna solo. 
Frigida caelestum matres Aretliusa vocarat ; 

Venerat ad sacras et dea flava dapes. 
Filia consuetis ut erat comitata puellis, 425 

Errabat nudo per sua prata pede. 
Valle sub umbrosa locus est, adspergine multa 

Humidus ex alto desilientis aquae. 
Tot fuerant illic, quot liabet natura, colores, 

Pictaque dissimili flore nitebat humus, 430 

Quam simul aspexit, Comites accedite, dixit, 

Et mecum plenos flore referte sinus. 
Praeda puellares animos prolectat inanis, 

Et non sentitur sedulitate labor. 
Haec implet lento calatlios e vimine textos, 435 

Haoc gremium, laxos degravat ilia sinus, 
Ilia legit caltbas, liuic sunt violaria curae. 

Ilia papavereas subsecat ungue comas. 
Has, liyacintlie, tones, illas, amarante, moraris. 

Pars thyma, pars rorem, pars meliloton amant. 440 
Plurima lecta rosa est, sunt et sine nomine ilores. 

Ipsa crocos tenues, liliaque alba legit. 
Carpendi studio paullatim longius itur, 

Et dominam casu nulla secuta comes. 



Hanc videt, et visam patmus velociter aufert, 445 

Regnaque caeruleis in sua portat equis. 
Ilia quidem clamabat, lo carissima mater, 

Auferor ! ipsa suos abscideratque sinus. 
Panditur interea Diti via ; namque diuniuni 

Lumen inassueti vix patiuntur equi. 450 

At chorus aequalis, cumulatae flore ministrae, 

Persephone, clamant, ad tua dona veni ! 
Ut clamata silet, montes ululatibus implent, 

Et feriunt maesta pectora nuda manu. 
Attonita est plangore Ceres, modo A^enerat Hennam, 455 

Nee mora, Me miseram ! filia, dixit, ubi es ? 
Mentis inops rapitur, quales audire solemus 

Threicias fusis Maenadas ire comis. 
Ut vitulo mugit sua mater ab ubere rapto, 

Et quaerit fetus per nemus omne suos, 460 

81 c dea nee retiuet gemitus, et concita cursu 

Fertur, et e campis incipit, Henna, tuis. 
Inde puellaris nacta est vestigia plantae, 

Et pressam noto pondere vidit humum. 
Forsitan ilia dies erroris summa fuisset, 465 

Si non turbassent signa reperta sues. 
Jamque Leontinos Amenanaque flumina cursu 

Praeterit et ripas, herbifer Aci, tuas : 
Praeterit et Cyanen et fontem lenis Anapi 

Et te, verticibus non adeunde Gela. 470 

Liquerat Ortygien Megareaque Pantagienque 

Quaque Symaetheas accipit aequor aquas, 
Antraque Cyclopum, positis exusta caminis, 

Quique locus curvae nomina falcis habet, 
Himeraque et Didymen Acragantaque Tauromenenque 

Sacrarumque Melan pascua laeta bourn. 476 

Hinc Camerinan adit Thapsonque et Heloria tempo, 

Quaque patet Zephyro semper apertus Eryx. 
Jamque Peloriaden Lilybaeaque jamque Pachynon 

Lustrarat, terrae cornua prima suae. 480 

Quacumque ingreditur, miseris loca cuncta querelis 

Implet, ut amissum cum gemit ales Ityn ; 
Perque vices modo, Persephone, modo, Filia, clamat, 

Clamat, et alternis nomen utrumque ciet. 
e3 



78 FASTOKUM 

Sed neque Persephone Cererem, neque filia matrera 485 

Audit, et alternis nomen utrumque perit. 
Unaque, pastorem vidisset an arva colentem, 

Vox erat, Hac gressus ecqua puella tulit ? 
Jam color unus inest rebus, tenebrisque teguntur 

Omnia ; jam vigiles conticuere canes. 490 

Alta jacet vasti super ora Typhoeos Aetne, 

Cujus anhelatis ignibus ardet humus. 
Illic accendit geminas pro lampade pinus : 

Hinc Cereris sacris nunc quoque taeda datur. 
Est specus exesi structura pumicis asper ; 495 

Non homini regie, non adeunda ferae. 
Quo simul advenit, frenatos curribus angues 

Jungit, et aequoreas sicca pererrat aquas. 
Effiigit et Sjrtes, et te, Zanclaea Charybdis, 

Et vos, Nisaei naufraga monstra, canes ; 500 

Hadriacumque patens late, bimaremque Corinthon. 

Sic venit ad portus, Attica terra, tuos. 
Hie primum sedit gelido maestissima saxo. 

Illud Cecropidae nunc quoque triste vocant. 
Sub Jove duravit multis immota diebus, 505 

Et lunae patiens, et pluvialis aquae. 
Fors sua cuique loco est. Quo nunc Cerealis Eleusin 

Dicitur, hoc Celei rura fuere senis. 
Ille domum glandes excussaque mora rubetis 

Portat, et arsuris arida ligna focis. 510 

Filia parva duas redigebat rape capellas, 

Et tener in cunis filius aeger erat. 
Mater, ait virgo, — mota est dea nomine matris — 

Quid facis in solis incomitata locis ? 
Restitit et senior, quamvis onus urget, et orat, 515 

Tecta suae subeat quantulacumque casae. 
Ilia negat : simularat anum, mitraque capillos 

Presserat — instanti talia dicta refert : 
Sospes eas, semperque parens ! Mihi filia rapta est, 

Heu ! melior quanto sors tua sorte mea ! 520 

Dixit et ntlacrimae, neque enim lacrimare deorum est, 

Decidit in tepidos lucida gutta sinus. 
Flent pariter molles animis, virgoque senexque ; 

E quibus haec justi verba fuere senis : 



LIBER IV. 79 

Sic tibi, quam quereris rajatam, sit filia sospes ; 525 

Surge, nee exiguae despice tecta casae. 
Cui dea, Due, inquit ; scisti, qua cogere posses ; 

Seque levat saxo, subsequiturque senem. 
Dux comiti narrat, quam sit sibi filius aeger, 

Nee capiat somnos, invigiletque malis. 530 

Ilia soporiferam, parvos initura penates, 

Colligit agresti lene papaver liumo. 
Dum legit, oblito fertur gustasse palato, 

Longamque imprudens exsoluisse famem. 
Quae quia principio posuit jejunia noctis, 535 

Tempus habent Mystae sidera visa cibi. 
Limen ut intravit, luctus videt omnia plena : 

Jam spes in puero nulla salutis erat. 
Matre salutata, — mater Metanira vocatur — 

Jungere dignata est os puerile sue. 540 

Pallor abit, subitasque vident in corpora vires. 
• Tantus caelesti venit ab ore vigor ! 
Tota domus laeta est, hoc est, materque paterque 

Nataque ; tres illi tota fuere domus. 
Mox epulas ponunt, liquefacta coagula lacte, 545 

Pomaque et in ceris aurea mella suis. 
Abstinet alma Ceres, somnique papavera causas 

Dat tibi cum tepido lacte bibenda, puer. 
Noctis erat medium, placidique silentia somni ; 

Triptolemum gremio sustulit ilia sue, 550 

Terque nianu permulsit eum, tria carmina dixit, 

Carmina mortal! non referenda sono ; 
Inque foco pueri corpus vivente favilla 

Obmit, liumanum purget ut ignis onus. 
Excutitur sonino stulte pia mater, et amens, 555 

Quid facis ? exclamat, membraque ab igne rapit. 
Cui Dea, Dum non es, dixit, scelerata fuisti : 

Irrita materno sunt mea dona metu. 
Iste quidem mortalis erit, sed primus arabit, 

Et seret, et culta praemia toilet liumo. 56o 

Dixit, et egrediens nubem trahit, inque dracones 

Transit, et alifero tollitur axe Ceres. 
Sunion expositum, Piraeaque tuta recessu 

Linquit et in dextrum quae jacet ora latus, 
E 4 



80 I'ASTOEUM 

Hinc init Aegaeum, quo Cycladas adspicit omneSj 565 

loniumque rapax, Icariumque legit ; 
Perque urbes Asiae longum petit Hellespontum : 

Diversumque locis alta pererrat iter. 
Nam niodo thiirilegos Arabas, modo despicit Indos : 

Hinc Libys, hinc Meroe, siccaque terra subest. 570 
Nunc aditHesperios,Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque, 

Teque future parens, Tibri, potentis aquae. 
Quo feror ? immensum est erratas dicere terras : 

Praeteritus Cereri nullus in orbe locus. 
EiTat et in caelo, liquidique immunia ponti 575 

Alloquitur gelido proxima signa polo : 
Parrliasides stellae, — namque omnia nosse potestis, 

Aequoreas numquam cum subeatis aquas — 
Persejjlionen miserae natam monstrate parenti. 

Dixerat : huic Helice talia verba refert : 580 

Crimine nox vacua est. Solem de virgine rapta 

Consule, qui late facta diurna videt. 
Sol aditus, Quam quaeris, ait, ne vana labores, 

Nupta Jovis fratri tertia regna tenet. 
Questa diu secum sic est aiFata Tonantem : 585 

— Maximaque in vultu signa dolentis erant — 
Si memor es de quo milii sit Proserpina nata, 

Dimidium curae debet habere tuae. 
Orbe pererrato sola est injuria facti 

Cognita : commissi praemia raptor habet. 590 

At neque Persephone digna est praedone marito, 

Nee gener hoc nobis more parandus erat. 
Quid gravius victore Gyge captiva tulissem, 

Quam nunc, te caeli sceptra tenente, tuli ? 
Verum impune ferat : nos haec patiemur inultae. 595 

Reddat, et emendet facta priora novis. 
Juppiter banc lenit, factumque excusat amore ; 

Nee gener est nobis ille pudendus, ait : 
Non ego nobilior ; posita est mihi regia caelo ; 

Possidet alter aquas ; alter inane Chaos. 600 

Sed si forte tibi non est mutabile pectus, 

Statque semel juncti rumpere vincla tori ; 
Hoc quoque tentemus, siquidem jejuna remansit : 

Si minus, inferni conjugis uxor erit. 



LIBER IV. 81 

Tartara jussus adit siimptis Caducifer alis, 605 

Speque redit citius, visaque certa refert. 
Rapta tribus, dixit, solvit jejiinia granis, 

Punica quae lento cortice poma tegunt. 
Hand secus indoluit, quam si modo rapta fuisset, 

Maesta parens, longa vixque refecta mora est. 6io 
Atque ita, Nee nobis caelum est liabitabile, dixit : 

Taenaria recipi me quoque valle jube. 
Et factura fuit, pactus nisi Juppiter esset, 

Bis tribus ut caelo mensibus ilia foret. 
Turn demum vultumque Ceres animumque recepit, 6I5 

Imposuitque suae spicea serta comae ; 
Largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis ; 

Et vix congestas area cepit opes. 
Alba decent Cererem : vestes Cerealibus albas 

Sumite ; nunc pulli velleris usus abest. 620 

ID. 13th. 

Occupat Aprilis Idus cognomine Victor 

Juppiter : hac illi sunt data templa die. 
Hac quoque, ni fallor, populo dignissima nostro 

Atria Libertas coepit habere sua. 

XVIII. KAL. MAI, 14th. 

Luce secutura tutos pete, navita, portus : 625 

Ventus ab occasu grandine mixtus erit. 
Scilicet ut fuerit, tamen liac Mutinensia Caesar 

Grandine militia contudit arma sua. 

XVII. KAL. 15th. 

Tertia post Veneris cum lux surrexerit Idus, 

Pontifices, forda sacra litate bove. 630 

Forda ferens bos est fecundaque, dicta ferendo : 

Hinc eiisam fetus nomen habere putant. 
Nunc gravidum pecus est ; gravidae quoque semineterrae: 

Telluri plenae victima plena datur. 
Pars cadit arce Jovis ; ter denas Curia vaccas 635 

Accipit, et largo sparsa cruore madet. 
Ast ubi visceribus vitulos rapuere ministri, 

Sectaque fumosis exta dedere focis ; 
Igne cremat vitulos quae natu maxima Virgo est. 

Luce Palis populos purget ut ille cinis. — 640 

E 5 



■82 FASTORUM 

Rege Numa, fructu non respondente laLori, 

Irrita decepti vota colentis erant. 
Nam mo do siccus erat gelidis aquilonibus anmis, 

Nunc ager assidua luxuriabat aqua ; 
Saepe Ceres primis dominum fallebat in herbis, 645 

Et levis obsesso stabat avena solo ; 
Et pecus ante diem partus edebat acerbos, 

Agnaque nascendo saepe necabat ovem. 
Silva vetus nullaque diu violata securi 

Stabat, Maenalio sacra relicta deo. 650 

Ille dabat tacitis animo responsa quieto 

Noctibus. Hie geminas rex Numa mactat oves. 
Prima cadit Fauno, leni cadit altera Somno ; 

Sternitur in duro vellus utrumque solo. 
Bis caput intonsum fontana spargitur unda, 655 

Bis sua faginea tempora fronde tegit. 
Usus abest Veneris ; nee fas animalia mensis 

Ponere, nee digitis anulus uUus inest. 
Veste rudi tectus supra nova vellera corpus 

Ponit, adorato per sua verba deo. 660 

Interea placidam redimita papavere frontem 

Nox venit, et secum somnia nigra traliit. 
Faunus adest, oviumque premens pede vellera duro 

Edidit a dextro talia dicta toro : 
Morte bourn tibi, rex, Tellus placanda duarum : 665 

Det sacris animas una necata duas. 
Excutitur terrore quies ; Numa visa revolvit, 

Et secum ambages caecaque jussa refert. 
Expedit errantem nemori gratissima conjunx, 

Et dixit, Grravidae posceris exta bovis. 670 

Exta bovis dantur gravidae ; felicior annus 

Provenit, et fructum terra pecusque ferunt. — 
Hanc quondam Cytlierea diem properantius ire 

Jussit, et admissos praecipitavit equos, 
Ut titulum imperii cum primum luce sequent! 675 

Augusto juveni prospera bella darent. 

XVI. KAL. 16th. 

Sed jam praeteritas quartus tibi Lucifer Idus 

Respicit j hac Hyades Dorida nocte tenent. 



LIBER IV. 88 

XIII. KAL. 19th. 

Tertia post Hyadas cum lux erit orta remotas, 

Carcere partitos Circus liabebit equos. 680 

Cur igitur missae vinctis arclentia taedis 

Terga ferant vulpes, causa docenda milii. 
Frigida Carseoli nee olivis apta ferendis 

Terra, sed ad segetes ingeniosus ager. 
Hac ego Pelignos, natalia rura, petebam, 685 

Parva, sed assiduis uvida semper aquis. ■ 
Hospitis antiqui solitas intravimus aedes ; 

Dempserat emeritis jam juga Plioebus equis. 
Is milii multa quidem, sed et haec, narrare solebat, 690 

Unde meum praesens instrueretur opus : 
Hoc, ait, in campo — campumque ostendit — habebat 

Rus breve cum duro parca colona viro. 
Ille suam peragebat humum, sive usus aratri, 

Seu curvae falcis, sive bidentis erat. 
Haec modo verrebat stantem tibicine villam, 695 

Nunc matris plumis ova fovenda dabat ; 
Aut virides malvas, aut fungos colligit albos, 

Aut bumilem grato calfacit igne focum. 
Et tamen assiduis exercet brachia telis, 

Adversusque minas frigoris arma parat. 700 

Filius hujus erat prime lascivus in aevo, 

Addideratque annos ad duo lustra duos. 
Is capit extremi vulpem convalle salicti ; 

Abstulerat niultas ilia coliortis aves. 
Captivam stipula fenoque involvit, et ignes 705 

Admovet ; urentes eifugit ilia manus. 
Qua fugit, incendit vestitos messibus agros ; 

Damnosis vires ignibus aura dabat. 
Factum abiit, monimenta manent ; nam vivere captam 

Nunc quoque lex vulpem Carseolana vetat. 710 

Utque luat poenas gens haec, Cerealibus ardet, 

Quoque modo segetes perdidit, ips a perit. 
XII. KAL. 20th. 

Postera cum veniet terras visura patentes 

Memnonis in roseis lutea mater equis, 
De duce lanigeri pecoris, qui prodidit Hellen, 7i5 

Sol abit ; egresso victima major adest. 
e6 



84 " FASTOKUM 

Vacca sit an tauriis, non est cognoscere promptum : 

Pars prior apparet ; posteriora latent. 
Sen tamen est taurus, sive est lioc femina signura, 

Junone invita munus amoris liabet. 720 

XL KAL. 21ST. 

Nox abiit oriturque Aurora, Palilia poscor. 

Non poscor frustra, si favet alma Pales. 
Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti, 

Prosequor officio si tua festa pio. 
Certe ego de vitulo cinerem stipulasque fabales, 725 

Saepe tuli plena februa casta manu. 
Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas, 

Udaque rorantes laurea misit aquas. 
Mota dea est, operique favet. Navalibus exit 

Puppis ; babent ventos jam mea vela sues. 730 

I, pete virginea, populus, suffimen ab ara : 

Vesta dabit ; Vestae munere purus oris. 
Sanguis equi suffimen erit, vitulique favilla ; 

Tertia res durae culmen inane fabae. 
Pastor, oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustra: 735 

Unda prius spargat, virgaque verrat bumum. 
Frondibus et fixis decorentur ovilia ramis, 

Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores. 
Caerulei fiant vivo de sulfure fumi ; 

Tactaque fumanti sulfure balet ovis. 740 

Ure mares oleas taedamque herbasque Sabinas, 

Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis ; 
Libaque de milio milii fiscella sequatur : 

Rustica praecipue est hoc dea laeta cibo. 
Adde dapes mulctramque suas ; dapibusque resectis 745 

Silvicolam tepido lacte precare Palen. 
Consule, die, pecori pariter pecorisque magistris : 

EfFugiat stabulis noxa repulsa meis. 
Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacra, 

Pabulaque e bustis inscia carpsit ovis ; 750 

Si nemus intravi vetitum, nostrisve fugatae 

Sunt oculis nympliae, semicaperve deus ; 
Si mea falx ramo lucum spoliavit opaco, 

Unde data est aegrae fiscina frondis ovi ; 



LIBER IV. 85 

Da veniam culpae : nee, dum degrandinet, obsit 755 

Agresti fano supposuisse pecus ; 
Nee iioceat turbasse lacus. Ignoscite, nymphae, 

Mota quod obscuras ungula fecit aquas. 
Tu, dea, pro nobis fontes fontanaque placa 

Numina ; tu sparsos per nemus omne deos. 760 

Nee Dryadas, nee nos videamus labra Dianae 

Nee Faunum, medio eum premit arva die. 
Pelle proeid morbos. Valeant bominesque gregesque ; 

Et valeant vigiles, provida turba, canes. 
Neve minus multos redigam, quam mane fuerunt, 765 

Neve gemam referens vellera rapta lupo. 
Absit iniqua fames. Herbae frondesque supersint, 

Quaeque lavent artus, quaeque bibantur, aquae, 
libera plena premam ; referat milii caseus aera, 

Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero ; 770 

Sitque salax aries, eonceptaque semina conjunx 

Reddat, et in stabulo multa sit agna meo ; 
Lanaque proveniat, nullas laesura puellas, 

Mollis, et ad teneras quamlibet apta manus. 
Quae preeor, eveniant : et nos faeiamus ad annum 775 

Pastorum dominae grandia liba Pali. 
His dea plaeanda est : baec tu eonversus ad ortus 

Die quater, et vivo perlue rore manus. 
Tum licet, apposita, veluti cratere, camella, 

Lac niveum potes purpureamque sapam ; 780 

Moxque per ardentes stipulae erepitantis aeervos 

Trajicias celeri strenua membra pede. — 
Expositus mos est, moris mibi restat origo : 

Turba facit dubium, coeptaque nostra tenet. 
Omnia purgat edax ignis, vitiumque metallis 785 

Exeoquit ; idcireo cum duce purgat oves. 
An, quia cunetarum eontraria semina rerum 

Sunt duo diseordes, ignis et unda, dei, 
Junxerunt elementa patres aptumque putarunt 

Ignibus et sparsa tangere corpus aqua ? 790 

An, quod in bis vitae causa est, liaee perdidit exid. 

His nova fit conjunx, liaec duo magna putant ? 
Vix equidem credo. Sunt qui Pliaetbonta referri 

Credant et niniias Deucalionis aquas. 



86 FASTORUM 

Pars quoque, cum saxis pastores saxa feribant, 795 

Scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt : 
Prima quidem periit ; stipulis excepta secunda est. 

Hoc argumentum flamma Palilis liabet ? 
An magis hunc morem pietas Aeneia fecit, 

Imiocuum victo cui dedit ignis iter ? 800 

Num tamen est vero propius, cum condita Roma est, 

Transferri jussos in nova tecta Lares 
Mutantesque domum tectis agrestibus ignem 

Et cessaturae supposuisse casae. 
Per flammas saluisse pecus, saluisse colonos ? 805 

Quod fit natali nunc quoque, Roma, tuo. — 
Ipse locum casus vati facit. Urbis origo 

Venit : ades factis, magne Quirine, tuis. 
Jam luerat poenas frater Numitoris et omne 

Pastorum gemino sub duce vulgus erat : sio 

Contrabere agrestes et moenia ponere utrique 

Convenit ; ambigitur, moenia ponat uter. 
Nil opus est, dixit, certamine, Romulus, uUo. 

Magna fides avium est ; experiamur aves. 
Res placet : alter init nemorosi saxa Palati, 8 15 

Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. 
Sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine : pacto 

Statur et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet. 
Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. 

Sacra Palis suberant, inde movetur opus. 820 

Fossa fit ad solidum, fruges jaciuntur in ima, 

Et de vicino terra petita solo. 
Fossa repletur bumo, plenaeque imponitur ara, 

Et novus accenso fungitur igne focus. 
Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco ; 825 

Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. 
Vox fuit baec regis : Condenti, Juppiter, urbem, 

Et genitor Mavors, Vestaque mater ades, 
Quosque pium est adliibere deos, advertite cuncti : 

Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. 8.30 

Longa sit liuic aetas dominaeque potentia terrae : 

Sitque sub hac oriens occiduusque dies. 
Ille precabatur ; tonitru dedit omina laevo 

Juppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. 



LIBER IV. '87 

Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835 

Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. 
Hoc Celer urget opus, quem Romulus ipse vocarat ; 

Sintque, Celer, curae, dixerat, ista tuae, 
Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam 

Transeat ; audentem talia dede neci. 840 

Quod Remus ignorans, humiles contemnere muros 

Coepit, et, His populus, dicere, tutus erit ? 
Nee mora, transiluit. Rutro Celer occupat ausum ; 

lUe premit dviram sanguinolentus liumum. 
Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845 

Devorat et clausum pectore vulnus habet. 
Flere palam non vult exemplaque fortia servat, 

Sicque meos muros transeat hostis, ait. 
Dat tamen exequias : nee jam suspendere fletum 

Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet ; 850 

Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro, 

Atque ait, Invito frater adempte, vale ! 
Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille, 

Faustulus, et maestas Acca soluta comas. 
Turn juvenem nondum facti flevere Quirites ; 855 

Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est. 
Urbs oritur — quis tunc lioc uUi credere posset ? — 

Victorem terris impositura pedem. 
Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper, 

Saepe etiam plures nominis hujus habe ; 86o 

Et quoties steteris domito sublimis in orbe, 

Omnia sint liumeris inferiora tuis. 

IX. KAL. 2Srd. 

Dicta Pales nobis ; idem Vinalia dicani : 

Una tamen media est inter utramque dies. 
Numina vulgares Veneris celebrate puellae ; 865 

Multa professarum quaestibus apta Venus. 
Poscite tliure dato formam populique favorem ; 

Poscite blanditias, dignaque verba joco : 
Cumque sua dominae date grata sisymbria myrto, 

Textaque composita juncea vincla rosa. 870 

Templa frequentari Collinae proxima portae 

Nunc decet ; a Siculo nomina colle tenent. 



88 • FASTORUM 

Utque Syracusas Aretliusidas abstulit armis 

Claudius et bello te quoque cepit, Eryx, 
Carmine vivacis Venus est translata Sibyllae, 875 

Inque suae stirpis maluit urbe coli. 
Cur igitur Veneris festum Vinalia dicant, 

Quaeritis, et quare sit Jovis ista dies. 
Turnus an Aeneas Latiae gener esset Amatae, 

Bellum erat : Etruscas Turnus adorat opes. 880 

Clarus erat sumptisque ferox Mezentius armis, 

Et vel equo magnus, vel pede major erat. 
Quem Rutuli Turnusque suis adsciscere tentant 

Partibus. Haec contra dux ita Tuscus ait : 
Stat milii non parvo virtus mea. Vulnera tester, 885 

Armaque, quae sparsi sanguine saepe meo : 
Qui petis auxilium, non grandia divide mecum 

Praemia de lacubus proxima musta tuis. 
Nulla mora est operae; vestrum dare,vincere nostrum est. 

Quam velit Aeneas ista negata mihi ! ego 

Annuerant Rutuli : Mezentius induit arma. 

Induit Aeneas, alloquiturque Jovem : 
Hostica Tyrrhene vota est vindemia regi ; 

Juppiter, e Latio palmite musta feres. 
Vota valent meliora : cadit Mezentius ingens, 895 

Atque indignanti pectore plangit liumum. 
Venerat autumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis ; 

Redduntur merito debita vina Jovi. 
Dicta dies liinc est Vinalia. Juppiter illam 

Vindicat, et festis gaudet inesse suis. 900 

vii. KAL. 25th. 

Sex ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit, 

In medio cursu tempera veris erunt, 
Et frustra pecudem quaeres Athamantidos Helles, 

Signaque dant imbres, exoriturque Canis. 

Hac mihi Nomento Romam cum luce redirem, 905 

Obstitit in media Candida pompa via. 
Flamen in antiquae lucum Robiginis ibat, 

Exta canis flammis, exta daturus ovis. 
Protinus accessi, ritus ne nescius essem. 

Edidit haec Elamen verba, Quirine, tuus : 910 



LIBER IV. 89 

Aspera Robigo, parcas Cerealibus herbis, 

Et tremat in summa leve cacumen bumo. 
Tu sata sideribus caeli nutrita secundis 

Crescere, diim fiant falcibus apta, sinas. 
Vis tua non levis est. Quae tu fmmenta notasti, 915 

Maestus in amissis ilia colonus liabet. 
Nee venti tantum Cereri nocuere, nee imbres, 

Nee sic marmoreo pallet adusta gelu, 
Quantum, si culmos Titan incalfacit udos : 

Tunc locus est irae, diva timenda, tuae. 920 

Parce, precor, scabrasque manus a messibus aufer, 

Neve noce cultis : posse nocere sat est. 
Neu teneras segetes, sed durum amplectere ferrum, 

Quodque potest alios perdere, perde prior. 
Utilius gladios et tela nocentia carpes. 9-25 

Nil opus est illis : otia mundus agit. 
Sarcula nunc durusque bidens et vomer aduncus, 

Ruris opes, niteant ; inquinet anna situs. 
Conatusque aliquis vagina ducere ferrum, 

Adstrictum longa sentiat esse mora. 930 

At tu ne viola Cererem, semperque colonus 

Absenti possit solvere vota tibi. 
Dixerat : a dextra villis mantele solutis, 

Cumque meri patera thuris acerra fuit. 
Tbura focis vinumque dedit, fibrasque bidentis, 935 

Turpiaque obscaenae vidimus exta canis. 
Tum milii, Cur detur sacris nova victima, quaeris ; 

— Quaesieram causam — percipe, Flamen ait : 
Est Canis, Icarium dicunt, quo sidere moto 

Tosta sitit tellus, praecipitui-que seges. 940 

Pro cane sidereo canis hie imponitur arae, 

Et, quare j)ereat, nil nisi nomen habet. 

IV. KAL. 28th. 

Cum Plirygis Assaraci Titlionia fratre relicto 

Sustulit immenso ter jubar orbe suum, 
Mille venit variis florum dea nexa coronis, 945 

Scena joci morem liberioris babet. 
Exit et in Maias sacrum Florale kalendas. 

Tunc repetam : nunc me grandius urget opus. 



90 FASTOEUM 

Aufert Vesta diem ; cognati Vesta recepta est 

Limine : sic justi constituere senes. 950 

Phoebus liabet partem, Vestae pars altera cessit ; 
Quod superest illis, tertius ipse tenet. 

State Palatinae laurus, praetextaque quercu 
Stet domus. Aeternos tres liabet una deos. 



LIBER V. 



Quaeritis unde putem Maio data nomina mensi ; 

Non satis est liquido cognita causa milii. 
Ut stat et incertus qua sit sibi nescit eundum, 

Cum videt ex omni parte viator iter, 
Sic, quia posse datur diversas reddere causas,* 5 

Qua ferar ignore, copiaque ipsa nocet. 
Dicite, quae fontes Aganippidos Hippocrenes 

Grrata Medusaei signa tenetis equi. 
Dissensere deae ; quarum Polyhymnia coepit 

Prima ; silent aliae, dictaque mente notant. lO 

Post chaos, ut primum data sunt tria corpora mundo, 

Inque novas species omne recessit opus, 
Pondere terra suo subsedit, et aequora traxit, 

At caelum levitas in loca summa tulit. 
Sol quoque cum stellis nulla gravitate retentus, 15 

Et vos lunares exsiluistis equi. 
Sed neque terra diu caelo, nee caetera Phoebo 

Sidera cedebant : par erat omnis honos. 
Saepe aliquis solio quod tu, Saturne, tenebas, 

Ausus de media plebe sedere deus ; 20 

Et latus Oceano quivis deus advena junxit, 

Et Tethys extreme saepe recepta loco est ; 
Doiiec Honos, placidoque decens Reverentia vultu 

Corpora legitimis imposuere toris. 
Hinc sata Majestas, quae mundum temperat omnem, 25 

Quaque die partu est edita, magna fuit. 



LIBEE r. 91 

Nee mora : consedit medio sublimis Olympo, 

Aurea, purpureo conspicienda sinu. 
Consedere simiil Pudor et Metiis. Omne videres 

Numen ad lianc vultus composuisse suos. 30 

Protinus intravit mentes suspectus honorum ; 

Fit pretium dignis, nee sibi qiiisque placet. 
Hie status in caelo multos permansit in annos, 

Dum senior fatis excidit aree deus. 
Terra feros partus, immania monstra, Gigantas 35 

Edidit, ausuroE in Jovis ire domum. 
Mille manus illis dedit, et pro eruribus angues, 

Atque ait, In magnos arma movete deos. 
Exstruere lii montes ad sidera summa parabant, 

Et magnum bello sollieitare Jovem. 40 

Fuhnina de caeli jaeulatus Juppiter aree 

Vertit in auctores pondera vasta suos. 
His bene Majestas armis defensa deorum 

Restat, et ex illo tempore eulta manet. 
Assidet inde Jovi : Jovis est fidissima custos, 4 5 

Et praestat sine vi seeptra tenere Jovi. 
Venit et in terras : coluerunt Romulus illam 

Et Numa, mox alii, tempore quisque suo. 
Ilia patres in lionore pio matresque tuetur ; 

Ilia eomes pueris virginibusque venit ; 50 

Ilia dates fasees eommendat, eburque curule ; 

Ilia eoronatis alta triumphat equis. 
Finierat voees Polyhymnia : dicta probarunt 

Clioque, et curvae seita Tlialia lyrae. — 
Excipit Uranie : feeere silentia cunetae, 55 

Et vox audiri nulla, nisi ilia, potest. 
Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia eani, 

Inque suo pretio ruga senilis erat. 
Martis opus juvenes animosaque bella gerebant, 

Et pro dis aderant in statione suis. 60 

Viribus ilia minor, nee liabendis utilis armis, 

Consilio patriae saepe ferebat opem. 
Nee nisi post annos patuit tunc Curia seros, 

Nomen et aetatis mite Senatus erat. 
Jura dabat populo senior ; finitaque certis 63 

Legibus est aetas, unde petatur honos. 



92 FASTORUM 

Et medius juvenum, non indignantibus ipsis, 

Ibat, et interior, si comes unus erat. 
Verba quis auderet coram sene digna rubore 

Dicere ? censuram longa senecta dabat. 70 

Romulus hoc vidit, selectaque pectora Patres 

Dixit. Ad hos urbis summa relata novae. 
Hinc sua majores posuisse vocabula Maio 

Tangor, et aetati consuluisse suae. 
Et Numitor dixisse potest, Da, Romule, mensem 75 

Hunc senibus ! nee avum sustinuiss,e nepos. 
Nee leve praepositi pignus successor honoris 

Junius, a juvenum nomine dictus, adest. — 
Tunc sic, neglectos hedera redimita capillos, 

Prima sui coepit Calliopea chori : 80 

Duxerat Oceanus quondam Titanida Tethyn, 

Qui terram liquidis, qua patet, ambit aquis. 
Hinc sata Pleione cum caelifero Atlante 

Jungitur, ut fama est, Pleiadasque parit, 
Quarum Maia suas forma superasse sorores S5 

Traditur, et summo concubuisse Jovi. 
Haec enixa jugo cupressiferae Cyllenes 

Aetherium vokicri qui pede carpit iter. 
Arcades hunc, Ladonque rapax, et Maenalon ingens 

Rite colunt, Luna credita terra prior. 90 

Exul ab Arcadia Latios Evander in agros 

Venerat, impositos attuleratque deos. 
Hie, ubi nunc Roma est orbis caput, arbor et herbae 

Et paucae pecudes et casa rara fuit. 
Quo postquam ventum est, Consistite ! praescia mater, 

Nam locus imperii rus erit istud, ait. 96 

Et matri et vati paret Nonacrius heros, 

Inque peregrina constitit hospes humo. 
Sacraque multa quidem, sed Fauni prima bicornis 

Has docuit gentes, alipedisque dei. 100 

Semicaper, coleris cinctutis, Faune, Lupercis, 

Cum lustrant celebres vellera secta vias. 
At tu materno donasti nomine mensem. 

Inventor curvae, furibus apte, fidis. 
Nee pietas haec prima tua est : septena putaris, 105 

Pleiadum numerum, fila dedisse lyrae. 



LIBEK V. 93 

Haec qiioque desierat ; laudata est voce sororum. 

Quid faciam ? turbae pars habet omnis idem. 
Gratia Pieridum nobis aequaliter assit, 

NuUaque laudetur plusve miniisve mihi. i lo 

KAL. 1st. 

Ab Jove surgat opus. Prima mihi nocte videnda 

Stella est in cunas officiosa Jovis. 
Nascitur Oleniae signum pluviale Capellae ; 

Ilia dati caelum praemia lactis babet. 
Nais Amaltbea, Cretaea nobilis Ida, 115 

Dicitur in silvis occuluisse Jovem. 
Huic fuit liaedorum mater formosa duorum, 

Inter Dictaeos conspicienda greges, 
Cornibus aeriis atque in sua terga recurvis, 

Ubere, quod nutrix posset habere Jovis. 120 

Lac dabat ilia deo. Sed fregit in arbore cornu, 

Truncaque dimidia parte decoris erat. 
Sustulit hoc nymphe, cinxitque decentibus herbis, 

Et plenum pomis ad Jovis ora tulit. 
Ille, ubi res caeli tenuit solioque paterno 125 

Sedit et invicto nil Jove majus erat, 
Sidera nutricem, nutricis fertile cornu 

Fecit ; quod dominae nunc quoque nomen habet. 

Praestitibus Maiae Laribus videre Kalendae 

Aram constitui signaque parva deum. 130 

Vota erat ilia quidem Curibus ; sed multa vetustas 

Destruit, et saxo longa senecta nocet. 
Causa tamen positi fuerat cognominis illis, 

Quod praestant oculis omnia tnta suis. 
Stant quoque pro nobis et praesunt moenibus urbis, 135 

Et sunt praesentes auxiliumque ferunt. 
At canis ante pedes, saxo fabricatus eodera, . - 

Stabat. Quae standi cum Lare causa fuit ? 
Servat uterque domum ; domino quoque fidus uterque ; 

Compita grata deo, compita grata cani ; 140 

Exagitant et Lar et turba Diania fures ; 

Pervigilantque Lares, pervigilantque canes. 
Bina gemellorum quaerebam signa deorum, 

Viribus annosae facta caduca morae : 



94 FASTORUM 

Mille Lares, Geniumque ducis, qui tradidit illos, 145 

Urbs liabet ; et vici numina trina colunt. 

Quo feror? Augustus mensis milii carminis hujus 

Jus habet ; interea Diva canenda Bona est. 
Est moles nativa loco — res nomina fecit — 

Appellant Saxum ; pars bona mentis ea est. 150 

Huic Remus institerat frustra, quo tempore fratri 

Prima Palatinae regna dedistis aves. 
Templa Patres illic, oculos exosa viriles, 

Leniter acclivi constituere jugo. 
Dedicat baec veteris Clausorum nominis heres, 155 

Virgineo nullum corpore passa virum. 
Livia restituit, ne non imitata maritum 

Esset, et ex omni parte secuta virum. 

VI. NON. 2nd. 

Postera cum roseam pulsis Hyperionis astris 

In matutini^ lampada tollit equis, i6o 

Frigidus Argestes summas mulcebit aristas, 

Candidaque a capreis vela dabuntur aquis. 
At simul inducunt obscura crepuscula noctem, 

Pars Hyadum toto de grege nulla latet. 
Ora micant Tauri septem radiantia flammis, i65 

Navita quas Hyadas Grains ab imbre vocat. 
Pars Bacclium nutrisse putat ; pars credidit esse 

Tetbyos has neptes Oceanique senis. 
Nondum stabat Atlas liumeros oneratus Olympo, 

Cum satus est forma conspiciendus Hyas. 170 

Hunc stirps Oceani maturis nixibus Aetlira 

Edidit, et nymphas ; sed prior ortus Hyas. 
Dum nova lanugo, pavidos formidine cervos 

Terret et est illi praeda benigna lepus ; 
At postquam virtus annis adolevit, in apros 175 

Audet et hirsutas cominus ire feras. 
Dumque petit latebras fetae catulosque leaenae, 

Ipse fuit Libycae praeda cruenta ferae. 
Mater Hyan, et Hyan maestae Severe sorores, 

Cervicem que polo suppositurus Atlas; iso 

Victus uterque parens tamen est pietate sororum. 

Ilia dedit caelum ; nomina fecit Hyas. 



LIBER V. 95 



V. NOK .3rd 

Mater, acles, florum, ludis celebranda jocosis : 

Distuleram partes mense priore tuas. 
Incipis Aprili, transis in tempera Mail. 185 

Alter te fugiens, cum venit alter liabet. 
Cum tua sint cedantque tibi confinia mensum, 

Convenit in laudes ille vel ille tuas. 
Circus in hunc exit, clamataque palma tlieatris : 

Hoc quoque cum Circi munere carmen eat. 1 90 

Ipsa doce, cj[uae sis. Hominum sententia fallax, . 

Optima tu proprii nominis auctor eris. 
Sic ego. Sic nostris respondit diva rogatis : 

— Dum loquitur vernas efflat ab ore rosas — 
Cbloris eram, quae Flora vocor. Corrupta Latino 195 

Nominis est nostri littera Graeca sono. 
Cliloris eram nymplie Campi Felicis, ubi audis 

Rem fortunatis ante fuisse viris. 
Quae fuerit milii foraia, grave est narrare modestae ; 

Sed generum matri repperit ilia deum. 200 

Ver erat, errabam ; Zepliyrus conspexit, abibam ; 

Insequitur, fugio ; Fortior ille fuit, 
Et dederat fratri Boreas jus omne rapinae, 

Ausus Ereclithea praemia ferre domo. 
Vim tamen emendat dando milii nomina nuptae ; 205 

Inque meo non est ulla querela tore, 
Vere fnior semper ; semper nitidissimus annus : 

Arbor habet frondes, pabula semper humus. 
Est mihi fecundus dotalibus hortus in agris ; 

Aura fovet, liquidae fonte rigatur aquae. 210 

Hunc mens implevit generoso flore maritus, 

Atque ait, Arbitrium tu, dea, floris liabe. 
Saepe ego digestos volui numerare colores, 

Nee potui ; numero copia major erat. 
Roscida cum primum foliis excussa pruina est, 215 

Et variae radiis intepuere comae, 
Conveniunt pictis incinctae vestibus Horae, 

Inque leves calatlios munera nostra legunt. 
Protinus accedunt Charites, nectuntque coronas, 

Sertaque caelestes implicitura comas. 220 



96 FASTORUM 

Prima per immensas sparsi nova semina gentes ; 

Unius tellus ante coloris erat. 
Prima Tlierapnaeo feci de sanguine iiorem ; 

Et manet in folio scripta querela suo. 
Tu quoque nomen liabes cultos, Narcisse, per liortos, 

Infelix, quod non alter et alter eras ! 226 

Quid Crocon, aut Attin referam, Cinyraque creatum, 

De quorum per me vulnere surgit honor? 
Mars quoque, si nescis, per nostras editus artes. 

Juppiter hoc ut adhuc nesciat, usque precor. 230 

Sancta Jovem Juno, nata sine matre Minerva, 

Officio doluit non eguisse suo. 
Ibat, ut Oceano quereretur furta mariti : 

Restitit ad nostras fessa labore fores. 
Quam simul aspexi. Quid te, Saturnia, dixi, 235 

Attulit ? Exponit, quem petat ilia locum : 
Addidit et causam. Verbis solabar amicis. 

Non, inquit, verbis cura levanda mea est. 
Si pater est factus negleeto conjugis usu 

Juppiter, et solus nomen utrumque tenet, 240 

Cur ego desperem fieri sine conjuge mater, 

Et parere intacto, dummodo casta, viro ? 
Omnia tentabo latis medicamina terris, 

Et freta Tartareos excutiamque sinus. 
Vox erat in cursu : vultum dubitantis habebam. 245 

Nescio quid, nymphe, posse videris, ait. 
Ter volui promittere opem, ter lingua retenta est : 

Ira Jovis magni causa timoris erat. 
Per, precor, auxilium, dixit ; celabitur auctor : 

Et Stygiae numen testificatur aquae 250 

Quod petis, Oleniis, inquam, mihi missus ab arvis 

Flos dabit. Est hortis unicus ille meis. 
Qui dabat. Hoc, dixit, sterilem quoque tange juvencam ; 

Mater erit. Tetigi ; nee mora, mater erat. 
Protinus haerentem decerpsi pollice florem. 255 

Tangitur ; et tacto concipit ilia sinu. 
Jam que gravis Thracen et laeva Propontidos intrat, 

Pitque potens voti ; Marsque creatus erat ; 
Qui memor accepti per me natalis, Habeto 

Tu quoque Romulea, dixit, in urbe locum. 260 



LIBER V. 97 

Forsitan in teneris tantum mea regna coronis 

Esse putes ; tangit numen et arva meiini. 
Si bene floruerint segetes, erit area dives ; 

Si bene floruerit vinea, Baccbus erit ; 
Si bene floruerint oleae, nitidissimus annus, 265 

Poma quoque eventum temporis bujus babent. 
Flore semel laeso pereunt viciacque fabaeque, 

Et pereunt lentes, advena Nile, tuae. 
Vina quoque in magnis operose condita cellis 

Florent, et nebulae dolia summa tegunt. 270 

Mella meum munus. Volucres ego mella daturas 

Ad violam, et cytisos, et thyma cana voce, 
Nos quoque idem facimus tunc, cum juvenilibus annis 

Luxuriant animi corporaque ipsa vigent. — 
Talia dicentem tacitus mirabar. At ilia, 275 

Jus tibi discendi, si qua requiris, ait. 
Die, dea, respondi, ludorum quae sit origo. 

Vix bene desieram ; rettulit ilia mibi. 
Caetera luxuriae nondum instrumenta vigebant : 

Aut pecus, aut latam dives babebat bumum ; 280 

Hinc etiam locuples, bine ipsa pecu7iia dicta est. 

Sed jam de vetito quisque parabat opes : 
Venerat in morem populi depascere saltus ; 

Idque diu licuit, poenaque nulla fuit. 
Yindice servabat nvdlo sua publica vulgus ; 28 5 

Jamque in private pascere inertis erat. 
Plebis ad aediles perducta licentia talis 

Publicios : animus defuit ante viris. 
Rem poprdus recipit : mulctam subiere nocentes ; 

Vindicibiis laudi publica cura fuit. 290 

Mulcta data est ex parte mibi ; magnoque favore 

Victores ludos instituere novos. 
Parte locant clivum, qui tunc erat ardua rupes. 
Utile nunc iter est, Publiciumque vocant. — 
Annua credideram spectacula facta ; negavit : 295 

Addidit et dictis altera verba suis. 
Nos quoque tangit bonor festis gaudemus et aris, 

Turbaque caelestes ambitiosa sumus. 
Saepe deos aliquis peccando fecit iniquos, 

Et pro delictis bostia blanda fuit. 300 



.98 TASTOKUM 

Saepe Jovem vidi, cum jam sua mittere vellet 

Fulmina, tliure clato susti'nuisse manum. 
At si neg'ligimur, magnis injuria poenis 

Solvitur et justum praeterit ira modum. 
Respice Tliestiaden ; flammis absentibus arsit. 305 

Causa est, quod Phoebes ara sine igne fuit. 
Respice Tantaliden ; eadem dea vela tenebat. 

Virgo est, et spretos bis tamen ulta focos. 
Hippolyte infelix, velles coluisse Dionen _ 

Cum consternatis deripereris equis. 310 

Longa referre mora est correcta oblivia damnis. 

Me quoque Romani praeteriere patres. 
Quid facerem ? per quod fierem manifesta doloris ? 

Exigerem nostrae qualia damna notae ? 
Excidit officium tristi mihi. Nulla tuebar 315 

Rura, nee in pretio fertilis liortus erat. 
Lilia deciderant ; violas arere videres, 

Filaque punicei languida facta croci. 
Saepe milii Zephyrus, Dotes corrumpere noli 

Ipsa tuas, dixit. Dos mihi vilis erat. 320 

Florebant oleae ; venti nocuere protervi. 

Florebant segetes ; grandine laesa Ceres. 
In spe vitis erat ; caelum nigrescit ab Austris, 

Et subita frondes decutiuntur aqua. 
Nee volui fieri, nee sum crudelis in ira : 3-25 

Cura repellendi sed mihi nulla fuit. 
Convenere Patres, et, si bene floreat annus, 

Numinibus nostris annua festa vovent. 
Annuimus veto. Consul cum consule ludos 

Postumio Laenas persoluere mihi. — 330 

Quaerere conabar, quare lascivia major 

His foret in ludis, liberiorque jocus : 
Sed mihi succurrit, numen non esse severum, 

Aptaque deliciis munera ferre deam. 
Tempera sutilibus cinguntur pota coronis, 335 

Et latet injecta splendida mensa rosa. 
Ebrius incinctis philyra conviva capillis 

Saltat, et imprudens utitur arte meri. 
Ebrius ad dumm formosae limen amicae 

Cantat : habent unctae mollia serta comae. 340 



LIBER V. 9.9 

Nulla coronata peragamtui- seria fronte ; 

Nee liquidae vinctis flore bibuntur aquae. 
Donee eras mixtus nullis, Aclieloe, raeemis, 

Gratia sumendae non erat ulla rosae. 
Baecluis amat ilores : Baeclio placuisse coronam, 345 

Ex Ariadnaeo sidere nosse potes. 
Scena levis decet banc : non est, milii credite, non est 

Ilia cotburnatas inter babenda deas. 
Turba quidem cur bos celebret meretricia ludos, 

Non ex difficili eausa petita subest. 350 

Non est de tetricis, non est de magna professis : 

Vult sua plebeio sacra patere eboro ; 
Et monet aetatis specie, dum floreat, uti, 

Contemni spinam, cum ceeidere rosae. 
Cur tamen, ut dantur vestes Cerealibus albae, 355 

Sie est baec eultu versicolore decens ? 
An quia maturis albeseit niessis aristis, 

Et color et species floribus omnis in est ? 
Annul t ; et metis flores ceeidere eapillis, 

Accidere in mensas ut rosa missa solet. 3G0 

Lumina restabant, quorum me causa latebat, 

Cum sic errores abstulit ilia meos : 
Vel quia purpureis collucent floribus agri, 

Lumina sunt nostros visa deeere dies ; 
Vel quia nee flos est bebeti, nee flamma, coloi'e, 365 

Atque oculos in se splendor uterque trabit ; 
Vel quia deliciis noeturna lieentia nostris 

Convenit. A vero tertia eausa venit. 
Est breve praeterea, de quo mibi quaerere restat, 

Si lieeat, dixi. Dixit et ilia, Licet. 370 

Cur tibi pro Libycis clauduntur rete leaenis 

Imbelles capreae, sollicitusque lepus ? 
Non sibi, respondit, silvas cessisse, sed liortos, 

Arvaque pugnaci non adeunda ferae. 
Omnia finierat, tenues secessit in auras, 375 

Mansit odor, posses scire fuisse deam. 
Floreat ut toto carmen Nasonis in aevo, 

Sparge, preeor, donis peetora nostra tuis. — 

r2 



1 00 FASTORUM 

Nocte minus qiiarta promet sua sidera Chiron 

Semivir et flavi corpore mixtus equi. 380 

Pel ion Haemoniae mons est ob versus in Austros ; 

Summa virent pinu, cetera quercus habet. 
Pliillyrides tenuit. Saxo stant antra vetusto. 

Quae justum memorant incoluisse senem. 
Ille manus, olim missuras Hectora leto, 3S5 

Creditur in lyricis detinuisse modis. 
Venerat Alcides exhausta parte laborum, 

Jussaque restabant ultima pene viro. 
Stare simul casu Trojae duo fata videres : 

Hinc puer Aeacides, bine Jove natus erat. 390 

Excipit bospitio juvenem Philyreius beros ; 

Et causam adventus bic rogat, ille docet. 
Perspicit interea clavam spoliumque leonis, 

Virque ait, bis armis, armaque digna viro ! 
Nee se, quin borrens auderent tangere setis 395 

Vellus, Acbilleae continuere manus. 
Dumque senex tractat squalentia tela venenis, 

Excidit et laevo fixa sagitta pede est. 
Ingemuit Cbiron traxitque e corpore ferrum ; 

JEt gemit Alcides, Haemoniusque puer. 400 

I]ise tamen lectas Pagasaeis collibus berbas 

Temperat et varia vulnera mulcet ope. 
Virus edax superabat opem penitusque recepta 

Ossibus et toto corpore pestis erat. 
Sanguine Centauri Lernaeae sanguis Ecbidnae . 405 

Mixtus ad auxilium tempora nulla dabat. 
Stabat, ut ante patrem, lacrimis perfusus Acbilles : 

Sic fle.ndus Peleus, si moreretur, erat. 
Saepe manus aegras manibus fingebat amicis ; 

Morum, quos fecit, praemia doctor babet. 410 

Oscula saepe dedit ; dixit quoque saepe jacenti : 

Vive, precor, nee me care relinque pater ! 
Nona dies aderat cum tu, justissime Cbiron, / 

Bis septem stellis corpora cinctus eras. 

III. NON. 5th. 

Hunc Lyra curva sequi cuperet ; sed idonea nondum 4 1 5 

Est via. Nox aptum tertia tempus erit. 



101 



PR. NON. 6th. 

Scorpios in caelo, cum eras liicescere Nonas 
Dicimus, a media parte notandus erit. 

VII. ID. 9th. 

Hinc ubi protulerit formosa ter Hesperus ora, 

Ter dederint Phoebo sidera victa locum, 420 

Ritus erit veteris, nocturna Lemuria, sacri : 

Inferias tacitis Manibus ilia dabunt. 
Annus erat brevior, nee adhuc pia februa norant 

Nee tu dux mensum, Jane biformis, eras. 
Jam tamen extincto eineri sua dona ferebant, 4 25 

Compositique nepos busta piabat avi. 
Mensis erat Mains, majorum nomine dictus. 

Qui partem prisci nunc quoque moris habet. 
Nox ubi jam media est somnoque silentia praebet 

Et canis et variae conticuistis aves ; 430 

Ille memor veteris ritus timidusque deorum 

Surgit — habent gemini vincula nulla pedes — 
Signaque dat, digitis medio cum pollice junctis, 

Occurrat tacito ne levis umbra sibi ; 
Cumque manus puras fontana perluit unda, 435 

Vertitur et nigras accipit ore fabas 
Aversusque jacit ; sed dum jacit, Hac ego mitto ; 

His, inquit, redimo meque'meosque fabis. 
Hoc novies dicit, nee respicit. Umbra putatur 

CoUigere, et nullo terga vidente sequi. 440 

Rursus aquam tangit, Temesaeaque eoncrepat aera, 

Et rogat, ut tectis exeat umbra suis. 
Cum dixit novies. Manes exite paterni ! 

Respicit, et pure sacra peracta putat. — 
Dicta sit undo dies, quae nominis exstet origo, 445 

Me fugit. Ex aliquo est invenienda deo. 
Pleiade nate, mone, virga venerande potenti : 

Saepe tibi Stygii reigia visa Jovis. 
Venit adoratus Caducifer. Accipe causam 

Nominis ; ex ipso cognita causa deo est. 450 

Romulus ut tumulo fraternas condidit umbras, 

Et male veloci justa soluta Remo, 
f3 



102 FASTOEUM 

Faustulus infelix, et passis Acca capillis 

Spargebant lacrimis ossa perusta suis. 
Inde domum redeunt sub prima crepuscula maesti, 455 

Utque erat, in duro procubiiere toro. 
Umbra cruenta Remi visa est assistere lecto, 

Atque baec exiguo miirmure verba loqui : 
En ego dimidium vestri parsque altera voti 

Cernite sim qualis ! qui mode qualis eram ! 460 

Qui modo, si volucres habuissem regna jubentes, 

In populo potui maximus esse meo. 
Nunc elapsa rogi flammis et inanis imago. 

Haec est ex illo forma relicta Remo. 
Heu ! ubi Mars pater est ! si vos modo vera locuti, 465 

Uberaque expositis ille ferina dedit. 
Quern lupa servavit, manus liunc temeraria civis 

Perdidit. quanto mitior ilia fuit ! 
Saeve Celer, crudelem animam per vulnera reddas, 

Utque ego, sub terras sanguinolentus eas! 470 

Noluit hoc frater ; pietas aequalis in illo est. 

Quod potuit, lacrimas manibus ille dedit. 
Hunc vos per lacrimas, per vestra alimenta rogate, 

Ut celebrem nostro signet honore diem. 
Mandantem amplecti cupiunt et bracbia tendunt ; 475 

Lubrica prensantes eifugit umbra manus. 
Ut secum fugiens somnos abduxit imago, 

Ad regem voces fratris uterque ferunt. 
Romulus obsequitur, lucemque Remuria dixit 

Illam, qua positis justa feruntur avis. 480 

Aspera mutata est in levem tempore longo 

Littera, quae toto nomine prima fuit. 
Mox etiam Lemures animas dixere silentum ; 

Hie sensus verbi, vis ea vocis erat. — ■ 
Fana tamen veteres illis clausere diebus, 485 

Ut nunc ferali tempore operta vides. 
Nee viduae taedis eadem, nee virginis apta 

Tempera ; quae nupsit, non diuturna fuit. 
Hac quoque de causa, si te proverbia tangunt, 

Mense malas Maio nubere vulgus ait. 490 

Sed tamen liaec tria sunt sub eodem tempore festa 

Inter se nulla continuata die. 



103 



10th. 



Quorum si mecliis Boeoton Oriona quaeres, 

Falsus eris. Signi causa canenda mihi. 
Juppiter et, lato qui regnat in aequore, frater 495 

Carpebant socias Mercuriusque vias. 
Tempus erat quo versa jug-o referuntur aratra 

Et pronus saturae lac bibit agnus ovis. 
Forte senex Hyrieus, angusti cultor agelli, 

Hos videt, exiguam stabat ut ante casam. 500 

Atque ita, Longa via est nee tempera longa supersunt, 

Dixit, et hospitibus janua nostra patet. 
Addidit et vultum verbis, iterumque, rogavit. 

Parent promissis, dissimulantque deos. 
Tecta senis subeunt nigro deformia fumo ; 505 

Ignis in hesterno stipite parvus erat. 
Ipse genu nixus flammas exsuscitat aura, 

Et promit quassas comminuitque faces. 
Stant calices : minor inde fabas, olus alter habebat, 

Et spumant testu pressus uterque suo. 510 

Dumque mora est, tremula dat vina rubentia dextra. 

Accipit aequoreus pocula prima deus. 
Quae simul exhausit, Da, nunc bibat ordine, dixit, 

Juppiter. Audito palluit ille Jove. 
Ut rediit animus, cultorem pauperis agri 5I5 

Immolat et magno torret in igne bovem ; 
Quaeque puer quondam primis diffuderat annis, 

Promit fumoso condita vina cado. 
Nee mora, flmnineam lino celantibus ulvam, 

Sic quoque non altis, incubuere toris. 520 

Nunc dape, nunc posito mensae nituere Lyaeo. 

Terra rubens crater, pocula fagus erant. 
Verba fuere Jovis : Si quid fert impetus, ora : 

Omne feres. Placidi verba fuere senis : 
Cara fuit conjunx, prima milii cura juventa 525 

Cognita. Nunc ubi sit, quaeritis ? urna tegit, 
Huic ego juratus, vobis in verba vocatis, 

Conjugio dixi sola fruere meo. 
Et dixi, et servo, sed enim di versa voluntas 

Est mihi: nee conjunx, sed pater esse volo, 530 

F 4 



lOJr FASTORUM 

Annuerant omnes ; oranes ad terga jiivenci 

Constiterant : pudor est ulteriora loqui. 
Turn superinjecta texere madentia terra. 

Jam que decern menses, et puer ortus erat. 
Hunc Hyrieus, quia sic genitus, vocat Uriona : 535 

Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum. 
Creverat immensum ; comitem sibi Delia sumpsit ; 

Ille deae custos, ille satelles erat. 
Verba movent iras non circumspecta deorum. 

Quara nequeam, dixit, vincere, nulla fera est. 540 

Scorpion immisit Tellus. Fuit impetus illi 

Curva gemelliparae spicula ferre deae. 
Obstitit Orion. Latona nitentibus astris 

Addidit, et, Meriti praemia, dixit, habe. 

IV. ID. 12th. 

Sed quid et Orion et caetera sidera mundo 545 

Cedere festinant, noxque coarctat iter ? 
Quid solito citius liquido jubar aequore tollit 

Candida, lucifero praeveniente, dies ? 
Tailor, an arma sonant ? Non fallimur arma sonabant ; 

Mars venit, et veniens bellica signa dedit. 550 

Ultor ad ipse sues caelo descendit bonores, 

Templaque in Augusto conspicienda Foro. 
Et deus est ingens, et opus. Debebat in urbe 

Non alitor nati Mars babitare sui. 
Digna Giganteis haec sunt delubra tropaeis : 555 

Hinc fera Gradivum bella movere decet ; 
Seu quis ab Eoo nos impius orbe lacesset, 

Seu quis ab occiduo sole domandus erit. 
Perspicit armipotens operis fastigia summi, 

Et probat invictos summa tenere deos. 560 

Perspicit in foribus diversae tela figurae, 

Armaque terrarum milite victa suo. 
Hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere caro, 

Et tot luleae nobilitatis avos. 
Hinc videt Iliaden buraeris ducis arma ferentem, 565 

Claraque dispositis acta subesse viris. 
Spectat et Augusto praetextum nomine templum : 

Et visum, lecto Caesare, majus opus. 



LIBER V. 105 

Voverat hoc juvenis tunc, cum pia sustulit arma, 

A tantis Princeps incipiendus erat. 570 

Ille manus tendens, liinc stanti milite jiisto, 

Hinc conjuratiSj talia dicta dedit : 
Si milii bellandi pater est Vestaeque sacerdos 

Aiictor, et ulcisci numen utrumque paro, 
Mars, ades, et satia scelerato sanguine ferrum ; 575 

Stetque favor causa pro meliore tuus. 
Templa feres, et me vi-ctore vocaberis Ultor. 

Voverat, et fliso laetus ab boste redit. 
Nee satis est meruisse semel cognomina Marti ; 

Persequitur Parthi signa retenta manu. 5S0 

Gens fuit et campis et equis et tuta sagittis, 

Et circumfusis invia fluminibus. 
Addiderant animos Crassorum funera genti, 

Cum periit miles signaque duxque simul. 
Signa, decus belli, Partbus Romana tenebat, 585 

Romanaeque aquilae signifer hostis erat. 
Isque pudor mansisset adbuc, nisi fortibus armis 

Caesaris Ausoniae protegerentur opes. 
Ille notas veteres, et longi dedecus aevi 

Sustulit : agnorunt signa recepta sues. 590 

Quid tibi nunc solitae mitti post terga sagittae. 

Quid loca, quid rapidi profuit usus equi ? 
Parthe, refers aquilas : victos quoque porrigis arcus. 

Pignora jam nostri nulla pucloris babes. 
Rite deo templumque datum nomenque bis ulto, 595 

Et meritus voti debita solvit honor. 
Sollemnes ludos Circo celebrate, Quirites : 

Non visa est fortem scena decere deum. 
III. ID. 1.3th. 

Pleiadas aspicies omnes, totumque sororum 

Agmen, ubi ante Idus nox erit una super. 600 

Tum mihi non dubiis auctoribus incipit aestas, 

Et tepidi finem tempora veris habent. 

PR. ID. 1 4th. 

Idibus ora prior stellantia tollere Taurum 

Indicat : huic signo fabula nota subest. 
Praebuit, ut taurus, Tyriae sua terga puellae 605 

Juppiter, et falsa cornua fronte tulit ; 
r 5 



106 FASTORUM 

Ilia jubam dextra, laeva retinebat amictus ; 

Et timor ipse novi causa decoris erat. 
Aura sinus implet ; flavos movet aura capillos : 

Sidoni, sic fueras aspicienda Jovi. 6io 

Saepe puellares subduxit ab aequore plantas, 

Et metuit tactus assilientis aquae ; 
Saepe deus prudens tergum demittit in undas. 

Haereat ut collo fortius ilia suo. 
Litoribus tactis stabat sine cornibus ullis 615 

Juppiter, inque deum de bove versus erat. 
Taurus init caelum : te, Sidoni, Juppiter implet, 

Parsque tuum terrae tertia nomen habet. 
Hoc alii signum Phariam dixere juvencam, 

Quae bos ex liomine est, ex bove facta dea. 620 



Tum quoque priscorum virgo simulacra viroium 

Mittere roboreo scirpea ponte solet. 
Corpora post decies senos qui credidit annos 

Missa neci, sceleris crimine damnat avos. 
Fama vetus, tunc cum Saturnia terra vocata est, 625 

Talia fatidici dicta fuere senis : 
Falcifero libata seni duo corpora, gentes, 

Mittite, quae Tuscis excipiantur aquis : 
Donee in haec venit Tiryntliius arva, quotannis 

Tristia Leucadio sacra peracta modo : 630 

Ilium stramineos in aquam misisse Quirites ; 

Herculis exemplo corpora falsa jaci. 
Pars putat, ut ferrent juveues suifragia soli, 

Pontibus infirmos praecipitasse senes. 
Tibri, doce verum : tua ripa vetustior urbe ; 635 

Principium ritus tu bene nosse potes. 
Tibris arundiferum medio caput extulit alveo, 

Raucaque dimovit talibus ora sonis : 
Haec loca desertas vidi sine moenibus lierbas : 

Pascebat sparsos utraque ripa boves. 640 

Et quern nunc gentes Tiberin noruntque timentque. 

Tunc etiam pecori despiciendus erani. 
Arcadis Evandri nomen tibi saepe refertur : 

Ille meas remis advena torsit aquas. 



LIBER V. 107 

Venit et Alcides, turba comitatus Acliiva. 645 

Albula, si memini, tunc milii nomen erat. 
Excipit liospitio juvenem Pallantius lieros : 

Et tandem Caco debita poena venit. 
Victor abit, secumque boves, Erytheida praedam, 

Abstrabit. At comites longius ire negant : 650 

Mag'naque pars horuni desertis venerat Argis. 

Montibus his ponunt spemque Laremque suum ; 
Saepe tamen patriae dulci tanguntur amore, 

Atque aliquis morions hoc breve mandat opus : 
Mittite me Tiberi, Tiberinis vectus ut undis 655 

Litus ad Inacbiura pulvis inanis eam. 
Displicet lieredi mandati cura sepulcri : 

Mortuus Ausonia conditur bospes bumo ; 
Scirpea pro domino Tiberi jactatur imago, 

Ut repetat Graias per freta longa domes. 660 

Hactenus, et vivo subiit rorantia saxo 

Antra : leves cursum sustinuistis aquae. 

ID. ] OTH. 

Clare nepos Atlantis, ades ! quem montibus olim 

Edidit Arcadiis Plei'as una Jovi. 
Pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum 665 

Arbiter, alato qui pede carjDis iter ; 
Laete lyrae pulsu, nitida quoque laete palaestra, 

Quo didicit culte lingua favente loqui. 
Templa tibi posuere patres spectantia Circum 

Idibus. Ex illo est baec tibi festa dies. 670 

Te, quicumque suas profitentur vendere merces, 

Thure date, tribuas ut sibi lucra rogant. 
Est aqua Mercurii portae vicina Capenae : 

Si juvat expertis credere, numen babet. 
Hue venit incinctus tunicam mercator, et urna 675 

Purus suffita, quam ferat, haurit aquam. 
Uda fit bine launis ; lauro sparguntur ab uda 

Omnia, quae dominos sunt habitura novos. 
Spargit et ipse sues lauro rorante capillos, 

Et peragit solita fallere voce preces. 680 

Ablue praeteriti perjuria temporis, inquit, 

Ablue praeterita perfida verba die. 
f6 



108 FASTORUM 

Sive ego te feci testem, falsove citavi 

Noil audituri numina magna Jovis ; 
Sive deum prudens alium divamve fefelli, 685 

Abstulerint celeres improba verba Noti. 
Et pateant veiiiente die perjuria nobis, 

Nee curent superi, si qua locutus ero. 
Da modo lucra milii, da facto gaudia lucre, 

Et face, ut emptori verba dedisse juvet. 690 

Talia Mercurius poscentes ridet ab alto, 

Se memor Ortygias surripuisse boves. 

XIII. KAL. 20th. 

At mibi pande, precor, tanto meliora petenti. 

In Greminos ex quo tempore Phoebus eat. 
Cum totidem de mense dies superesse videbis, 695 

Quot sunt Herculei facta laboris, ait. 
Die, ego respondi, causam milii sideris liujus. 

Causam facundo reddidit ore deus. 
Abstiilerant raptas Phoeben Plioebesque soroi:em 

Tyndaridae fratres, hie eques, ille pngil. 700 

Bella parant, repetuntque suas et frater et Idas, 

Leucippo fieri pactus uterque gener. 
His amor, ut repetant, illis, ut reddere nolint, '■ 

Suadet, et ex causa pugnat uterque pari. 
Eftugere Oebalidae cursu potuere sequentes ; 705 

Sed visum celeri vincere turpe fuga. 
Liber ab arboribus locus est, apta area pugnae. 

Constiterant illic : nomen Aphidna loco. 
Pectora trajectus Lynceo Castor ab ense 

Non exspectato ^^Lllnere pressit humum. 710 

Ultor adest Pollux, et Lyncea perforat hasta, 

Qua cervix humeros continuata premit. 
Ibat in hunc Idas, vixque est Jovis igne repulsus ; 

Tela tamen dextrae fulmine rapta negant. 
Jamque tibi caelum, Pollux, sublime patebat, 715 

Cum, Mea, dixisti, percipe verba, Pater. 
Quod mihi das uni caelum, partire duobus ; 

Dimidium toto munere majus erit. 
Dixit, et alterna fratrem statione redemit : 

Utile sollicitae sidus uterque rati. 720 



LIBEK VI. 109 

XII. KAL. 21ST. 

Ad Janum redeat, qui quaerit, Agonia quid sint ; 
Quae tamen in fastis hoc quoque tempus liabent. 
XI. KAL. 22nd. 

Nocte sequente diem canis Erigonems exit ; 
Est alio signi reddita causa loco. 

X. KAL. 28rd. 

Proxima Vulcani lux est, Tubilustria dicunt ; 725 

Lustrantur purae, quas facit ille tubae. 

IX. KAL. 24th. 

Quattuor inde notis locus est quibus ordine lectis 
Vel mos sacrorum, vel Fuga Regis inest. 
VIII. KAL. 25th. 

Nee te praetereo, populi Fortuna potentis 

Publica, cui templum luce sequente datum. 730 

Hanc ubi dives aquis acceperit Ampliitrite, 
Grata Jovi fulvae rostra videbis avis. 

viL KAL. 26th. 

Auferat ex oculis veniens Aurora Booten, 
Continuaque die sidus Hyantis erit. 



LIBER VI. 



Hie quoque mensis habet dubias in nomine causas 

Quae placeant, positis omnibus, ipse leges. 
Facta canam, seel erunt qui me finxisse loquantur, 

Nullaque mortali numina visa putent. 
Est deus in nobis, agitante calescimus illo ; 

Impetus bic sacrae semina mentis liabet. 
Fas mibi praecipue vultus vidisse deorum ; 

Vel quia sum vates ; vel quia sacra cano. 
Est nemus arboribus densum, secretus ab omni 

Voce locus, si non obstreperetur aquis. 
Hie ego quaerebam, coepti quae mensis origo 

Esset, et in cura nominis liujus eram. 
Ecce deas vidi : non quas praeceptor arandi 

Viderat, Ascraeas cum sequeretur oves ; 



110 FASTORUM 

Nec quas Priamides in aquosae vallibus Idae 

Contulit ; ex illis sed tamen una fuit. 
Ex illis fuit una, sui germana mariti : 

Haec erat, agnovi, quae stat in arce Jovis. 
HoiTueram tacitoque animum pallore fatebar, 

Cum dea, quos fecit, sustulit ipsa metus : 
Namque, ait, vates, Romani conditor anni, 

Ause per exiguos magna referre modes, 
Jus tibi fecisti numen caeleste videndi, 

Cum placuit numeris condere festa tuis. 
Ne tamen ignores, vulgique errore traharis, 

Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet. 
Est aliquid nupsisse Jovi, Jovis esse sororem. 

Fratre magis, dubito, giorier anne viro. 
Si genus aspicitur, Saturnum prima parent em 

Feci ; Saturni sors ego prima fui. 
A patre dicta meo quondam Saturnia Roma est ; 

Haec illi a caelo proxima terra fuit. 
Si torus in pretio est, dicor matrona Tonantis, 

Junctaque Tarpeio sunt mea templa Jovi. 
An potuit Maio pellex dare nomina mensi, 

Hie honor in nobis invidiosus erit ? 
Cur igitur regina vocor, princepsque dearum ? 

Aurea cur dextrae sceptra dedere meae ? 
An facient mensem luces, Lucinaque ab illis 

Dicar, et a nullo nomina mense traham ? 
Tum me poeniteat posuisse fideliter iras 

In genus Electrae Dardaniamque domum. 
Causa duplex irae : rapto Granymede dolebam. 

Forma quoque Idaeo judice victa mea est. 
Poeniteat, quod non foveo Cartliaginis arces, 

Cum mea sint illo currus et arma loco. 
Poeniteat Sparten Argosque measque Mycenas 

Et veterem Latio supposuisse Samon. 
Adde senem Tatium Junonicolasque Faliscos, 

Quos ego Romanis succubuisse tuli. 
Sed neque poeniteat, nee gens milii carior ulla est ; 

Hie colar, liic teneam cum Jove templa meo. 
Ipse mihi Mavors, Commendo moenia, dixit, 

Haec tibi ; tu pollens urbe nepotis eris. 



LIBER VI. Ill 

Dicta fides sequitur : centum celelbramur in aris, 55 

Nee levior quovis est milii mensis honor. 
Nee tamen hunc nobis tantummodo praestat honorem 

Roma : suburbani dant mihi munus idem. 
In spice quos habeat nem oralis Aricia fastos 

Et populus Laurens Lanuviumque meum ; 60 

Est illic mensis Junonius. Inspice Tibur 

Et Praenestinae moenia sacra deae ; 
Junonale leges tempus. Nee Romulus illas 

Condidit ; at nostri Roma nepotis erat. — 
Finierat Juno : respeximus ; Herculis uxor 65 

Stabat et in voltu sigiia dolentis erant. 
Non ego, si toto mater me cedere caelo 

Jusserit, invita matre morabor, ait. 
Nunc quoque non luctor de nomine temporis liujus : 

Blandior, et partes paene rogantis ago ; 70 

Remque mei juris malim tenuisse precando ; 

Et faveas causae forsitan. ipse meae. 
Aurea possedit posito Capitolia templo 

Mater et, ut debet, cum Jove summa tenet ; 
At decus omne mibi contingit origine mensis : 75 

Unicus est, de quo soUicitamur, honor. 
Quid grave si titulum mensis, Romane, dedisti 

Herculis uxori, posteritasque memor ? 
Haec quoque terra aliquid debet mihi nomine magni 

Conjugis. Hue captas appulit ille boves : - so 

Hie male defensus flammis et dote paterna 

Cacus Aventinam sanguine tinxit humum. 
Ad propiora vocor. Populum digessit ab annis 

Romulus in partes distribuitque duas. 
Haec dare consilium, pugnare paratior ilia est ; S5 

Haec aetas bellum suadet, at ilia gerit. 
Sic statuit mensesque nota secrevit eadem. 

Junius est juvenum ; qui fuit ante, senum. — 
Dixit, et in litem studio certaminis issent, 

Atque ira pietas dissimulata foret ; 90 

Venit ApoUinea longas Concordia lauro 

Nexa comas, placidi numen opusque duels. 
Haec ubi narravit Tatium fortemque Quirinum, 

Binaque cum populis regna coisse suis, 



112 FASTORUM 

Et Lare communi soceros generosque receptos ; 95 

His nomen junctis Junius, inq-uit, habet. 

Dicta triplex causa est : at vos ignoscite, divae ; 
Res est arbitrio non dirimencla meo. 

Ite pares a me. Perierunt judice formae 

Pergama: plus laedunt, quam juvet una, duae. lOO 

KAL. 1st. 

Prima dies tibi, Carna, datur. Dea cardinis liaec est ; 

Numine clausa aperit claudit aperta suo. 
Unde datas habeat vires obscurior aevo 

Fama ; sed e nostro carmine certus eris. 
Adjacet antiqui Tiberino lucus Helerni : io5 

Pontifices illuc nunc quoque sacra ferunt. 
Inde sata est nymplie, Cranaen dixere priores, 

Nequidquam multis saepe petita precis. 
Rura sequi jaculisque feras agitare solebat, 

Nodosasque cava tendere valle plagas. i lo 

Non liabuit pliaretram, Phoebi tamen esse sororem 

Credebant ; nee erat, Phoebe, pudenda tibi. 
Huic aliquis juvenum dixisset amantia verba, 

Reddebat tales protinus ilia sonos : 
Haec loca lucis liabent nimis et cum luce pudoris ; ii5 

Si secreta magis ducis in antra sequor. 
Credulus ante ivit ; frutices haec nacta resistit, 

Et latet et nullo est invenienda mode. 
Viderat hanc Janus, visaeque cupidine captus 

Ad duram verbis moUibus usus erat : 120 

Nympha jubet quaeri de more remotius antrum ; 

Utque comes sequitur destituitque ducem. 
Stulta ! videt Janus, quae post sua terga gerantur ; 

Nil agis, et latebras respicit ille tuas. 
Nil agis, en ! dixi. Nam te sub rupe latentem 125 

Occupat amplexu, speque potitus ait : 
Jus pro concubitu nostro tibi cardinis esto ; 

Hoc pretium positae virginitatis babe. 
Sic fatus, spinam, qua tristes pellere posset 

A foribus noxas, haec erat alba, dedit. — 130 

Sunt avidae volucres : non quae Phineia mensis 

Guttura fraudabant, sed genus inde trahunt. 



LIBER VI. 118 

Grande caput, stantes oculi, rostra apta rapinae, 

Canities pennis, unguibus hamus inest. 
Nocte volant, puerosque petunt nutricis egentes 135 

Et vitiaut cunis corpora rapta suis. 
Carpere dicuntur lactentia viscera rostris, 

Et plenum poto sanguine guttur liabent. 
Est illis strigibus nomen : sed nominis liujus 

Causa, quod liorrenda stridere nocte solent. 140 

Sive igitur nascuntur aves, seu carmine fiunt 

Naeniaque in volucres falsa figurat anus^ 
In tlialamos venere Procae. Proca natus in illis 

Praeda recens avium quinque diebus erat ; 
Pectoraque exsorbent avidis infantia Unguis, 145 

Et pvier infelix vagit opemque petit. 
Territa voce sui nutrix accurrit alumni, 

Et rigido sectas invenit ungue genas. 
Quid facer et ? color oris erat qui frondibus olim 

Esse solet seris, quas nova laesit liiems. 1 50 

Pervenit ad Cranaen, et rem docet. Ilia, Timorem 

Pone ! tuus sospes, dixit, alumnus erit. 
Venerat ad cunas ; flebant materque paterque ; 

Sistite vos lacrimas ! ipsa medebor, ait. 
Protinus arbutea postes ter in ordine tangit 155 

Fronde ; ter arbutea limina fronde notat. 
Spargit aquis aditus et aquae medicamen habebant ; 

Extaque de porca cruda bimenstre tenet. 
Atque ita, Noctis aves, extis puerilibus, inquit, 

Parcite ! pro parvo victima parva cadit. ■ 160 

Cor pro corde, precor, pro fibris sumite fibras. 

Hanc animam vobis pro meliore damns. 
Sic ubi libavit, prosecta sub aetliere ponit, 

Quique adsunt sacris respicere ilia vetat. 
Virgaque Janalis de spina ponitur alba i65 

Qua lumen thalamis parva fenestra dabat. 
Post illud nee aves cunas violasse feruntur 

Et rediit puero, qui fuit ante, color. 



Pinguia cur illis gustentur larda Kalendis, 
Mixtaque cum calido sit faba farre, rogas. 



1 1 4 FASTOKUM 

Prisca dea est, aliturque cibis quibus ante solebat, 

Nee petit ascitas luxuriosa dapes. 
Piscis adliuc illi populo sine fraude natabat, 

Ostreaque in concliis tuta fuere suis ; 
Nee Latium norat quam praebet Ionia dives 175 

Nee, quae Pjgmaeo sanguine gaudet, avera ; 
Et praeter pennas nihil in pavone placebat ; 

Nee tellus captas miserat ante feras. 
Sus erat in pretio ; caesa sue festa colebant : 

Terra fabas tantum duraque farra dabat. 180 

Quae duo mixta simul sextis quicumque Kalendis 

Ederit, liuic laedi viscera posse negant. 

Arce quoque in summa Junoni templa Monetae 

Ex veto memorant facta, Camille, tuo. 
Ante domus Manli fuerat, qui Gallica quondam 185 

A Capitolino reppulit arma Jove. 
Quam bene, di magni ! pugna cecidisset in ilia 

Defensor solii, Juppiter alte tui ! 
Vixit, ut occideret damnatus crimine regni : 

Hunc illi titulum longa senecta dabat. 190 

Lux eadem Marti festa est ; quern prospicit extra 
Appositum Tectae porta Capena viae. 

Te quoque, Tempestas, meritam delubra fatemur ; 

Cum paene est Corsis obruta classis aquis. 
Haec monimenta patent liominum : si quaerimus astra. 

Tunc oritur magni praepes adunca Jovis. ] 96 

IV. NGN. 2nd. 

Postera lux Hyades, taurinae cornua frontis, 

Evocat ; et multa terra madescit aqua. 

III. NON. Srd. 

Mane ubi bis fuerit, Plioebusque iteraverit ortus, 

Factaque erit posito rore bis uda seges, 200 

Hac sacrata die Tusco Bellona duello 

Dicitur, et Latio prospera semper adest. 
Appius est auctor, Pyrrlio qui pace negata 

Multum animo vidit ; lumine captus erat. 



LIBER VI. 115 

Prospicit a tergo summuni Tbrevis area Circum. 205 

Est ibi non parvae parva columna notae. 
Hinc solet liasta raanu, belli praenuntia, mitti, 

In regem et gentes cum placet arma capi. 
PR. NON. 4th. 

Altera pars Circi Custode sub Hercule tuta est ; 

Quod deus Euboico carmine munus liabet. 2io 

Muneris est tempus, qui Nonas Lucifer ante est. 

Si titulos quaeris, Sulla probavit opus.- 

NON. 5th. 

Quaerebam, Nonas Sanco Fidione referrem, 

An tibi, Semo pater : turn milii Sancus ait : 
Cuicumque ex illis dederis, ego munus liabebo : 215 

Nomina trina fero ; sic voluere Cures. 
Hunc igitur veteres donarunt aede Sabini ; 

Inque Quirinali constituere jugo. 

Est milii sitque, precor, nostris diuturnior annis, 

Filia, qua felix sospite semper ero. 220 

Hanc ego cum vellem genero dare, tempera taedis 

Apta requirebam quaeque cavenda forent. 
Turn milii post sacras monstratur Junius Idus 

Utilis et nuptis, utilis esse viris ; 
Pi'imaque pars liujus tlialamis aliena reperta est, 225 

Ncim milii sic conjunx saiicta Dialis ait : 
Donee ab Iliaca placidus purgamina Vesta 

Detulerit flavis in mare Tibris aquis, 
Non milii. detonsae crines depectere buxo, 

Non ungues ferro subsecuisse licet, 230 

Non tetigisse viruni, quamvis Jovis ille sacerdos, 

Quamvis pei-petua sit mibi lege datus. 
Tu quoque ne propera : melius tua filia nubet 

Ignea cum pura Vesta nitebit humo. 

VI. ID. 6th. 

Tertia post Nonas removere Lycaona Phoebe 235 

Fertur, et a tergo non liabet Ursa nietum. 
Tunc ego me meniini ludos in gramine Campi 

Aspicere et dici, lubrice Tibri, tuos. 
Festa dies illis, qui lina madentia ducunt, 

Quique tegunt parvis aera recurva cibis. — 240 



1 1 6 FASTOEUM 

Mens quoque numen liabet. Menti delubra videmus 

Vota metn belli, perfide Poene, tui. 
Poene, rebellabas, et leto consulis omnes 

Attoniti Mauras pertimuere manus. 
Spem metus expulerat, cum Menti vota Senatus 245 

Suscipit ; et melior protinus ilia venit. 
Aspicit instantes mediis sex lucibus Idus 

Ilia dies, qua sunt vota soluta deae. 

V. ID. 9th. 

Vesta, fave ! tibi nunc operata resolvimus ora, 

Ad tua si nobis sacra venire licet. 250 

In prece totus eram ; caelestia numina sensi, 

Laetaque purpurea luce refulsit liumus. 
Non equidem vidi — valeant mendacia vatum — 

Te dea ; nee fueras aspicienda viro. 
Sed quae nescieram, quorumque errore tenebar, 255 

Cognita sunt nullo praecipiente milii. 
Dena quater memorant liabuisse Palilia Romara, 

Cum flammae custos aede recepta dea est. 
Regis opus placidi, quo non metuentius uUum 

Numinis ingenium terra Sabina tulit. 260 

Quae nunc aere vides, stipula tunc tecta videres, 

Et paries lento vimine textus erat. 
Hie locus exiguus, qui sustinet Atria Vestae, 

Tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numae. 
Forma tamen templi, quae nunc manet, ante fuisse 265 

Dicitur ; et formae causa probanda subest. 
Vesta eadem est, et Terra : subest vigil ignis utrique. 

Significant sedeni terra focusque suam. 
Terra pilae similis, nullo fulcimine nixa, 

Aere subjecto tam grave pendet onus. 270 

volubilitas libratum sustinet orbera : 

Quique premat partes, angulus omnis abest. 
Cumque sit in media rerum regione locata, 

Et tangat nullum plusve minusve latus ; 
Ni convexa foret, parti vicinior esset, 275 

Nee medium terram mundus liaberet onus.] 
Arce Syracosia suspensus in aere clause 

Stat globus, immensi parva figura poli ; 



LIBEK VI. ] 1 7 

Et quantum a summis, tantum secessit ab imis 

Terra. Quod ut fiat, forma rotunda facit. 280 

Par facies templi ; nullus procurrit in illo 

Ang'ulus ; a pluvio vindicat imbre tliolus. — 
Cur sit virgineis, quaeris, dea culta ministris. 

Inveniam causas hac quoque parte suas. 
Ex Ope Junonem memorant Cereremque creatas 255 

Semine Batumi : tertia Vesta fuit. 
Utraque nupserunt ; ambae peperisse feruntur : 

De tribus impatiens restitit una viri. 
Quid mirum, virgo si virgine laeta ministra 

Admittet castas in sua sacra manus ? 290 

Nee tu aliud Vestam, quam vivam intellige flammam ; 

Nataque de flamma corpora nulla vides. 
Jure igitur virgo est, quae semina nulla remittit, 

Nee capit : et comites virginitatis liabet. 
Esse diu stultus Vestae simulacra putavi : 295 

Mox didici curvo nulla subesse tholo. 
Ignis inexstinctus temple celatur in illo ; 

Effigiem nullam Vesta nee ignis habent. 
Stat vi terra sua ; vi stando Vesta vocatur ; 

Causaque par Graii nominis esse potest. 300 

At focus a flammis et quod fovet omnia dictus ; 

Qui tamen in primis aedibus ante fuit. 
Hinc quoque vestibulum dici reor ; unde precamur 

Et famur : Vesta est quae loca prima tenet. 
Ante focos olim longis considere scamnis 305 

Mos erat, et mensae credere adesse dees. 
Nunc quoque, cum fiunt antiquae sacra Vacunae, 

Ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. — 
Venit in bos annos aliquo de more vetustas ; 

Fert missos Vestae pura patella cibos. 310 

Ecce, coronatis panis clependet asellis 

Et velant scabras florea serta molas. 
Sola prius furnis torrebant farra coloni ; 

' Et Fornacali sunt sua sacra deae. 
Suppositum cineri panem focus ipse parabat, 315 

Strataque erat tepido tegula quassa solo. 
Inde focum servat pistor dominamque focorum 

Et quae pumiceas versat asella molas. — 



118 FASTOEUM 

Praeteream referamne tuum, rubicunde Priajje, 

Dedecus ? est multi fabula parva joci. 320 

Turrigera frontem Cybele redimita corona 

Convocat aeternos ad sua festa deos. 
Convocat et satyros, et, rustica numina, nympbas. 

Silenus, quamvis nemo vocarat, adest. 
Nee licet, et longum est, epulas narrare deorum : 325 

In multo nox est pervigilata mero. 
Hi temere errabant in opacae vallibus Idae, 

Pars jacet et molli gramine membra levat, 
Hi ludunt, bos somnus babet, pars bracbia nectit 

Et viridem celeri ter pede pulsat bumum. 330 

Vesta jacet placidamque capit secura quietem, 

Siciit erat positum cespite fulta caput. 
. At ruber hortorum custos nympbasque deasque 

Captat et errantes fertque refertque pedes, 
Aspicit et Vestam ; dubium, nympbamne putarit, 335 

An scierit Vestam ; scisse sed ipse negat. 
Spem capit obscaenam furtimque accedere tentat, 

Et fert suspenses, corde micante, gradus. 
Forte seuex, quo vectus erat, Silenus asellum 

Liquerat ad ripas lene sonantis aquae. 340 

Ibat, ut inciperet, longi deus Hellesponti, 

Intempestivo cum rudit ille sono. 
Territa voce gravi surgit dea ; convolat omnis 

Turba ; per infestas effugit ille manus. 
Lampsacos boc animal solita est mactare Priapo : 345 

Apta asini flammis indicis exta damns. 
Quem tu, diva memor, de pane monilibus ornas : 

Cessat opus, vacuae conticuere molae. 



Nomine quam pretio celebratior arce Tonantis 

Dicam Pistoris quid velit ara Jovis. 350 

Cincta premebantur trucibus Capitolia Gallis ; 

Fecerat obsidio jam diuturna famem. 
Juppiter, ad solium Superis regale vocatis, 

Incipe, ait Marti. Protinus ille refert : 
Scilicet, ignotum est, quae sit fortuna malorum ; 355 

Et dolor bic animi voce querentis eget ? 



LIBER VI. 119 

Si tamen, ut referam breviter mala juncta pudori, 

Exigis : Alpino Roma sub boste jacet. 
Haec est, cui fuerat promissa potentia reriim, 

Juppiter ? banc terris impositurus eras ? 36o 

Jamque suburbanos Etruscaque contudit arma ; 

Spes erat in cursu ; nunc Lare pulsa suo est. 
Vidimus ornatos aerata per atria picta 

Veste triumpbales occubuisse senes ; 
Vidimus Iliacae transferri pignora Vestae 365 

Sede. Putant aliquos scilicet esse deos. 
At si respicerent, qua vos babitatis in arce, 

Totque donios vestras obsidione premi : 
Nil opis in cura scirent superesse deorum, 

Et data sollicita tliura perire manu. 370 

Atque utinam pugnae pateat locus ! arma capessant ; 

Et, si non poterunt exsuperare, cadant. 
Nunc inopes victus, ignavaque fata timentes, 

Monte suo clauses barbara turba premit. 
Tum Venus et lituo pulcber trabeaque Quirinus 375 

Vestaque pro Latio raulta locuta suo. 
Publica, respondit, cura est pro moenibus istis, 

Juppiter, et poenas Gallia victa dabit. 
Tu modo, quae desunt fruges, superesse putentur, 

Effice nee sedes desere, Vesta, tuas. 380 

Quodcumque est solidae Cereris cava macliina frangat, 

Mollitamque manu duret in igne focus. 
Jusserat : et fratris virgo Saturnia jussis 

Annuit, et mediae tempera noctis erant. 
Jam ducibus somnum dederat labor : increpat illos 385 

Juppiter et sacro, quid velit, ore docet : 
Surgite, et in medios de summis arcibus bostes 

Mittite, quam minime tradere vultis, opem. 
Somnus abit, quaeruntque novis ambagibus acti, 

Tradere quam nolint et jubeantur, opem. 390 

Esse Ceres visa est. Jaciunt Cerealia dona : 

Jacta super galeas scutaque longa sonant. 
Posse fame vinci spes excidit : boste repulso 

Candida Pistori ponitur ara Jovi. 

Forte revertebar festis Vestalibus iliac, 395 

Qua Nova Romano nunc via juncta Foro est. 



120 FASTORUM 

Hue pede matronam vidi descendere nudo : 

Obstupui tacitus sustinuique gradum. 
Sensit anus vicina loci jussumque sedere 

AUoquitur, quatiens voce tremente caput. 400 

Hoc, ubi nunc fora sunt, udae tenuere paludes ; 

Amne redundatis fossa madebat aquis. 
Curtius ille lacus, siccas qui sustinet aras, 

Nunc solida est tellus, sed lacus ante fuit. 
Qua Velabra solent in Circum ducere pompas, 405 

Nil praeter salices cassaque canna fuit. 
Saepe suburbanas rediens conviva per undas 

Cantat et ad nautas ebria verba jacit. 
Nondum conveniens diversis iste figuris 

Nonien ab averse ceperat amne deus. 4io 

Hie quoque lucus erat juncis et arundine densus, 

Et pede velato non adeunda palus. 
Stagna recesserunt et aquas sua ripa coercet, 

Siccaque nunc tellus ; mos tanien ille manet. 
Ueddiderat causam ; Valeas, anus optima! dixi, 415 

Quod superest aevi, niolle sit omne, tui ! 



Cetera jam pridem didici puerilibus annis ; 

Non tamen idcirco praetereunda milii. 
Moenia Dardanides nuper nova fecerat Ilus : 

Ilus adhuc Asiae dives habebat opes. 
Creditur armiferae signum caeleste Minervae 

Urbis in Iliacae desiluisse juga. — 
Cura videre fuit : vidi templumque locumque. 

Hoc superest illic : Pallada Roma tenet. — 
Consulitur Smintlieus, lucoque obscurus opaco 

Hos non mentito reddidit ore sonos : 
Aetlieriam servate deam, servabitis urbem ; 

Imperium secum transferet ilia loci. 
Servat et inclusam summa tenet Ilus in arce, 

Curaque ad lieredem Laomedonta venit. 
Sub Priamo servata parum. Sic ipsa volebas. 

Ex quo judicio forma revicta tua est. 
Seu genus Adrasti seu furtis aptus Ulixes 

Seu plus Aeneas eripuisse datur ; 



LIBER VI. 121 

Auctor in incerto. Res est Romana, tuetur 435 

Vesta, quod assiduo liimine cuncta videt. 
Heu quantum timuere patres, quo tempore Vesta 

Arsit et est tectis obruta paene suis ! 
Flagrabant sancti sceleratis ignibus ignes, 

Mixtaque erat flammae fiamma profana piae. 440 

Attonitae flebant, demisso crine, ministrae : 

Abstulerat vires corporis ipse timer. 
Pro vol at in medium, et magna, Succurrite ! voce, 

Non est officium flere, Meteilus ait. 
Pignora virgineis fatalia tollite palmis ! 445 

Non ea sunt vote, sed rapienda manu. 
Me miserum ! dubitatis ? ait. Dubitare videbat 

Et pavidas posito procubuisse genu ; 
Haurit aquas, tollensque manus, Ignoscite, dixit, 

Sacra ! vir intrabo non adeunda viro. 450 

Si scelus est, in me commissi poena redundet ; 

Sit capitis damno Roma soluta mei. 
Dixit et irrupit. Factum dea rapta probavit, 

Pontificisque sui munere tuta fuit. 
Nunc bene lucetis sacrae sub Caesare flammae : 455 

Ignis in Iliacis nunc erit, estque, focis ; 
Nullaque dicetur vittas temerasse sacerdos 

Hoc duce, nee viva defodietur bumo. 
Sic incesta perit : quia, quam violavit, in illam 

Conditur, et Tellus Vestaque numen idem est. 460 

Turn sibi Callaico Brutus cognomen ab hoste 
Fecit, et Hispanam sanguine tinxit humum. 

Scilicet, interdum miscentur tristia laetis, 

Nee populum toto pectore festa juvant. 
Crassus ad Eupliraten aquilas natumque suosque 465 

Perdidit, et leto est ultimus ipse datus. 
Partbe, quid exsultas ? dixit dea. Signa remittes : 

Quique necem Crassi vendicet ultor erit. 

IV. ID. 10th. 

At simul auritis violae demuntur asellis, 

Et Cereris fruges aspera saxa terunt, 470 



122 FASTORUM 

Navita puppe sedens, Delphina videbimus, inquit, 

Humida cum pulso nos erit orta die. 

III. ID, 11th. 

Jam Pliryx a nupta quereris Tithone relinqui, 

Et vigil Eois Lucifer exit aquis. 
Ite bonae matres, vestrum Matralia festum 475 

Flavaque Thebanae reddite liba deae. 
Pontibus et magno juncta est celeberrima Circo 

Area, quae posito de bove nomen habet. 
Hac ibi luce ferunt Matutae sacra parent! 

Sceptriferas Servi templa dedisse manus. 480 

Quae dea sit, quare famulas a limine templi 

Arceat — arcet enim — libaque tosta petat ? 
Bacclie, racemiferos liedera redimite capillos, 

Si domus ilia tua est, dirige vatis opus. 
Arserat obsequio Semele Jovis : accipit Ino 485 

Te, puer, et summa sedula nutrit ope. 
Intumuit Juno, rapta quod pellice natum 

Educet. At sanguis ille sororis erat. 
Hinc agitur fiiriis Athamas, et imagine falsa ; 

Tuque cadis patria, parve Learclie, manu. 490 

Maesta Learclieas mater tumulaverat umbras, 

Et dederat miseris omnia justa rogis : 
Haec quoque, funestos ut erat laniata capillos, 

Prosilit et cunis te, Melicerta, rapit. 
Est spatio contracta brevi, freta bina repellit, 495 

Unaque pulsatur terra duabus aquis. 
Hue venit insanis natum complexa lacertis, 

Et secum e celso mittit in alta jugo. 
Excipit illaesos Panope centumque sorores, » 

Et placido lapsu per sua regna ferunt. 500 

Nondum Leucotliea, nondum puer ille Palaemon, 

Verticibus densi Tibridis ora tenent. 
Lucus erat : dubium Semelae Stimulaene vocetur ; 

Maenadas Ausonias incoluisse ferunt. 
Quaerit ab his Ino, quae gens foret ; Arcadas esse 505 

Audit et Evandrum sceptra tenere loci. 
Dissimulata deam Latias Saturnia Bacclias 

Instimulat fictis insidiosa sonis : 
nimium faciles ! toto pectore captae ! 

Non venit haec nostris hospes amica choris. '510 



LIBER VI. 123 

Fraude petit, sacrique parat cognoscere ritum ; 

Quo possit poenas pendere, pigiius habet. 
Vix bene desierat ; complent ululatibus auras 

Tliyades effusis per sua coUa comis ; 
Injiciuntque manus, puerumque revellere pugnant. 515 

Quos ignorat adhuc, invocat ilia deos : 
Dique, virique loci, miserae succurrite matri. 

Clamor Aventini saxa propinqua ferit. 
Appulerat ripae vaccas Oetaeus Iberas ; 

Audit et ad vocem concitus urget iter. 520 

Herculis adventu, quae vim modo ferre parabant 

Turpia femineae terga dedere fugae. 
Quid petis liinc, — cognorat enim — matertera Bacclii ? 

An numen, quod me, te quoque vexat, ait ? 
Ilia docet partim, partim praesentia nati 525 

Continet, et Furiis in scelus isse pudet. 
Rumor, ut est velox, agitatis pervolat alis, 

Estque frequens, Ino, nomen in ore tuum. 
Hospita Carmentis fidos intrasse penates 

Diceris et longam deposuisse famem. 530 

Liba sua properata manu Tegeaea sacerdos 

Traditur in subito cocta dedisse foco. 
Nunc quoque liba juvant festis Matralibus illam ; 

Rustica sedulitas gratior arte fuit. 
Nunc, ait, o vates, venientia fata resigna, 535 

Qua licet ; hospitiis hoc, precor, adde meis. 
Parva mora est : caelum vates ac numina sumit 

Fitque sui toto pectore plena dei. 
Vix illam subito posses cognoscere ; tanto 

Sanctior, et tanto, quam modo, major erat. 540 

Laeta canam ; gaude, defuncta laboribus, Ino ! 

Dixit, et liuic populo prospera semper ades ! 
Numen eris pelagi ; natum quoque pontus habebit. 

In nostris aliud sumite nomen aquis. 
Leucothea Graiis, Matuta vocabere nostris ; 545 

In portus nato jus erit omne tuo. 
Quem nos Fortunum, sua lingua Palaemona dicet. 

Ite, precor, nostris aequus uterque locis ! 
Annuerat ; promissa fides ; posuere labores ; 

Nomina mutarunt ; liic deus, ilia dea est. 550 

g2 



124 FA.STORUM 

Cur vetet ancillas accedere, quaeritis ? Odit, 

Principiumque odii, si sinat ipsa, canam. 
Una ministrarum solita est, Cadmei, tuarum 

Saepe sub amplexus conjugis ire tui. 
Iniprobus lianc Athamas furtini dilexit : ab ilia 555 

Comperit agricolis semina tosta dari. 
Ipsa quidem fecisse negat, sed fama recepit. 

Hoc est, cur odio sit tibi serva manus. 
Non tamen banc pro stirpe sua pia mater adoret ; 

Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens. 560 

Alterius prolem melius mandabitis illi ; 

Utilior Bacclio quam fuit ipsa suis. 

Hanc tibi, Quo properas, raemorant dixisse, Rutili ? 

Luce mea Marso Consul ab boste cades. 
Exitus accessit verbis ; flumenque Toleni 565 

Purpureum mixtis sanguine fluxit aquis. 
Proximus annus erat : Pallantide caesus eadem 

Didius bostiles ingeminavit opes. 

Lux eadem, Fortuna, tua est, auctorque locusque. 

Sed superinjectis quis latet iste togis ? 570 

Servius est : boc constat enim ; sed causa latendi 

Discrepat et dubium me quoque mentis habet. 
Dum dea furtivos timide profitetur amores 

Caelestemque homini concubuisse pudet, — 
Arsit enim magna correpta cupidine regis, 575 

Caecaque in hoc uno non fuit ilia viro — 
Nocte domum parva solita est intrare fenestra : 

Undo Fenestellae nomina porta tenet. 
Nunc pudet et voltus velamine celat amatos, 

Oraque sunt multa regia tacta toga. 5S0 

An magis est verum, post Tulli funera plebem 

Confusam placidi morte fuisse ducis ? 
Nee modus ullus erat : orescebat imagine luctus, 

Donee eam positis occuluere togis. 
Tertia causa mibi spatio majore canenda est : 585 

Nos tamen adductos intus agemus equos. 
TuUia conjugio, sceleris mercede, peracto 

His solita est dictis exstimulare virum : 



LIBER VI. 125 

Quid juvat esse pares, te nostrae eaede sororis, 

Meque tiii fratris, si pia vita placet ? 590 

Vivere debuerant et vir mens, et tua conjiinx, 

Si nullum ausuri majus eramus opus. 
Et caput et regnum facio dotale parentis. 

Si vir es, i, dictas exige dotis opes ! 
Regia res scelus est. Socero cape regna necato, 593 

Et nostras patrio sanguine tinge manus. 
Talibus instinctus solio privatus in alto 

Sederat : attonitum vulgus ad arma ruit. 
Hinc cruor et caedes : infirmaque vincitur aetas. 

Sceptra gener socero rapta Superbus liabet. 600 

Ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat sua regia, caesus 

Concidit in dura sanguinolentus humo. 
Filia carpento patrios initura Penates 

Ibat per medias alta feroxque vias. 
Corpus ut aspexit, lacrimis auriga profusis 605 

Restitit. Hunc tali corripit ilia sono : 
Vadis, an exspectas pretium pietatis amarum ? 

Due, inquam, invitas ipsa per ora rotas ! 
Certa fides facti, dictus Sceleratus ab ilia 

Vicus, et aeterna res ea pressa nota. 610 

Post tamen hoc ansa est templum, monimenta parentis, 

Tangere : mira quidem, sed tamen acta loquar. 
Signum erat in solio residens sub imagine Tulli : 

Dicitur hoc oculis opposuisse manum. 
Et vox audita est, Vultus abscondite nostros, 6i5 

Ne natae videant ora nefanda meae. 
Veste data tegitur ; vetat banc Fortuna moveri, 

Et sic e templo est ipsa locuta suo : 
Ore revelato qua primum luce patebit 

Servius haec positi prima pudoris erit. 620 

Parcite, matronae, vetitas attingere vestes ; 

Sollemnes satis est ore movere preces ; 
Sitque caput semper Romano tectus amictu. 

Qui rex in nostra septimus urbe fuit. — 
Arserat hoc templum, signo tamen ille pepercit 625 

Ignis : opem nato Mulciber ipse tulit. 
Namque pater Tulli Vulcanus, Ocresia mater 

Praesignis facie Corniculana fuit. 
g3 



126 FASTORUM 

Hanc secum Tanaquil sacris de more peractis 

Jussit in ornatum fundere vina focum. 630 

Hie inter cineres obscaeni forma virilis 

Ant fuit, aut visa est : sed fuit ilia magis. 
Jussa foco captiva sedet. Conceptus ab ilia 

Servius a caelo semina gentis liabet. 
Signa dedit genitor tunc cum caput igne corusco 635 

Contigit, inque comis flammeus arsit apex. 

Te quoque magnifica, Concordia, dedicat aede 

Livia, quam caro praestitit ilia viro. 
Disce tamen, veniens aetas, ubi Livia nunc est 

Portions, immensae tecta fuisse domus. 640 

Urbis opus domus una fuit ; spatiumque tenebat, 

Quo brevius muris oppida multa tenent. 
Haec aequata solo est, nullo sub crimine regni, 

Sed quia luxuria visa nocere sua. 
Sustinuit tantas operum subvertere moles 64 5 

Totque suas heres perdere Caesar opes. 
Sic agitur censura et sic exempla parantur ; 

Cum vindex, alios quod monet, ipse facit. 
ID. 13th, 

l>[ulla nota est veniente die, quam discere possim. 

Idibus invicto sunt data templa Jovi. 650 

Et jam Quinquatrus jubeor narrare minores. 

Nunc ades o coeptis, flava Minerva, meis. 
Cur vagus incedit tota tibicen in urbe ? 

Quid sibi personae, quid toga longa, volunt ? 
Sic ego. Sic posita Tritonia cuspide dixit : — 655 

Possem utinam doctae verba referre deae! — 
Temporibus veterum tibicinis usus avorum 

Magnus et in magno semper lionore fuit. 
Cantabat fanis, cantabat tibia ludis, 

Cantabat maestis tibia funeribus. . 66o 

Dulcis erat mercede labor : tempusque secutum, 

Quod subito Grraiae frangeret artis opus. 
Adde quod aedilis, pompam qui finieris irent, 

Artifices solos jusserat esse decern. 
Exilio mutant urbem Tiburque recedunt : 665 

Exilium quodam tempore Tibur erat. 



LIBER VI. 127 

Quaeritur in scena cava tibia, quaeritur aris, 

Ducit supremos naenia nulla toros. 
Servierat quidam, quantolibet ordine dignus, 

Tibure, sed longo tempore liber erat. 67o 

Rure dapes parat ille suo turbanique canoram 

Convocat ; ad festas convenit ilia dapes. 
Nox erat, et vinis oculique animique natabant. 

Cum praecomposito nuntius ore venit, 
Atque ita, Quid cessas convivia solvere ? dixit, 675 

Auctor vindictae jam venit, ecce, tuae ! 
Nee mora ; convivae valido titubantia vino 

Membra movent, dubii stantque labantque pedes. 
At dominus, Discedite, ait, plaustroque morantes 

Sustulit ; in plaustro sirpea lata fuit. 680 

Alliciunt somnos tempus motusque merunique, 

Potaque se Tibur turba redire putat. 
Jamque per Esquilias Romanam intraverat urbem ; 

Et mane in medio plaustra fuere foro. 
Plautius, ut posset specie numeroque senatum 685 

Fallere, personis imperat ora tegi. 
Admiscetque alios et, ut liunc tibicina coetum 

Augeat, in longis vestibus ire jubet. 
Sic reduces bene posse tegi, ne forte notentur 

Contra collegae jussa redisse sui. 690 

Res placuit ; cultuque novo licet Idibus uti, 

Et can ere ad veteres verba jocosa modes. — 
Haec ubi perdocuit, Superest milii discere, dixi, 

Cur sit Quinquatrus ilia vocata dies. 
Martins, inquit, agit tali mea nomine festa, 695 

Estque sub inventis baec quoque turba meis. 
Prima terebrato per rara foramina buxo 

Ut daret eiFeci tibia longa sonos. 
Vox placuit ; faciem liquidis referentibus undis 

Vidi virgineas intumuisse genas. 700 

Ars mihi non tanti est ; valeas, mea tibia ! dixi. 

Excipit abjectam cespite ripa suo. 
Inventam satyrus primum miratur ; et usum 

Nescit et inflatam sentit habere sonum ; 
Et mode dimittit digitis, modo concipit auras. 705 

Jamque inter nyniphas arte superbus erat ; 
G 4 



1 28 FASTORUM 

Provocat et Phoebum ; Plioebo superante pependit ; 

Caesa recesserunt a cute membra sua. 
Sum tamen iiiventris auctorque ego carminis bujus. 

Hoc est, cur nostros ars colat ista dies. 710 

XVII. KAL. JUL. 15th. 

Tertia lux veniet, qua tu, Dodoni Tbyene, 

Stabis Agenorei fronte videnda bovis. 
Haec est ilia dies, qua tu purgamina Vestae, 

Tibri, per Etruscas in mare mittis aquas. 
XVI. KAL. 16th. 

Si qua fides ventis, Zepbyro date carbasa, nautae : 715 

Cras veniet vestris ille secundus aquis. 

XV. KAL. 17th. 

At pater Heliadum radios ubi tinxerit undis 

Et cing'et geminos stella serena polos, 
Toilet humo validos proles Hyriea lacertos. 

Continua Delpbin nocte videndus erit. 720 

Scilicet bic olim Volscos Aequosque fugatos 

Viderat in campis, Algida terra, tuis. 
Unde suburbano clarus, Tuberte, triumpbo 

Vectus es in niveis, Postume, victor, equis. 

XIIL KAL. 19th. 

Jam sex et totidem luces de mense supersunt : 725 

Huic unum numero tu tamen adde diem ; 
Sol abit e Geminis, et Cancri signa rubescunt : 

Coepit Aventina Pallas in arce coli. 

xiL KAL. 20th. 

Jam tua, Laomedon, oritur nurus, ortaque noctem 

Pellit, et e pratis uda pruina fugit. 730 

Reddita, quisquis is est, Summano templa feruntur. 

Tunc, cum Romanis, Pjrrlie, timendus eras. 

Hanc quoque cum patriis Galatea receperit undis, 

Plenaque securae terra quietis erit, 
Surgit bumo jvivenis, telis afflatus avitis ; 735 

Et gemino nexas porrigit angue manus. 
Notus amor Phaedrae, nota est injuria Tliesei : 

Devovit natum credulus ille suum. 
[Non impune plus juvenis Troezena petebat : 

Dividit obstantes pectore taurus aquas.] 740 



LIBER VI. 129 

Solliciti terrentur cqui, frustraque retenti 

Per scopulos dominum duraque saxa trahimt. 
Exciderat curru, lorisque morantibiis artus 

Hippolytus lacero corpore raptus erat, 
Reddideratque aniniam, multiim indignante Diana. 745 

Nulla, Coronides, causa doloris, ait, 
Namque pio juveni vitam sine vulnere reddam ; 

Et cedent arti tristia fata meae. 
Grramina continue loculis depromit eburnis ; 

Profiierant Grlauci Manibus ilia prius : 750 

Tunc, cum obscrvatas anguis descendit in lierbas, 

Usus et auxilio est augur ab angue date. 
Pectora ter tetigit, ter verba salubria dixit : 

Depositum terra sustulit ille caput. 
Lucus eum nemorisque sui Dictynna recessu 755 

Celat : Aricino Virbius ille lacu. 
At Clymenus Clotlioque dolent, liaec, fila reneri, 

Hie, fieri regni jura minora sui. 
Juppiter exeniplum veritus direxit in ilium 

Fulmina, qui nimiae moverat artis opem. 76o 

Phoebe, querebaris. Deus est, placare parenti ; 

Propter te, fieri quod vetat, ipse facit. 

IX. KAL. 23rd. 

Non ego te, quamvis properabis vincere Caesar, 

Si vetet auspicium, signa movere velim. 
Sint tibi Flaminius Thrasimenaque litora testes, 765 

Per volucres aequos multa monere deos. 
Tempera si veteris quseris temeraria damni, 

Quartus ab extreme mense bis ille dies. 
VIII. KAL. ■ 24th. 

Postera lux melior. Superat Masinissa Syphacem ; 

Et cecidit telis Hasdrubal ipse suis. 770 



Tempera labuntur, tacitisque senescimus annis, 

Et fugiunt, freno non remorante, dies. 
Quam cite venerunt Fortunae Fortis lionores ! 

Post septem luces Junius actus erit. 
Ite, deam laeti Fortem celebrate, Quirites : 775 

In Tiberis ripa munera regis liabet. 
G 5 



].30 FASTORUM LIBBE VI. 

Pars pede, pars etiani celeri decurrite cymba ; 

Nee pudeat potos inde redire domum. 
Ferte coronatae juvenum convivia lintres, 

Multaque per medias vina bibantur aquas. 780 

Plebs colit banc, quia, qui posuit, de plebe fuisse 

Fertur, et ex huraili sceptra tulisse loco. 
Convenit et servis, serva quia Tullius ortus 

Constituit dubiae templa propinqua deae. 
VI. KAL. 26th. 

Ecce suburbana rediens male sobrius aede 785 

Ad Stellas aliquis talia verba jacit : 
Zona latet tua nunc, et eras fortasse latebit. 

Deliinc erit, Orion, aspieienda mihi. 
At si non esset potus, dixisset eadem 

Venturum tempus solstitiale die. 790 

V. KAL. 27th. 

Lueifero subeunte Lares delubra tulerunt, 

Hie, ubi fit doeta multa corona manu. 
Tempus idem Stator aedis liabet, quam Romulus olim 

Ante Palatini eondidit ora jugi. 

IV. KAL. 28th. 

Tot restant de mense dies, quot nomina Parcis, 795 

Cum data sunt trabeae templa, Quirine, tuae. 
PR. KAL. 30th. 

Tempus luleis eras est natale Kalendis : 

Pierides, coeptis addite summa meis. 
Dicite, Pierides, quis vos adjunxerit isti, 

Cui dedit invitas victa noverca manus. 800 

Sic ego. Sic Clio, Clari monumenta Philippi 

Aspicis, undo traliit Mareia casta genus ; 
Marcia, sacrifieo deductum nomen ab Aneo, 

In qua par faeies nobilitate sua. 
Par animo quoque forma suo respondet in ilia ; 805 

Et genus, et faeies ingeniumque simul. 
Nee, quod laudamus formam, tam turpe putaris ; 

Laudamus magnas liac quoque parte deas. 
Nupta fuit quondam matertera Caesaris illi. 

decus, o sacra femina digna dome ! sio 

Sic eeeinit Clio : doctae assensere sorores. 

Annuit Aleides, increpuitque lyra. 



NOTES 



THE FASTI, 



BOOK L 



.RGUMENT. 



Dedication to Germanicus, 1-26. Roman year, 27^44. 
Difference of days, 45-62. Kalends of January, 63-88. Mythology 
of Janus, 89-288. Temple of Aesculapius and of Jupiter decli- 
cated, 289-294. Praises of astronomy, 295-310. Setting of 
Cancer and Lyra, 811-316. Agonalia, 317-334. Origin of 
sacrifice, 335-456. Rising of Dolphin, 457, 458. Mid-winter, 459, 
460. Carmentaha, 461-586. Sacrifice to Jupiter. Title of 
Augustus conferred on Caesar, 587-616. Carmentalia repeated, 
617-636. Temple of Concord dedicated, 637-650. Sun enters 
Aquarius ; Lyra and Leo set, 651-656. Sementina, 657-704. 
Temple of Castor and Pollux dedicated, 705-708. Altar of Peace, 
709-724. 

NOTES. 
1-26. Dedication of the poem to Germanicus, son of Drusus, and 
adoptive son of Tiberius, the stepson and successor of Augustus : 
see Hist. Rom. Emp. pp. 16, 22, and Appendix B. — Tevipora sc. 
anni, i.e. the festival, and other remarkable days. Lucretius 
(ii. 33, 170 ; iii. 1018) and Virgil (Geor. i. 258) use tempora anni 
for the seasons. — digesta, arranged, regularly distributed : comp, 
Virg. Geor. ii. 54. — Latium, i. q. Latinum. In the fragments of the 
old poet Naevius we meet with terrdi Latiai and Latium homonmn. 
This adj. does not then occur till we find it in Propertius 
(iii. 3, 6 ; iv. 10, 37), a poet who was rather fond of unusual words, 
and from whom Ovid appears to have adopted it. After Ovid's 
time it became the prevalent form. — 2. Lapsa, etc. i. e. the rising 
andsettingof the constellations : see Introd. $ 1. As /«6or and on'or 
g6 



132 NOTES ON THE EASTI. 

are deponents, these participles are i. q. labentia and orientia. — 
4. Navis, i.e.poematis. A frequent metaphor. — O^do, task, act of 
duty: comp, Hor. Ep. ii. 2,21. In some MSS. the reading is 
OJJiciis, with in for huic in next verse. — Sacra, etc. : see Introd. § 3. 
— eruta, extracted, dug out as it were. He uses this word on ac- 
count of priscis. — domestica, belonging to the family. — vobis, the Ju- 
lian family, into which he had been adopted. — pater,\. e. Tiberius. — 
aviis, i. e. Augustus. — 11. pictos. In the tables of the Fasti the names 
of the festivals, etc. were drawn in red. — praemia, honours : comp. 
Hor. Sat. i. 5, ^5.—fratre, sc. adopLivo. Drusus, son of Tiberius, and 
cousin of Germanicus. — Caesaris. This is probably Augustus. — 
aras, the altars, i.e. the temples which he built or repaired. — sacris 
(sc. diebusaliis), etc., i.e. thedays of his victories and other acts which 
were inserted in the Fasti. — 15. Laudes, meritorious deeds : see 
Virg. Aen. i. 461. — Ingenium, sc. nam meum. — vultu, as it was en- 
couraging or otherwise. — Pagina,\.e. libe?: — docti : see v. 21 seg. — 
movetur, sc .metu. — 20. Clariodeo, i. e. Apollo, who had a temple and 
Oracle at Glares, near Colophon, in Ionia. Germanicus himself 
consulted it the year before his death, Tac. Ann. ii. 54, but Ovid 
was then no more. Oracles, it may be observed, were frequently 
consulted by letters. — Quae sit, etc. comp. Ex Font. ii. 5, 49. He 
had pleaded causes in public with success. Dion Ivi. 26 ; Suet. Cal. 4. 
— senshnus, I have heard of, as Ovid was in exile. — impetus, sc. tui 
ingenii: comp. Ex Pont. iv. 8, 69. He wrote Greek plays ; Suet. 
ut sup. The version of Aratus' Phaenomena still extant is ascribed 
to this prince. — 25. Scilicet, therefore. The use of scilicet in this 
sense is very rare. Some MSS. read si licet etfas est. — annus, i. e. 
the poem on the year. 

27-44. The Roman year : see Introd. § 2. — conditor urbis, 
Romul us. — major erat, sc. quam noscere sidera. — 3 1 . moverit. This and 
the following tueatur are potential.— jo^r totidem, etc. : see Introd. 
§ 2. — a funere, from the time of the death. — sustinet, etc., wears 
mourning. The men did the same, but only for a short time. — 37. 
Trabeaii. The trabea was a purple toga striped with white, worn 
by the kings (Liv. i. 41) and afterwards by the consuls on solemn 
occasions. Ipse Quirinali trabea . . . consul. Virg. Aen. vii. 612. — 
cura ; comp. cura dei. Met. i. 48. — annua jura daret, i. e. was re- 
gulating the year. — Martis, etc. The old Roman year began in 
March. For the following origins of the names of the months see 
the beginning of each book. — 40. Princeps, beginning or origin, as 
being the mother of Aeneas. — Tertius, etc. Maius, a majoribus ; 
Junius, a junioiibus. — Quae sequitur, etc. i. e. Quinctilis, Sextilis, 



BOOK 1. 4-70. 133 

September, etc. — At Nuvia, etc. : see Introd. § 2. He named 
Januarius a Jano, Februarius dfebruis : see ii. 19. 

45-62. The days of the month : see Introd. § 3. — -jura, the laws, 
rights ; the nature and character. — ne tmiien ig?iores, do not then 
(yon should not) be ignorant of. This is, we think, the best way to 
understand this place ; ne being i. q. tion : see on Hor. A. P. 176. 
Tamen is merely emphatic, like the Italian pure. — Nan habet, so. 
nam. — officii idem, the same kind of duty ; comp. v. 5. — 47-52. All 
this is explained in Introd. § 3. — honoratus. The consuls and 
praetors were so styled on bearing the high offices of the state 
(honorcs). The praetor's edict was termed jus honorarium : see 
Tlieophil. i. 2, 7. — Est quoque (sc. dies^ etc. ; the dies comitiales, in 
which the people were assembled to pass laws. The place of voting 
was named the Septa, or enclosure ; sometimes Ovilia, or folds, into 
which the tribes successively entered. Its site was at the head of 
the modern Corso, toward the Piazza di Venezia. — qui nono, etc. 
the Nundinae or market-days. — 55. Vindicat, etc. On the Kalends 
a sacrifice was offered to Juno by the Pontifex Minor on the 
Capitol, and by the Regina Sacrorum in the Regia : Macrob. i. 15. 
• — grandior, i.e. somewhat grown, as the largest and finest animals 
of every kind were offered to Jupiter. — Nonaruvi, etc. i. e. the 
Nones have no presiding deity. — Omnibus, etc. The day following 
each of these (posti-idie) was termed black or ill-omened, and was 
regarded as unlucky. The reason given is, that the Romans had 
met with defeats on these days. The defeats at the Cremera and 
the Allia were on the postr. Idus, but we hear not of any on the 
day after the Kalends or Nones, and it was only made ater by 
analogy : see Gell. v. 17. Macrob. i. 16. — Haec mihi, etc. I men- 
tion these matters now once for all. 

63-88. New-year's-day. — tibi. Germanicus was consul, A. U. 
770, the year in which the poet appears to have revised this book : 
see Introd. $ 5. — tacite labentis. On account of the noiseless pace 
of iXxne.— Solus, etc. As he was biceps. — Dexter, propitious : see on 
Virg. Geor. iv. 7. — 67. ducibus, i. e. Tiberius the Emperor, and 
Germanicus his son, who had lately overcome the Chattans and 
other German tribes : see v. 285 ; Hist. Rom. Emp. p. 44, seq. — 
terra ferax, the ^tt'Swpoc apowpa of Homer. — patribus, the Senate. — 
populo Quirini, i. e. Quiritibus, i. e. populo Romano : comp. Met. xv. 
572, 756 ; Hor. Carm. i. 2, 46. The whole expresses the S. P. Q. R. 
— 70. Candida tevipla. Not the temple of Janus, but the temples of 
the gods in general, which were resorted to on that day. He terms 
them Candida, not from their colour (for few of them were built of 



134 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

white marble), but from the number of worshipers clad in white 
togae, V. 79. Janus was the god of opening and shutting, v. 120. 
— 71. Linguis, etc. The well-known /or»m/a enjoining to abstain 
from words of ill-omen. — Life, etc. Exegetic of what precedes. — 
75. Cernis, etc. The spica Cilissa, or saffron, and other fragrant 
products were thrown on the fires of the altars. Urantur pia thiira 
fods, urantur odores, Quos tener e terra divite mitiit Arabs, Tibull. ii. 2, 3. 
The best saffron came from Cilicia ; see Flora Virgil, v. Crocus. — 
sonet, crackles. — aurum, i. e. the gilded roof of the temple. At the 
present day the roof of the church of Sta. Maria Maggiore, at Rome, 
is lined with plates of gold.— Vestibus, etc. On this day the people 
clad in new (intactis) or at least newly-scoured white togae fol- 
lowed the consuls up to the Capitoline temple, whose site was on 
the southern portion of the hill, on which also was the Tarpeian 
rock ; see Hist, of Rome, p. 484. — 80. Concolor. For the day was 
candidus or joyful. — praeeunt {sc. consules), etc. The consuls en- 
tered on their office on this day. They were preceded by lictors 
bearing fasces, were clad in the toga praetexta, which was edged 
with purple, and sat on the sella curulis, adorned with ivory. — rudes 
operum, i. e. that have never been worked. — 84. Quos, etc. i. e. 
which were bred in the district of Falerii (Civita Castellana). Here 
and on the Clitumnus in the adjacent Umbria, the oxen were 
white, as they are at the present day : comp, Virg. Geor. ii. 146 ; 
Plin. ii. 103. White victims were offered to Jupiter. This verse, 
by the way, is repeated from Amm. iii. 13, 14. — arce sua, the 
Capitol, or rather perhaps the dome of heaven : comp. Met. i. 163 ; 
Virg. Aen. i. 223. — populo reruin potente, i.e, Romanos rerum 
dominos, Virg. Aen. i. 282. 

89-288. Mythology of Janus: see Mythology, p. 521. 

89-114. Who Janus was. — Nam tibi, etc. The Greeks had no 
god whose attributes were the same as those of Janus. A curious 
but accidental resemblance has been traced between him and the 
Hindoo Ganesa. — tabellis, his writing-tables. — 94. Lucidior, etc. 
This was the sign of the presence of a deity : comp. Horn Hymn, 
in Cererem, 279 ; Virg. Aen. ii. 590. — Ille tenens, etc. i. e. bearing 
his usual attributes. — operose dierum, full of labour (i. e. employed) 
on the days. — 103. Me Chaos, etc. It was one opinion that Janus 
was the Chaos of Grecian cosmogony : comp. Met. i. 5, seq. — haec 
. . . massa, i. e. Chaos. — secessit, departed (i. e. ceased) from. — rerum 
suarum, i.e. of its component parts. — 111. Tunc ego, etc. Chaos 
was all in one globe or lump ; but when its parts separated, it as- 
sumed a regular hrm.—faciem, the general appearance : see on Hor, 



BOOK I. 71-154. 135 

Sat. i. 2, 87. — i^edii, i. q. ivi. Compounds in re are frequently used 
for the simples : see our Horace, Excurs. IV. — nota parva, a slight 
mark or proof. — Ante, etc. His front and back were the same, as 
all had been when he was Chaos. 

113-144. A second cause of his form. — Hanc (sc. causavi), etc. 
so that at the same time you will know this and what my office is. 
— Me penes, etc., i. e. I am the general janitor or door-keeper of 
heaven and earth. — 120. Jus, the right or power. — libuit, sc. me.— 
Pacem, etc. He represents his temple as being the abode of 
Peace and War, who dwelt in it alternately. It is shut, to keep 
War confined ; but when it is open, and War is at liberty. Peace 
remains within. It had, as is well-known, been shut only twice 
before the time of Augustus, in whose reign this poem was written. 
— per j)etuas, long: comp. Virg, Aen. vii. 176. — Sanguine, etc. comp. 
Virg. Aen. i. 293. — 125. Praesideo, etc.; see Horn. II. v. 749. — 
J««M5, quasi Eanus ah eo, or djanua. — cui cum, etc. When an offer- 
ing was made to Janus, he was addressed by the titles of Opener 
and Closer, in allusion to his office. — Cereale libum. This libum, 
which was offered to him alone, was named Janual ; Festus s. v. 
For the libum, or cake, see on Virg. Buc. vii. 33. — Imponit, sc. 
arae.—farra, etc. the mola salsa. — 133. Vis, i. e. officium. — Jam 
tamen, etc., you must, however, have partly seen that already. — 
Larem, i. e. the atrium of the house in which stood the image of 
the family Lar. — vester, your, i. e. of you Romans. — primi tecti, 
the first part or entrance of the house, the vestibule. — 141. Ora 
vides, etc. : see Mythology, Plate iii. 2. — Servet, etc. that she may 
watch (comp. Virg. Aen. ii. 368 ; Hor. Ep. i. 3, 31) or look down 
the three parts of the compitum, the point where two or more 
streets met. It is here i. q. trivium, TpioSog, the point of junction 
of three ways (like Y). The Greeks, but not the Romans, used to 
place the image of the triple Hecate at the rpioSoi : see Mytho- 
logy, p. 65. — bina, i. e. duo, i. e. duas vias. The distributive nume- 
rals are thus frequently used for the cardinals : see Zumpt, $119. 

145-164. Reason why the year began in i&nuaxY.—frigoribus, 
i. e. hieme, bruma. — Omnia tunc jlorent, etc. This is a most lovely 
description of the spring ; for the poet was, like Horace, a true 
lover of the country : comp. iii. 236 ; iv. 87 ; Lucr. i. 6 ; Virg. 
Buc. iii. 36 ; Geor. ii. 323. — temporis, i. e. anni. — 133. Et nova, etc. : 
see Flora Virg. v. Vitis. — operitur. Some MSS., which Heinsius, 
Burmann, and Gierig follow, read amicitiir vitibus, as in Ex Pont, 
iii. 8, 13 ; comp. Met. x. 100. — 134. seminis herba, i. e. the growing 
corn, which springs from the seed. For this sense of herba, see Virg, 



136 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Geor. i. 112. — 155. Et tepidum, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. vii. 33. — 
ignota (sc. ante), the stranger, as she returns in the spring. — prodit, 
i. e. apparet, comes forth, appears : comp. ii. ^b2,.—figit. The read- 
ing of many MSS. and editions \% Jingit. — 161. multis, sc. verbis, 
moratus, i. e. morans : see on v. 2. — Bruma, the winter-solstice, after 
which the days begin to lengthen. The Sun, Phoebus, may then 
be said to begin his course anew. 

165-188. Causes of various usages on New-year's day. — cur 
non, etc. It was the custom for every one to perform, by way of 
auspice, some little act of his trade or profession on the first day 
of the year. There was, therefore, a little legal skirmishing in the 
Forum ; the peasants did some rural work, etc. Per hos dies absti- 
nent terrenis operibus religiosiores agricolae, ita tamen ut ipsis Kalendis 
Januariis auspicandi caussa omne genus operis instaurent, Colum. 
xi. 2. — Tempora nascentia, i. e. prima dies. — commisi, I have given 
or appointed. This is rather an unusual sense of this verb. — Totus, 
etc., lest people should be idle the whole year if they were so on 
the first day of it, which was its auspiciuvi, — ob idem, i.e. igitur. — 
delibat, i. e. leviler atlingit : comp. Virg. Aen. i. 256 ; xii. 434. — tes- 
tificatur, gives proof of, exhibits. — 171. Cur quamvis, etc. The 
reason of this is evidently to be found in the names and offices of 
the god, access as it were being given by him to the other gods : 
Cic. N. D. ii. 27 ; Macrob. i. 9.— 175. Atcurlaeta, etc. The prac- 
tice here noticed has descended to modern times, and we still utter 
good wishes on New-year's day. — Omina, etc. The whole super- 
stition of omens is founded on this notion. Luck, for example, is 
often supposed to be indicated by what is first seen in the morn- 
ing, etc. — 181. Templa, etc. sc. hac die. As on New-year's day 
the temples were all open, the gods were supposed to hear all 
prayers and to give them effect. — caducas, sc. in terram, falling to 
the ground, unavailing. — 185. Quid vult palma, etc. The strenae, 
or New-year's gift, consisted of sweets, with pieces of money, 
which are given still, at least on the Continent. — palma, i. e. 
its fruit, the caryota or date. It was covered with gold-leaf. 
Aurea porrigititr Jani caryota Kalendis, Mart. xiii. 27. — carica, the 
Irrx^i oi" dried fig, hence he names it rugosa. — Candida, clear. — sub 
niveo cado The cadus, jar or pot, whose usual colour was red 
(Mart. i. 56, 10), was probably whitened on this occasion, like the 
togae of the citizens. Sub is i. q. in. Nata procul Libycis aberat 
diversa sub oris, Tr. i. 3, 1 9. 

189-226. The giving of money on that day. — Edixit et strenas 
ineunte anno se recepturum ; stetitque in vestibulo aedium, Kalendis 



BOOK I. 155-226. 1S7 

Januariis, ad captandas stipes, quas plenis ante eum manibus ac sinu 
omnis generis turba fundehat. Suet. Calig. 42. Augustus himself used 
to receive stipes in this way on New-year's day : Dion liv. 35 ; 
Suet. Oct. 37. — stipis. The slips was a small copper coin, appa- 
rently the same as the as. — lahet, slip away, escape. — casa, a cottage. 
He is here perhaps alluding to the cottage on the Capitol, which 
was preserved down to that time, as that of Romulus and Remus ; 
Dionys. i. 76 ; Val. Max. iv. 4. — Martigenam, Mars-begotten. He 
made this word, like atirigena, draconigena, etc. — 200. Et dabat, 
etc. The poor used to make their sofas of flags and sedge : comp. 
V. 319 ; Met. viii. 633. — a7igusta, etc. The meaning seems to be, 
that if Jupiter, who was placed in a sitting posture, as he always was 
in the Capitoline temple, were to be placed standing, he could not 
stand upright on account of the lowness of the roof. The allusion 
is general, and not, as has been supposed, to the temple of Jupiter 
Yereinas.— fictile. In those early days the images of the gods were 
of baked clay, and made in Etruria : see Plin. xxxv. 12. — iiunc, sc. 
ornant. — 203. cepisse, i. q. capere. This and the following inf. are 
used like the Greek infinitives : see on Virg. Buc. ii. 34. — Jura 
dabat, etc. We hear this both of a dictator (Hist, of Rome, p. 89) 
and of a consul (lb. p. 181). — Etlevis, etc. Fabricius, when censor 
(A. U. 478), put out of the senate P. Cornelius Rufinus, who had 
been twice consul and once dictator, for having ten pounds' weight 
of plate in his house, Gell. iv. 8. — lamina. This word, signifying a 
thin plate, is used here, perhaps, in a diminishing sense. — 209. At 
postquam, etc., i. e. when Rome grew great and powerful. Rome 
and her fortune are personified. — Creverunt, etc. Crescit amor nummi 
quantum ipsa pecunia crescit, Juv. xiv. 139. Semper infinita, insatia- 
bilis, neque copia neque inopia mimdtur. Sail. Cat. 11. — 213. Sic 
quibus, etc. Avarice compared with a dropsy : comp. Hor. Carm. 
ii. 2, 13. — In pretio, etc. A play on words. — census, property, in- 
come : comp. Hor. Ep. i. 6, 36. — Tu tamen, etc. You, however, 
want to know if this receiving of the copper slips be of good omen, 
and why it is still given to me. It might appear from this, that 
stipes were put into the hand of Janus on this day. — Aera, etc. It is 
a remnant of antiquity when copper was the only money. Gold is 
more prized, however, now. — Nos, etc. This seems to allude to the 
temple of Janus at the Forum Olitorium, outside of the Carmental 
gate, which Tiberius rebuilt A. U. 770 ; Tac. Ann. ii. 49. In this 
and the following verses, therefore, a compliment may be intended 
for that prince. The plur. is used in them for the sing., as it is of 
hinisell only that the god speaks. 



]38 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

227-254. Cause of the figures on the old Roman coin, which bore 
on one side a ship, on the other a Janus. — monitus, his instructions : 
comp. iii. 167. — iV« vetus, etc. The image had been effaced by wear 
and time. — 234. falcifer deus, Saturn : see Virg. Aen. viii. 313. — 
240. testificafa, i. e. testificans : see on v. 2. — solum, etc. The Jani- 
cular on the right or Tuscan side of the Tiber, whose left side was, 
therefore, next the river. — arenosi. On account of the great quan- 
tity of sand which it carries in suspension, whence it was named 
flavus. — incaedua, uncut, natural wood. — tanta, i. e. what is now so 
great. — 247. Tunc, i. e. in the Golden Age. — patiens, bearing, i. e. 
inhabited by. — humanis lock, the abodes of men. — Nondum, etc. : 
comp. Met. i. 150. — pudor, alSwe, reverence. 

255-288. Reason of the site of his temple : see Excursus I. — 
Jajii. A Janus was simply a door or gate. Each of the city-gates, 
for instance, had two Jani : see on ii. 201. — Protinus, etc. The 
well-known story of Tarpeia : see Liv. i. 11 ; Propert. iv. 4. The 
following legend occurs first, we believe, in Ovid : comp. Met. xiv. 
780. — Oebalii. It was a current opinion that the Sabines were 
descended from the Laconians, one of whose mythic kings was 
named Oebalus. — levis, light-minded. — 262. iter. This would seem 
to mean the level of the Capitol at the head of the clivus ; but it is 
a very unusual sense of the word. It appears to indicate her lead- 
ing them up. — descenditis, sc. vos Romani. — Saturnia, Juno : comp. 
Virg. Aen. vii. 620. — artis, sc. aperietidi. — ope, by the power or act. 
— 274. tuto, i. q. tuito, sc. a me. — Ara. The conj. is omitted : see 
our Virgil, p. 837. — Haec, etc. This consumes with its flames a 
strues and a mola salsa, i. e. in honour of Janus, to whom the strues 
was apparently appropriated. — strues. Genera liborum sunt, digitorum 
conjunctorum non dissimilia, qui siiperjecta panicula in transversum con- 
tinentur. Festus 5. «. .- comp. Cato R. R. 134. Merkel (p. xcvi.) 
would prefer to read cum strueferta suis. 

277-288. Why the gates were open in war, closed in peace. — 
possit, sc. Pax. — Caesareoque, sc. nunc. — nomine, name, influence, 
authority. — Dixit .... aquas. These four verses were added when 
he revised the poem. — oculos, etc., i. e. the eyes of both faces. — 
285. vestri, of your, i. e. of Tiberius who gave the auspices, and of 
Germanicus who led the army. This triumph for the Chattans, 
Cheruscans, and Angivarians was celebrated by Germanicus on the 
vii. Kal. Jan. A. U. 770: see Tac. Ann. ii. 41. — Tradiderat, etc., 
i. e. the dominion of the Romans on the Rhine was acknowledged. — 
pads ministros, Tiberius and Germanicus.— az^c^r, probably Tibe- 
rius. — deserat, neglect. 



BOOK I. 227-327. 139 

289-294. Temples dedicated on the Kalends of January. — Quod, 
etc., sc. hoc est. — patres, the senate, or our ancestors. — Accepit, etc. 
In the Insula of the Tiber stood the temple of Aesculapius, built 
A. U. 462 : see Met. xv. 662 ; Hist, of Rome, p. 139, and a temple 
of Jupiter, dedicated A. U. 538 : see Liv. xxxiv. 37, There was 
also a temple of Faunus in the Island (see ii. 193), dedicated in the 
same year, but not on the same day with that of Jupiter. — in parte 
est, i. e. is a sharer. From what follows, it would appear that the 
two temples stood close together. 

293-310. Introduction to the astronomic notices. — promissi, sc. 
opens, V. 2. — pariter, equally, alike. — 302. Officiuvi fori, the pleading 
of causes : comp. Hor. Ep. i. 7, 47. — gloria, sc. vana, vanity : see 
Hor. Sat. i. 6, 23 ; Ep. i. 18, 21.—Juco, with false splendour. The 
fucus is a marine plant, with the dye of which the Tyrian purple 
was imitated ; Hor. Ep. i. 10,27. — 303. Admovere, etc. By their 
study of the stars they brought them, as it were, near our eyes, i. e. 
became as well acquainted with them as if they were nearer. — Sic 
pelitur (sc. vere}, etc. He alludes to the Aloeids, Otus and 
Ephialtes : Horn. Od. xi. 304 ; Virg. Geor. i. 280. He had also in 
view, Hor. Carm. i. 3, 38 ; iv. 4, 30. — 309. Nos quoque, etc. / too, 
though so inferior. The language here too seems figurative, and 
taken from the encampment of a Roman army. Of this the mode 
was, that some officers went on before the troops with the metatores, 
who marked out the different quarters for them with vexilla, i. e. 
signa, at which the soldiers pitched their tents. 

311-314. The morning-setting of Cancer : see Introd. § 1. 

313, 316. The morning-rising of Lyra, which was usually attended 
with rain. — Institerint, sc. si or cum: see on Hor. Sat. i. 3, 13. — 
signa dabunt, sc. ea. Some MSS. and editors put nonae in v. 313, 
and imbres in v. 316. 

317-334. The festival of the Agonalia, in honour, as it would 
appear, of Janus. The sacrifice was a ram offered in the Regia by 
the Rex Sacrorum : Varro L. L. vi. 12. — succinctus minister, etc., 
i. e. the popa, who killed the victim, and who had nothing on him 
but a limus, an apron, or petticoat (like the camjyestre), fastened 
about his loins : see Virg. Aen. xii. 120. — strictos, grasped, held in 
his hand. It is a plur. for sing, as usual. — agatne. The popja used 
to say agone? i.e. shall I strike the victim? and the Rex replied, 
hoc age, do so. Varro {ut sup.) gives this derivation of the name. 
— 323. Pa)-s, etc. Others derive it from the leading (aciu) of the 
victim to the altar. — Pars, etc. Others thought that Agonalis was 
quasi Agnalis from agna, — 327. An, etc. It was also thought that the 



140 XOTES ON THE FASTI. 

origin might be Greek, from ayoovia, on account of the terror of the 
victim. — in aqua. It was the custom to place the sacrifical knives in 
a vessel full of water. — 329. Fas etiam. It may also be that the name 
is Greek, and is derived from the games (^ayUvtc) celebrated on that 
occasion in the old times. — Et pecus, etc. The reason which he 
himself prefers, Agonia was an old name for pecus, or for hostia, as 
Festus {s. V.) says. — Rex Sacrorum. For this and the other mini- 
sters of the Roman religion, see Excursus II. — lanigerae, etc., i. e. 
a ram : see on v. 317. 

335, 336. Origins of the terms victima and hostia. He derives 
them both from the same origin, namely, a victory gained over 
enemies. 

337-348. Original offerings to the gods. Merkel regards what 
follows as an addition made by Ovid to the poem when he was 
revising it. — Far erat, etc , i. e. the mola salsa. — pertulerat, sc. 
Italiae. — costiim. The costus was a fragrant root that came from the 
East, most probably from India: see Hor. Carm. iii. 1,44; Plin. 
xii. 2 ; Stat. Silv. ii. 1, 160. — herbis Sabinis, the savine, called by the 
Greeks ^pdQv, a species of juniper, common in the South of Europe ; 
Plin. xxiv. 61. — laurus, the bay : see Flor. Virg. s v. It crackles 
in the flame, and when it gave a loud sound, it was regarded as a 
good omen : comp. v. 76 ; Tibull. ii. 5, 81. 

349-392. First sacrifices of quadrupeds and their causes.^ t7//«, 
i. q. ulciscens. — lactentia, sucking, i. e. young ; as if they were 
animals. Thus (Met. xv. 201) he terms the spring lactens annus. — 
in vite, sc. sua. — 357. Rode, etc. Kr/v jii (pdyyg tnl piZ,a.v, ofiwg 'in 
KapTro(popr'iij(x) "Oaaov iTTianfKTai aoi, rpdji, Ovofikv^j, Anthol. Gr. i. 
p. 165, ed. Jacobs.— noxae deditus, given up to punishment. Cum lex 
jubet noxae dedere j)7-o peccato, Festus v. Noxa. — 363. Flebat, etc. 
He derives the sacrifice of oxen from the mode in which Aristaeus 
recovered his bees. For that legend, see Virg. Geor. iv. 315, seq. 
— cum stirpe, with the root, radicitus, i. e. totally. — necatas, sc. a 
nymphis : see Virg. ib. 532. — Caerula, as being a water-nymph. — 
373. faciem, his form, appearance. — transformis, changing. This adj. 
is, we believe, peculiar to Ovid : comp. Met. viii. 871. — adulterat, 
adulterates, i. e. changes. — una,&c.anivia, i. e. bos. — 381. Pascit,etc. 
Some MSS., followed by editors in general, read Poscii ovem fatum. 
— verbenas, plants used for sacred purposes : see Flor. Virg. s. v. 
The legend here alluded to, is not noticed by any other writer. — 
385. Placat eqiio, etc. The Persians sacrifice a horse to Mithras 
their sun-god, the Greek Helios. Herodotus says of the Massage- 
tans (i. 2I6_), QtSiv ds iiovvov r'jKiov as(3ovTai, t<^ Qvovai 'Iitttovq. 



BOOK I. 329-458. 141 

vojXOQ Se ovtoq rrjc QvairiQ' rutv BeuJv ri^ rax'ic^Tqj iravTiav TtSv 
6vr]T(iJv rb jax't-orov Sarkovrai : which place Ovid had evidently in 
his mind. — Quod (i e. ob quod), etc. The legend of Iphigenia. — 
triplici Dianae, as being identified with Hecate : see on v. 141. — 
389. vidi. When he was going into exile at Tomi on the Euxine, 
A. U. 763, he landed on the coast of Thrace, and went the rest of 
the way by land : see Tr. i, 10, 23. — Sapaeos, a people of Thrace ; 
Herod, vii. 110. — 7igido, etc. Priapus. 

393-440. Origin of the sacrifice of the ass to Priapns. This is 
either an Alexandrian fable or the poet's own invention. — Festa, 
etc., the TpKTTioiQ, or festival of Bacchus, celebrated every third 
year. — corymhifen, Kopvf.il3o(p6pov, ivy-berries-bearing, i. e. crowned 
with ivy. This word is only to be found in this place. — bnima, the 
year which began at the hruma. It was not, however, at that sea- 
son that the feast was held. — D'l qiioque, etc. The deities con- 
nected with Bacchus, also took this opportunity of holding a festival. 
We are not to suppose that they mixed with men on the occasion. — 
Et quicumque, etc., every deit^y of a sportive character. — jmndo, hol- 
low-backed. — 400. Qidqiie, etc. Priapus. — vestitis, covered with grass, 
instead of purple or scarlet covers, vestes. — large. This is to be 
joined with agebat. Editors in general read puree, and join it with 
viiscendas. — 405. sine peclinis usu, without having combed out and 
arranged them. — minhtrat, sc. cibos. In the heroic ages the attend- 
ants at meals were females. — qui pinu, etc. Pan. — 414. Nequitia, 
lust. — tutela, i. e. tutor : see Virg. Excurs. VII. 

441-456. Sacrifices of birds, ascribed to the vengeance of the 
gods, because the birds revealed their will to men. — modos, measures, 
£ongs. — j>enna, by the wing, the flight, i. e. the Praepetes. — ore, the 
oscines, as they were styled in the language of augury. — 447. dis, 
etc., as each is connected with the gods. Thus the eagle announced 
the will of Jupiter ; the crow, that of Apollo. — defensa, etc. : see 
Hist, of Rome, p. 118. — 434. Inachi, i.e. Isis, the Egyptian deity, 
greatly worshiped at that time at Rome, and who had been identi- 
fied with lo the daughter of Inachus : see Mythology, p. 408. — 
Inula, delicate about food. Qvovai (sc. Isidi) Si kuI ^ovq nai 
tkaipovQ o't svSatfiOVBffTspoi, cxroi Se tlaiv aTToSkovTi^ 7r\ovT({> Kcii 
Xnvag Kal opvidaQ rag fisXeypiSag' vcri Si kg rriv dvoiav ov voj.u- 
^oDo-tv ovSi oiVt x()?}(70ai /cai ai^'i. Pans. x. 32. Perhaps, however, 
lauta might be elegant, on account of the pure white linen garments 
of her worshipers. — provocat, calls forth. 

457, 438. The morning-rising of Delphin or the Porpoise. — 
Tollilur, raises himself; a mid. voice. 



142 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

459, 460. The day of raid-winter (not the bruma), which, how- 
ever, is placed on the pridie Nonas (4th) by Columella (xi. 2) and 
by Ptolemy. — discnmma, separating line. — superabit, i. e. supererit. 
A frequent sense of this verb : see on Virg. Buc. ix. 27. 

461-468. The Carmentaiia and the dedication of the temple of 
Juturna. — Turni soror. So she had been made by Vii'gil, and the 
Aeneis was now read by every one. — aede recepit. Hide Fonti (so. 
Juturnae) per Aquaminum inopum (leg. flaminem minorem, Merk.) 
sacrificari solet, cut Lutatius Catulus primus templum in Campo Martio 
fecit, Serv. Aen. xii. 139. — Virghiea aqua, the Aqua Virgo brought 
by Agrippa through aqueducts from a marshy place, eight miles 
from Rome on the Collatine road, for the supply of his Thermae. 
It was conducted below the gardens of LucuUus, which were on the 
Pincian hill, and so compassed the Campus Martins. It still supplies 
the beautiful Fontana Trevi. Its name, Frontinus (De Aquaed. 10) 
says, was owing to its springs having been pointed out by a maiden ; 
but it more probably came from the supposed purity of its waters. — 
sacrorum, sc. Carmentalmm. — Ipsa, i. e. Carmentis, whose name is 
derived from carmen. — erret, stray, i. e. be unknown or wrongly 
related. — honos, festival. 

469-508. Coming of Evander to Italy. — Orta, etc. The Arca- 
dians were styled by the poets (who probably only adopted the 
popular legend) TrpoasXyvove, as having existed before the moon. 
Doderlein, by the way, says that it signifies merely, before the 
Hellenes. — te/lus, i. e. ge7is. — Arcade. Areas, the son of Callisto. — 
utroque, sc. sanguine. According to the common account, he was 
the son of the god Hermes by Carmentis. But there seems to have 
been another account (see Serv. Aen. viii. 130), which made 
Echemus his father, and this Ovid apparently follows. It is also 
said, that the cause of Evander's exile was his having accidentally 
killed his father, Serv. ib. 51. — 473. Quae, etc., i. e. she was a pro- 
phetess. — pleno del, inspired. — motus, civil commotion ; or, perhaps, 
change of abode. — nacta, sc. est. For time verified her predictions. 
— nimium, i. q. valde, a common sense of this word. — -fugatus, obliged 
to go into exile. — 478. Parrhasium, i. e. Arcadium, part for whole. 
— in fatis, i. e. a decree of destiny : comp. Met. i. 256. — meriti, sc. 
tui. — procella, i. e. exilium. The figure is taken from the sea and 
navigation. — Aonia, Boeotian. — Et, sc. alii. — 493. Omne solum. "A-jrag 
fxkv drjp aieTcp 'Trepacnfiog, "Airaaa Sk ^Owv avSpi yevvaiq) TrarpiQ, 
Eurip. fr. incert. 36. — Nee fera, etc. X'w XivQ aXKoKa fiev vkXei 
aWpiog, ciXKoKa S" vei, Theocr. iv. 43 : comp. Hor. Carm. ii. 9, 1. — 
tenet, holds, i. e. reaches : comp. iv. 290. Gierig says, holds his 



BOOK I. 459-536. 143 

course for. — amnevi, sc. Tuscum (from next verse), the Tiber. — 500. 
obvius ibat, was going against, i. e. up the stream. — latjis, etc., i. e. 
the left bank of the river, before coming to the Campus Martins, 
i. e. the Palatine hill. By the vada Tarenti must be meant that part 
of the stream that ran by the Tarentum. — Tarenti. This is the 
reading of, we may say, all the MSS. ; but every other Latin writer 
calls this place Terentum. It was in the Campus Martius, and ap- 
parently close to the Tiber, but the exact spot is unknown. Vale- 
rius Maximus (ii. 4, 5) tells a long legend of the discovery of this 
place, by the appearance of smoke rising from the ground in the 
night, and how, on digging to the depth of twenty feet, an altar 
was found inscribed to Dis Pater and Proserpine. He says, that 
this was the origin of the Saccular games, at which black victims 
were offered for three successive nights at this altar : see also Liv. 
Epit. 49 ; Stat. Silv. i. 4, 18 ; iv. 1, .38 ; Mart. iv. 1,8; Varro ap. 
Censorin. 17; Zosimus, ii. 1. — UUjiie erat, as she was, without 
making any change. To express the suddenness of the inspiration. 
— mmissis, loosed. — regentis iter, the steersman. — dextram, i. e. on 
her right. — -pinea texta, the deck formed of pine-wood : comp. Virg. 
Aen. ii. 238. 

309-536. Prophecy of Carmentis. — novos deos, i. e. Romulus and 
the Caesars. — nemorum silvae, the woods with which the hills of 
Rome were then covered, — bonis avibiis, i. e. bono amine. — 513. 
Fallot ? etc. The future greatness of Rome. — tantumfati, so great 
a destiny. — Et jam, etc. These are the subjects of the six last 
books of the Aeneis. — hie cinis, i. e. Rome, that rose, as it were, from 
the ashes of Troy. — 527. patrem. Cato {ap. Serv. Aen. iii. 711) 
said that Anchises also reached Italy ; but Ovid would hardly con- 
tradict Virgil, and he probably expressed himself somewhat care- 
lessly, supposing every one to be familiar with the Aeneis. — Iliacos, 
etc. The Penates brought from Troy were kept in the temple of 
Vesta; Tac. Ann. xv. 41. The temple of the Penates was differ- 
ent. — Tempus erit, etc. Alluding to Augustus, who was Pontifes 
Maximus, and who had transferred the sacred fire, etc. to his house 
on the Palatine : see iv. 949. — 533. Inde nejios, etc. Tiberius, by 
adoption the son of Augustus, and grandson of JuHus Caesar. — 
licet, etc. His affected reluctance to accept the imperial dignity : 
see Tac. Ann. i. 11 ; Hist. Rom. Emp. p. 39. — Sic Augusta, etc. 
By the last will of Augustus, his wife Livia was adopted into the 
Julian family, and received the title of Augusta. This is, perhaps, 
all that the poet means by calling her here a numen. She was 
deified by her grandson Claudius, Suet. Claud. 11. 



144 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

537-586. Legend of Hercules and Cacus : see Virg. Aen. viii. 
190, seq. ; Hist, of Rome, p. 1\.— Felix, etc. Alluding to his own 
exile at Tomi. — Erythe'idas, from the isle of Erytheia, the abode of 
Geryoneus ; see Mythology, p. 359. — applicat, brings, drives. — 550. 
Traxerat, so. nam.- — aversos, backwards. — fades : see on v. 373. — pro, 
proportioned to. — 559. viale, i. e. non : see on Hor. Sat. i. 3, 45. — 
furta, i. e. the stolen oxen. — -juga quinque, sc. bourn. — male : see v. 
559. — spii-are, etc. Typhoeus was placed under Aetna in the Giant- 
war. Virgil (Aen. iii. 578) places there Enceladus. — 575. Occupat, 
attacks. Jussit . . . quatuor admoveri canes, qui celeriter occ up averunt 
feram. Curt. ix. 1. — trinodis (def. for indef.), knotty. — Constituit, etc. 
The Ara Maxima, ^cred to Hercules, stood at the foot of the 
Palatine hill, and the Forum Boarium lay between it and the river. 
— prope, etc., i. e. the approaching apotheosis of Hercules. — dea, sc. 
facta. 

587-616. The conferring of the title of Augustus on Caesar. — 
castus sacerdos, the Flamen Dialis. — Castus is properly ayvoQ, pure, 
holy, and incestus, its opposite ; hence a Vestal who committed 
breach of chastity was termed incesta, and the offence, incestus, or 
incestum : see Cic. Legg. ii. 10. — Semimaris avis. This is plainly a 
vervex or wether, while, v. 56, he calls the victim grandior agna, a 
ewe-lamb. We confess that we cannot clear this matter. It was a 
usual rule in the Roman, as in the Mosaic, religion to offer nothing 
mutilated to the deit}'. Merkel (p. clxxii) thinks it possible that 
the wether may have been substituted for the sheep, on the Ides of 
January, on account of theferiae Augustales. — Reddita, etc. On the 
Ides of January (Verrius says xvii. Kal. Feb.), A U. 727, Caesar 
arranged the provinces, retaining the administration of some himself, 
and giving that of others to the senate and people. At this time also 
he received the title of Augustus : see Hist. Rom. Emp. pp. 5, 6. 
The poet is not strictly correct in using the adj. omnis. — 591. 
generosa, noble, i. e. belonging to noble families. — ceras, the imagines 
or waxen busts of their ancestors, at the base of which their names 
and deeds were inscribed. — Africa, etc. For these various titles 
see Hist of Rome, pp. 254, 362, 364, 320, 178, 285.-597. Et mortem, 
etc. : see Hist. Rom. Emp. p 16. — Caesar, i. e. Augustus. Victories 
had been gained by himself or his generals over all the surrounding 
nations, and the recovering of the standards was regarded as a 
victory over the Parthians — Ex uno (sc. victo), etc. : see Hist, of 
Rome, pp. 128, 131. — 603. Maggie, i.e. Pompeius. — qui ie, etc. 
Julius Caesar. — Nee gradus, etc.: see Hist, of Rome. p. 170. — 
omnes, sc. hi. — Hie, Augustus.— 609. Sancta, etc. Augustus \s \. q. 



BOOK I. 537-633. 145 

sanctus, hence the Greeks rendered it o-f/Saoroc. — vacant patres. 
li hy patres he means the old Romans, he may have had verses like 
this of Ennius : Augusta aitgurio po&tqiiam incluta condita Roma est, 
and the language of the Annals, etc. in view, and so have been justi- 
fied in using the present tense : see our Horace, Excurs. I. — rite, 
duly, legitimately. It is the proper term. Negabant Pontifices unam 
cellam amplius qiiam uni deo rite dedicai'i, Liv. xxvii. 25. — manu. 
Because the person dedicating laid his hands on the door-post : see 
Hist, of Rome, p. 33. — 611. Hujiis, etc., i.e. from the same root 
(i. e. augeo) is also derived augiir'mm. — Et quodcumque, etc. We 
know^, however, of'no other word that could be derived from augeo, 
and even these two are very dubious. — auget. The proper meaning 
0? atigeo is, to enlarge, increase, add to. Hence it is used of giving 
honour, dignity, etc., to a person, thing, or place ; comp. ii. 56 : 
hence also, when the senate confirmed a decree of the people, the 
word auctores is used. Ut cum popuhis regent jussisset, id sic ratum 
esset, si patres auctores fierent, Liv. i. 17. — Protegat (sc. semper), 
may it shade. This was one of the honours decreed at that time to 
Augustus : Hist. Rom. Emp. p. 6. — vestras, your, i. e. the Caesarian 
family. — heres, Tiberius. — suscipiat, sustain. Qitid loquar lapideas 
moles .... qidbus porticus et capacia populorum tecta suscipimus, 
Sen. Ep. 90. 

617-636. The Carmentalia repeated. — actas, i. q. exactns, past. — 
Fient, will be (celebrated). — Nam, etc. The reason of this repeti- 
tion. — carpenta. The exact form of the carpentum is unknown : 
see Becker, Gallus, p. 263. It was used both by men and women, 
and it came at length to signify a dung-cart, Pallad. x. I. The de- 
rivation hei*e given is absurd. — 621. ilfo;i', etc. A. U. 538, in the 
heat of the second Punic war, C. Oppius, a tribune of the people, 
had a law passed forbidding any woman to possess more than half an 
ounce of gold, to wear a party-coloured garment, or to ride in a 
carriage {juncto veJiiculo'), except on occasions of public religious 
rites. In 557 this law was repealed in spite of the strenuous oppo- 
sition of Cato the Censor : see Liv. xxxiv. 1-8. There is nothing 
said in Livy of the conduct adopted by the women, but it is noticed 
by Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 56. — Pro pueris, etc., i. e. for children 
of both sexes, the partus of v. 623. — 629. Scortea, things made of 
leather. — Ne violent, etc. Because they prayed for children to be 
born, and so it would be of ill omen to use any dead thing. — assiste, 
stand beside. — precaiUi, sc. alicui. — 633. Porrima, etc. Varro (op. Cell, 
xvi. 16), when speaking of the difficult labour of women, says, htijus 
periculi dejjrecandi causa arae statutae sunt Romae duabus Carmen- 

H 



146 NOTES ON THE FASTI, 

tibus, quarum una Postverta noininata est, Prosa (Al. Prorsa) altera, 
a recti perversique partus et potestate et nomine. This fully explains 
V. 628, and the origin of the rite, and also that of the legend told by 
Ovid and Plutarch. Servius (Aen. viii. 336) names, like our poet, 
one of the Carmentes Porrima. — 634. diva. Most editors read 
nympha : see Virg. Aen. viii. 336, 339. — porro, i. e. -n-pd, pro. 

637-650. Dedication of Temple of Concord. — Candida, sc. dea or 
Concordia, v. 639. — niveo. This cannot mean built of vrhite marble : 
see on v. 70. It rather, like Candida in that place, denotes the 
polish of the pillars, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. viii. 720. — Qua fert, etc. 
The temple of Concord stood at the foot of the Capitoline hill, 
facing the Forum. Its site may be seen exactly behind the arch of 
Severus. On its left, between it and the Career, a flight of steps 
led up to the Arx, where the temple of Juno Moneta stood, on the 
site of Manlius' house : see vi. 183. Abeken, however, asserts 
(Mittelitalien, p. 232) that both temples stood on the Arx, to which 
the steps led up from the Intermontium. Of the existence of this 
supposed temple of Concord, we have seen no proof, and its site 
hardly accords with v. 639. — turbam, sc. stantem in Foro.— manus, sc. 
Tiberii, A. U. 763, according to Verrius Flaccus, Fast. Praen. Dion 
Ivi. 25. — 641. Furius, etc. The great L. Furius Camillus, the con- 
queror of Veil and Falerii, on the occasion of the Licinian rogation 
(A. U. 383), vowed a temple to Concord, and built this temple in 
performance of his vow : see Hist, of Rome, p. 124. — causa recens, 
i. e. of the restoration of the temple by Tiberius. In 763 Tiberius 
carried on w^ar in Germany, to avenge the slaughter of Quintilius 
Varus and his legions in 762. — 646. Porrigit. Merkel reads corrigit, 
with the early editions, and he quotes an old gloss which explains 
it by desecat. But corrigo never has that meaning ; its original 
sense is, to stretch out, to straighten : on the other hand, porrigo 
is, to stretch forth, to present, and it was used of the sur- 
render made by enemies. Parihe, refers aquilas : victos quoqu£ 
porrigis arcus, v. 593. Nunc petit Armenius pacem ; nunc porrigit 
arcus Parthus eques timida signaque capta manu, Tr. ii. 227. False 
hair was very much worn in Rome at that time, and it chiefly came 
from Germany, as the yellow colour was preferred. Jam tibi cap- 
tivos mittet Germania crines ; Culta triumphatae munere gentis eris, says 
our poet in a piece (Am. i. 14, 45) which was probably written 
during the campaigns of Drusus in Germany in 741-745, and is ap- 
parently prophetic, for there was no triumph for the Germans before 
that of Germanicus in 770. We think, therefore, that it may have 
been a condition of the peace accorded to the Germans in 764, that 



BOOK I. 634-704. 147 

they should supply, perhaps annually, a certain quantity of hair for 
the Roman market. — Inde, etc. This is somewhat erroneous ; Tibe- 
rius triumphed in 765 for the Pannonians and Dalmatians, not for 
the Germans, and the temple of Concord was not merely built, but 
dedicated (Ka9ispw6i]), in 763. — Haec, sc. templa. — constituit, sc. 
tecum. — rebus et ara, i. e. with property and with an altar. It seems 
to mean that Livia joined in defraying the cost of the building, and 
that she placed an altar there. — magni Jovis. Augustus. 

651, 652. Passage of the Sun into Aquarius. — Haec, sc. tevipora, 
i. e. XVII. Kal. 

653, 654. Evening-setting of Lyra. — Oriens, i. e. Sol. 

655, 656. Morning-setting of Regulus, a star of the first magni- 
tude in the breast of Leo. Columella (xi. 2) says it sets vi. Kal. 
Feb. — Sidere ah hoc, i. e. after this sign, sc. Lyra. — ignis, i. e. 
Regulus. 

657-674. The feast of the Sementina. — Ter quater, three or four 
times, the conj. being omitted in the usual Roman manner. — evolvi. 
For, like other books, they were rolled up. — indicitur, sc. a Fontifice 
(Varro L. L. vi. 26), is given out : see Introd. $ 3. — Utque dies, etc. 
Though the exact day was not known, yet the time of the year was 
when it would be, i. e. after seed-sowing. — coronati. It was usual to 
put garlands on the working cattle, on occasions like this : comp. v. 
52 ; vi. 31 1 ; Tibull. ii. 1, 8. — 665. Rusticus, etc. : comp. Pers. iv. 28, 
The ancient plough was very light : see Virg. Terms Husb.u.aratrum. 
— Pagus, the village. Serv. Tullius, it is said, divided the Roman 
territory into pagi, in each of which there was an altar at which the 
pagani used to hold a feast every year called the Paganalia (Dionys. 
iv. 15). — liba: see on v. 128. Each family brought its libum. — suo, 
their own, which they give. — Haec, i, e. Ceres : see Zumpt, $ 70. — 
causam, origin. 

675-694. Prayer to Ceres and Tellus. — Consortes operum, sc. 
agricuUurae, in which these goddesses bore a part. — usta, nipped, 
withered : see on Virg. Geor. i, ll.—latet, sc. semen, i. e. is covered 
in. — 685. subjectis, sc. terrae.—formicae : see on Virg. Geor. i. 186. 
— pinguior aequo : see Virg. Geor. i. Ill ; ii.253. — /o/m5, darnel : see 
Flor. Virg. s. v. — Nee sterilis, etc. : comp. Virg, Buc. v. 37 ; Geor. 
i. 154. — passiira, etc. The/«r was parched or dried with fire before 
it was ground, and it was baked or boiled when in meal. 

695-704. Reflections. — din, i. e. during the long period of the 

civil wars. — sarcula, the hoes. This and all other rustic implements 

are fully explained and described in the Terms of Husbandry in our 

Virgil. — tiiae, sc. Germanice. — religala, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. i. 294. 

H 2 



148 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

705-708. Dedication of the temple of the Castors, i. e. Castor and 
Pollux. This temple, which was vowed during the battle at the 
lake Regil]us(Hist. of Rome, p. 35), was dedicated two years after, 
on the Ides of Quinctilis, A. U. 268 (Liv. ii. 42). It is probable 
that it was burnt A. U, 747, and it was rebuilt by Tiberius and dedi- 
cated A. U. 759. He inscribed on it his own name, and that of his 
deceased brother Drusus ; Dion Iv. 27. Its site was on the south 
side of the Forum, between the temple of Vesta and the Basilica 
Julia. — de genie deorum, i. e. of the Caesarian family. 

709-724. The altar of Peace. This goddess had hitherto been 
neglected by the warlike Romans, but Augustus on his return from 
Gaul, A. U. 741, dedicated an altar to her on the Nones of July, in 
the Campus Martins : see Fast. Amitern. In 745, after his return 
a second time from Gaul (Hist. Rom. Emp. p. 16), he dedicated 
anew an altar to Peace, iii. Kal. Feb. in the same place ; Fast. 
Praenest. It is of this, that the poet now speaks. — Frondibus Ac- 
tiacis, Actiac bays, because the battle of Actium ended the civil 
wars. — 717. primus, the near. — Pacnlibiis Jlamviis, i.e. the fire on 
the altar of Peace. — propensos, who incline to. 



BOOK II. 



ARGUMENT. 



Introduction, 1-18. Origin of name of February, 19-34. Puri- 
fications, 35-54. Dedication of temple of Juno Sospita, etc., 55-72. 
Setting of Lyra and Leo, 73-78 ; of Delphin ; Story of Arion, 
79-118. Augustus styled Pater Patriae, 119-144. Rising of 
Aquarius ; Beginning of Spring, 145-152 ; of Arctophylax ; Story of 
Callisto, 153-192. Fall of the Fabii, 193-242. Rising of Corvus, 
Anguis, and Crater, 243-266. Lupercalia ; Story of Hercules and 
Omphale, and of Romulus and Remus, 267-452. Sun enters 
Pisces, 453-474. Quirinalia, etc., 475-532. Parentalia, 533-616. 
Caristia, 617-638. Terminalia, 639-684. Regifugium, 685-852. 
Return of the swallow ; Equiria, 853-864. 

1-18. Introduction. Henceforth we are to recollect, that we 
are reading the poem as it was originally written, and addressed to 
Augustus before the poet's banishment in A. U. 763, and we are not 
to look in it for any event posterior to that year. — elegi, i. e. pentame- 
ters, the elegiac measure. — nuper. This word, like olim, quondam, etc., 



BOOK II. 1-55. 149 

is used in rather an indefinite manner by the Latin poets. Ovid had 
published his Ars Amatoria in 732, and he had previously published 
his Heroides and his Amores, all in elegiac verses. — Ecqiiis, etc. 
Would any one suppose that idle love-verses would have led to 
such a theme ? — 9. Haec. The constr. is, Haec mil. est viea, i. e. that 
of celebrating festivals, etc. v. 15. — non vacat, is not without, i. e. it 
does something. — 14. habilis, fit for, capable of. — Caesar, Augustus. 

19-46. Origin of the name of the month. — Febriia, etc. Februa 
was the term used by the old Romans for what were afterwards 
called piamina. Piamen, i. q. jyiamentum, was whatever was used as 
a icaOapnog or purification { jnirgamentum) for removing dyog or 
guilt. — dant fidem, prove its correctness. — rege, sc. sacrorum : see 
on i. 5Q1 .—flamine, sc. diali. — lanas, wool to be used in purifica- 
tion, which wool was named februa. — Quaeque capit, etc. The 
parched far and salt {mola salsa), which the Flamen's lictor takes in 
the Flamen's house for purposes of purification, are called februa. — 
mica, sc. sails. — 2.5. arbore pura, i. e. the pine, v. 28. — Flaminicam, 
the wife of the Flamen Dialis. — poscentem, sc. a ministris, when she 
was oflBciating. — intonsos, i. e. bearded. The old Romans wore 
their beards till A. U. 454, when barbers were brought from Sicily ; 
the younger Africanus was the first who had himself shaved daily ; 
Plin. vii. 59. — secta quia, etc. : see v. 267, seq. — 33. Aid quia, etc., the 
Parentalia : see v. 533, seq. — pura, i. e. facta pura. — nost^i series, our 
ancestors, patres, v. \9, avos, v. 30. — 37. Graecia, etc. It was, how- 
ever, common to the whole ancient world. The Mosaic law also had 
its rites of purification. — Actoriden, Menoetius, thefather of Patroclus, 
or rather Patroclus himself: see Hom. II. xxiii. 85. — Phoci, his 
brother: see Mythology, p. 312, whence it will appear that Ovid 
makes a mistake here. — 42. Credulus, too ready to believe. — im- 
merita, which she did not deserve. — Amphiardides, Alcmaeon : see 
Mythology, p. 480.— /«cz/<?5, sc. credere, i. e. creduli, v. 42. 

47-54. Order of the months. The poet is in great confusion 
here, for he maintains that January was always the first month in 
the year, and at the same time that February was the last in the 
old Roman year : see Introd. § 3. — tamen (i. q. tanderti), sc. obsei-- 
vandum est. — Termine, i. e. the Terminalia : see v. 639. — spatio, sc. 
menstrua. — dista7itia tempora, i.e. prid. Kal. Feb. and Kal. Mart. — bis 
quini viri, the Decemvirs. — continuasse, to have joined. This is 
mentioned no where else, and we know not how they effected it. 
He alludes perhaps to the practice of intercalating. 

55-66. Temple of Juno Sospita, and compliment to Csesar. — 
Principio, etc. It is related (in the Annals) that a temple was 

h3 



150 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

dedicated to Juno Sospita (the goddess of Lanuviura ; Mythol. p. 
312), on the Palatine, near that of the Mother of the Gods. — aucta, 
honoured : see on i. 612. — quaeris, i. e. si quaeris. — 59. Caetera, sc. 
templa in Palatino ? Aedem Juventutis aedem Matris Magnae 
IN Palatio feci ; Marm. Ancyr. tab. i. — duds, Augustus. — Tem- 
plorum, etc. Jugustum Caesarem templorum omnium conditorem 
vel restitutorem, Liv. iv. 20. Aedes sacras vetustate collapsas aut in- 
cendio absumptas refecit. Suet. Oct. 30. Of Tiberius we are told 
that he was circa deos et religiones negligentior, Suet. Tib. 69, and 
that he did no more than finish and dedicate three temples com- 
menced by Augustus ; Tac. Ann. ii. 49. — 65. caelestibus, i. e. to 
their temples. — Proque tua, etc. and may they keep guard on thy 
house. We think with Merkel (p. cxxix.) that it- may be the 
deities that had temples on the Palatine, where Augustus dwelt, that 
are meant. 

67-72. Other acts on the Kalends. — celebratur, is frequented, is 
resorted to. — Helerni. This is the conjecture of Heinsius. All 
the good MSS. read Averni; some of the inferior ones Ast/li, which 
is altogether absurd, as the Asylum, beside being closed, was on the 
Capitol, and this grove was on the banks of the Tiber : see on 
vi. 105. — 69. Ad penetrale, etc. : see on i. 55. — Capitolinum, etc. 
There was, it would hence appear, beside the sacrifice at the 
Capitoline temple, one at that of Jupiter Tonans, which stood on 
the same hill. — Saepe, sc. hoc die. 

1^-lQ. Evening-setting of Lyra ; morning-setting of Leo. — 
Gemmea juga. So of the chariot of the Sun, Met. ii. 109. Per 
juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae. — purpweis, brilliant, 
bright : see on Virg. Buc. ix. 40. — Ilia node, etc. Ovid evidently 
means that Lyra and Leo both set in the evening, while the truth 
is that the latter set in the morning of iii. Non. 

79-118. Evening-setting of Delphin. Story of Arion. — node 
sequente, i. e. Pr. Non., as the setting of Leo was on iii. Non. 
The real time of the setting of Delphin is Kal. Febr. — caelatum, 
set, embossed, sc. with stars. The verb caelo was used for relief as 
well as for engraving. — amoribus, sc. Neptuni, i. e. when he was 
courting Amphitrite, Eratost. Cat. 31. Hygin. Poet. Astr. i. 17. — 
Lesbida, For Arion was a native of Methymna, in the isle of 
Lesbos. The following tale is told by Herodotus (i. 24), who says 
that it happened in the time of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. — 89. 
Palladis alite, the owl. — comix, the raven : see Virgil, Excurs. VL 
This enmity of the raven and the owl, which eat each other's eggs, 
is noticed by Aristotle (H. A. ix. 1) and Aelian (de Nat. An. iii. 



BOOK II. 56-] 53. 151 

9). — Ausonis ora, the coast of Italy. — Inde, i. e. from Tarentuni. — 
02)es, his wealth. — 101. Quid tibi, etc. cries the poet. — r ef err e, to 
repeat, play. — coronam. The citharoedus wore a golden crown set 
with gems, with a palla of cloth of gold and a purple chlamys : see 
Auct. ad Herenn. iv. 47. — bis, etc. the dibaj^he or double-dyed pur- 
ple. — suos, its own, its proper sounds. He uses this word probably 
to show how calm and collected Arionwas. — 109. Flebilibus, etc. The 
song of the swan in death is a well-known notion of the ancients ; 
but what the meaning of its temples being pierced through is, we 
know not. Burmann says that penna is i. q. sagitta, as in Val. Flac. 
vi. 421. Gierig talks of a hard feather which the swan gets when 
old ; but of this there is no proof, and besides, how could it enter his 
head ? — canentia, senilia, as if he were a man . — delpki7ia, a porpoise. 
The fondness of this fish for melody is well known ; he will follow 
a boat in which there is music. — 113. pretium vehendi, sc. carmen. 
— novem. The number of stars in that sign. 

119-144. Conferring on Augustus of the title of Pater Patriae. 
— quo, sc. peclore. — alterno pectine, i. e. in elegiac verse, v. 3. — Quid 
volui, etc. Imitated from Virg. Buc. ii. 38, 60. — erat, i.q. est. 
The imperf. is often thus used like the Greek yv : see on Hor. Ep. i. 
4, 6. — 127. Sancte, etc. The people first gave him this title, send- 
ing deputies for the purpose to him at Antium. On his refusal 
they repeated it at Rome ; and then in the senate-house, Valerius 
Messala, at the general desire, thus addressed him : Quod bonum 
faustuvique sit tibi domuique tuae, Caesar Auguste : sic enim nos per- 
petuam felicitatem Reipublicae et laeta huic precari existimamus : 
Senatus te consentiens cum Po-jmlo Romano consalutat Patrem Patriae. 
Suet. Oct. 38. A fragment of a Tab. Praenest. (ap. Foggini, p. 
xii.) informs us that this was Non. Febr. 732. — Eques (collective), 
i. e. equites. Ovid was of this order. — tuendo. He avoided aggres- 
sive wars. — 136. solis, etc. both sides of the Sun, i.e. east and west. 
— hie castas, etc. Alluding to his laws on the subject of marriage. — 
] 40. luco, sc. Asyli. — ptindpis, sc. senatus, Augustus' favourite title. 
— incusat, sc. crudelitatis. — hostibus. Those who bore arms under 
Antonius and others, or perhaps those who conspired against him. 
— patrem, Julius Caesar. 

143-148. The morning-rising of Aquarius.— jower Idaeus, the 
Trojan boy, Ganymedes, the cup-bearer of the gods, supposed to be 
this sign. 

149-132, Beginning of Spring. 

133-192. Evening-rising of Arctophylax or Bootes. Story of 
Callisto : see Met. ii. 401, seq. ; Mythology, p. 423. — Hamadry- 
h4 



152 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

adas, I. e. Ni/mphas. The poets frequently thus use the species for 
the genus. — 156. c/zon', the train. — 173. hycaoni. She M'as daughter 
of Lycaon. — Arcton, "ApKTov, Bear. — Arctophylax, ' ApKToipvXaS,, 
bear-keeper. — Saevit, etc. The Bear never sets. 

193-242. The Faunalia. The fall of the Fabii. — agrestis. He 
was a rural deity : see Mythology, p. 537. — Haec ubi, etc. In the 
Island, beside the temples of Jupiter and Aesculapius (i. 291), stood 
that of Faunus. This temple, which was built with the money 
arising from fines, was dedicated A. U. 338 (Liv. xxxii. 38), in the 
same year with that of Jupiter. Livy speaks of them as distinct 
temples, but Vitruvius would seem to make them one, for he says 
(iii. 2, 4, Tauch.) : Hujus exemplar est in insula Tiberina in aede 
Jovis et Fauni. — Haec (sc. quoqzie), etc. The poet makes a 
considerable mistake here ; for though this may have been the day 
on which they set out from Rome, A. U. 273, that of their fall was 
XV. Kal. Sex. 277 ; Liv. vi. 1 : see Hist, of Rome, pp. 73, IQ.—Ter 
centum, etc. that is 306, the conj, omitted, as in ter quater and such 
like expressions. — vires et onus, i. e. the burden of the Veientine 
war. — gentiles, i. e. of the gens. — professa, which they had promised. 
— castris ab isdem. By this is probably meant the house of the 
consul before which they assembled. Liv. ii. 49 The Fabii, it 
would appear, dwelt chiefly on the Quirinal (Hist, of Rome, p. 117, 
noteX), and we may therefore suppose the order of their march to 
have been down that hill, along the valley to the temple of Janus, 
over the Forum, along the Vicus Jugarius, out at the Carmental 
gate, over the Campus Martins. They then crossed the Tiber by 
a bridge, probably where the Milvian was afterwards built ; for 
those writers who suppose no bridge over the river at that time 
but the Sublician are, we think, in error. — generosus, noble : comp. 
i. 391. — 200. E quis, etc. Q.uorum neminem ducem spe7'neret egregius 
quibiislibet tem2)oribus senatus, Liv. /. c. — Carmentis (gen. of person), 
etc. We would render this place thus : The nearest way to go 
out there is by the right-hand Janus of the Carmental gate, do not 
however go that way ; for Livy says : Infelici via dextro Jano Portae 
Carmentalis profecti. For the double Roman gates, see on i. 257. 
Merkel gives dextra, which is the reading of all the good MSS. 
but with Becker we prefer that adopted by Heinsius, as the only 
one agreeing with the fact. There was no temple of Janus in this 
place ; that afterwards built by Duillius was at the theatre of 
Marcellus, and the Forum Olitorium lay between it and the Car- 
mental gate. — omen habet, Dion (fr. 26) says : koX tclq irvkaq . . . 
iv aTtjxiq, STroirjcravTO waTS fjLijdsva Si avrwv lip^ovra Siievai. — Ilia 



BOOK II. 156-282. 153 

fama, etc. This distich is bracketed by Burmann, and omitted by Mer- 
kel. But it is in most even of the good MSS., is rather Ovidian, and 
seems wanting for the sense. We must recollect that the poem 
was left unfinished. — 205. rapacem, i. q. rapiduvi : see Vii-g. Excurs. 
I. When one recollects M'hat mere rivulets all the streams, except 
the Anio, in the vicinity of Rome are, this epithet must appear 
rather strong. — hibernis : see v. 152. — loco, sc. ojyportitno, i.e. on the 
banks of the stream. We may here observe that Veii itself was 
only ten miles from Rome : Hist, of Rome, p. 107.— 226. simplex, 
guileless, unsuspicious. — silvis, i. e. arundinetis : comp. Virg. Aen. x. 
706, seq., a passage he evidently had in view. — longe actus, driven 
far out of. — 237. Herculeae gentis, i. e. the Fabii, who claimed 
descent from Hercules by a daughter of Evander's. — Maxime, 
Fabius Cunctator : see on i. 605. — Cui res, etc. Unus homo nobis 
cunctando restituit rem, Enn. Ann. viii. 27. 

243-266. Evening-rising of the three conjoined signs, the 
Crow, the Crater, and the Snake, and their origin ; see Theon on 
Arat. Phaen. 449 ; Eratosth. Catast. 41 ; Hygin. P. A. AQ.— Forte 
Jovi, etc. The inferior gods thus honoured the superior : see iv. 
423 ; Aesch. Prom. 526. — tenuem, thin, i. e. light and clear.— j^owiis. 
So all fruits were called that did not grow in bunches : see on 
Virg. Buc. i. 81. — earn, \. q. ficiim, the tree for the fruit. — 257. 
Jamque satur, i. e. when the fruit had ripened. — 260. tenidt. This 
verb is here used in two senses, in accordance with the words it 
governs. — velle, to want, to try : see on Hor. Sat. i. 4, 109. — lac- 
tens : see on i. 351. The juice, however, of the unripe fig 
{oKvvQoq) was termed lac. Macrob. ii. 16; Plin. N. H. xv. 21. 
— De nidlo, etc. Corvi . . . aegrescunt sexagenis diebus, siti maxime, 
antequam fid coquantur autumno, Plin. N. H. x. 12. 

267-282. The Lupercalia : see Excursus III. — nudos, i. e. with- 
out their upper garments : see Hist, of Rome, p. 89, note. They 
wore only a TrspiZajfia, or campestre : see Plut. Q. R. 68. — Fauni 
bicornis. Because they confounded him with the Grecian Pan, 
who was horned, which the Italian Faunus was not. — phmmus, very 
much, i. e. he frequents. — in mare currit. This is not quite correct, 
for it falls into the Alpheus.— 277. equarum. Most MSS. read 
aquarum, which Burmann defends, as Pan was uktio^. Theocr. v. 
14. — Munus, an ofl^ering. — Pelasgis, i. e. the Arcadians, who were 
supposed to be of Pelasgian descent : see Hist, of Greece, p. 9. — 
Flamen, etc. The Flamen Dialis always officiated in the Luper- 
calia. — erit. Many MSS. read erat. Burmann conjectured agit, 
which Gierig adopted. 

H 5 



154 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

283-302. Inquiry why the Luperci ran naked. — Ipse deus, etc. 
First reason, they imitate the god himself.— /ztgfls. The great 
majority of MSS., some of the best included, read feras. — Ante 
Jovem, etc. Second reason ; they commemorate the original state 
of man in Arcadia. — luna, etc. : see on i. 469. — agitata, i. q. acta. — 
usus, occupations.— //-Mgiiw^, corn.— 294. Nectar,\. e. vinum. — duabus, 
etc. A well-known mode of drinking water from streams in the 
country.— iSwi Jove, i. e. sub dio, in the open air : comp. Hor. 
Carm. i. 1, 25; 22, 20. — detecti, i.e. nudi, sc. Luperci. He says 
detecti because they put off their clothes for the occasion. — opes, 
condition. 

303-358. Reason why Faunus, i. e. Pan, went naked. — dominae, 
i. e. Omphale, queen of Lydia, to whom he had been sold by 
Hermes. Mythology, p. 365. — ardor, love, like ignis, fiamma, etc. 
— Ibat, etc. He here had Horace, Carm. iii. 20, 14, evidently in 
his mind. — 310. Maeonis, Omphale, the Maeonian or Lydian. — 
aurato simi, her tunic, in which gold threads were interwoven : see 
V. 319. Sinus for tunica, part for whole, like carina for navis, etc. 
Auratus includes every way in which gold is united with other sub- 
stances, either by gilding or otherwise. — umbracula (only used in 
plur.), aKiaSiiov, umbrella or parasol. It was formed as at present, 
and opened and shut. Ipse tene distenta siiis umbracula virgis, 
A. A. ii. 209. Td 6' ura j av aov vq Ai' t^eTtsTavvvro "OcTTtp 
aKiaSeiov Kai irakiv ^vvijjtro, Aristoph. Eq. 1347. See the figure 
in our Mythology, Plate vi. 5. — Hesperus, etc. Hesperus 
is dewy, because the dews begin to fall while he is shining 
in the summer-evening, and he rides a dark horse because night is 
then closing in. This verse of his favourite poet may have been 
in Milton's mind when he wrote ' Hesperus that led The starry 
host rode brightest,' P. L. iv. 605. — topUs, the tufa litoides, a vol- 
canic product : see on Virg. Geor. ii, 214. — pumice. This is any 
rock with fissures in it. Virg. Geor. iv. 44. — 321. vincla, proba- 
bly the arm-bands. — exseruisse, i. q. exserere. — 324. vincula, the 
sandals. — 327. sua, their, as it belonged to the arrows.— -/zinc^z, sc. 
sunt. — 333. somno, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. ix. 316. — praefert, 
holds before him. — MS. folate, i.q. sorfe. — 356. puella, i.e. young 
woman. — htsus, i. e. elusus or delusus. 

359-380. Domestic origin of the rite. — causas. Plur. for sing. 
— suopulvere, its own (i. e. Italian) arena or course. — caesa, sc. in 
sacrificio. — veribus. These might, perhaps, have been not spits, but 
a kind of forks, by which the meat was held over the fire, as in the 
heroic ages : see Horn. II. i. 465 ; Od. iii. 33. Transuta, however, 



BOOK II. 283-411. 155 

accords better with spits. — exta, the meat ; v. 376 : see on Virg. 
Geor. ii. 395. — 367. Vectibus, pitching the bar. Some of the 
best MSS. read vestibus, several others cestibus. — missi, etc. putting 
the stone. — 373. Fabii, etc. : see the Excursus. — 380. quod bene 
cessit, their succeeding, though naked, in recovering the prey. 

381-424. Origin of the words Lupercal and Lupercalia. Expo- 
sure of Romulus and Remus. — ille locus, the cavern on the east 
side of the Palatine, named the Lupercal. — necari, to be put to 
death ; here, to be drowned. — 386. Quid fads? sc.patrue. An ex- 
clamation in the poet's usual manner. — Romulus, i. e. the founder of 
the mighty Rome. — recusantes, reluctant, refusing as far as they 
dared. — Albula. This was said to have been the original name of 
the Tiber : comp, Liv. i. 3. — hibernis, etc., swollen by rain : comp. v. 
206. — The Latins used hiems and its derivations as the Greeks did 
xsi/xwj' and its kindred terms. It was not winter, as the wolf does 
not bear at that season : see v. 4.13.— fora, the Forum Romanum, 
as the valles in next verse is only that of the Circus, or it may in- 
clude the Fora Julium and Augustum. — lintres, etc. Because 
before the city was drained by the Cloaca Maxima and other 
sewers, and the river banked out by the quay, the low grounds of 
Rome used to be frequently flooded. — 393. Hue, i. e. into the 
valley of the Forum, v. 389. According to Fabius Pictor they 
came down from the Palatine, but see Hist, of Rome, p. IL — 
Longius. Because the river had overflowed. — iste, i. e. Romulus. — 
quern e vobis, w^iich of you. Two MSS. of inferior note read 
quern vobis, which all the editors but Merkel have adopted. — 40 L 
Fen-et opem, etc. The gods could not, any more than man, act in 
more than one place at a time, according to the ideas of the an- 
cients. — Vagierimt. This, though the reading of only one MS. of 
note, but that the best, has been adopted by all the editors. The 
MSS. in general read vagierant, to which, as the pluperf. is so often 
used for the perf,, we cannot see any great objection. He had 
already (Her. xi.85) said : Vagitus dedit ille miser, sensisse putares. — 
alveus, the bole or ark in which they were placed. — 411. Arbor 
erat, etc. The Ruminal fig-tree, at the foot of which the babes 
were found by the wolf, was close to the Lupercal (Dionys. i. 79 ; 
Serv. Aen. viii. 90), but it was gone in our poet's time (comp. 
Dionys. /. c), and a tree had been planted in the Comitium, to 
which that name was given. Tac. Ann. xiii. 38 ; Plin. xv. 18. 
Hence Ovid says that the one which was then so called was not 
the real tree. The editors have from various MSS. made a read- 
ing : Rumina nunc ficus Romida ficus erat.—feta, that had just 
H 6 



156 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

whelped : see on Virg. Buc. i. 50. — icbera ducunt, i. e. suck. — 420, 
promissi, sent down, sc. by nature, i. e. intended for them. — ilia, sc. 
liipa. — nomen, i.e. Lupercal — 423. Quid, etc. The name may also 
have a Greek origin and come from Lycaeus, an epithet of Pan in 
Arcadia. 

423-452. Origin of the practice of barren women throwing 
themselves in the way of the Luperci, in order to be struck by 
their goat-skin thongs. — qicid exspectas ? why do you wait ? why do 
you not make haste ? — herbis, etc., the three usual modes of trying 
to remove infecundity. The herbs were of course taken in decoc- 
tions. — Nam, etc. The reason why the blow of the Luperci has 
that power. — 430. Reddebant, etc. i. e. bore hardly any children. — 
injuria, act contrary to what was right. — nurus, wives, properly 
daughters-in-law. — 435. Monte, etc. The site of the lucus and 
temple of Juno Lucina, on the Esquiline, is uncertain. It has long 
been thought that the temple was close to the present church of 
Sta Maria Maggiore, and that the rows of marble columns in the 
interior of that church had belonged to that ancient temple. But 
there is no proof of this, and from the order of the Argean chapels 
it might rather seem that it is to be sought on the part of the hill 
over the Subura and the Via Urbana. — suh. This appears to indi- 
cate that the grove was on the side of the hill. — nomine, in the name 
of, i. e. sacred to.— lucos, i. e. lucum, v. 436. This and nomina, v. 449, 
leave no doubt of the use of plur. for sing., a practice to which Ovid 
was very partial. — 449. Gratia, sc. redditur. — dedit, etc. Two origins 
of the name of Lucina, of which the latter is the more probable. — 
Aut quia, etc. We would understand this of her bringing children 
into the light of day. There is no reason for supposing Juno 
Lucina to have been the moon. — puellis, young women, v. 356. 

453-474. Entrance of the Sun into Pisces. — dies, sc. Luperca- 
liorum.^'uerit, sc. cum. — et sex, etc. i. e. during these six days the 
winds blow as they list. — obliqua urna. For that is its position on 
the sphere. — quondam, i. e. in the Giant war. — 461. Diane, Venus, 
whom the Alexandrian and the Latin poets confound with her 
mother. — Palaestinae. This is incorrect, for Palestine never ex- 
tended to the Euphrates, but he may use it as i. q. Syria. — hos 
quoque. Venus and Cupid, as well as the banks of the stream. — 
473. Inde, etc. He here confounds Venus with the Derceto or 
Atergatis of the Syrians, who abstained from fish, as that was the 
form of their goddess. Luc. de Dea Syr. 14. — timidi, sc. deoruni, 
i. e. superstitious : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 3, 295. 

475-512. The Quirinalia. — vacua, sc. nota, i.e. there is nothing 



BOOK II. 419-536. 1.57 

marked in the Fasti on the xiv. Kal. Mart. — tertia, i. e. the next 
day, as they reckoned inclusively. — a telo, sc. dictus. — nam pater 
armipotens, i. e. Mars. This is to be connected with v. 475. — 487. 
Unus, etc. This is a verse of Ennius : see Varro, L. L. vii. 6. He 
uses it also Met. xiv. 814. They are the words of Jupiter, of 
w'hich Mars reminds him. — unus, sc. filiorum tuorum. — 491. Capreae 
paludem, alyoQ rj ^npKog 'iXog. It was in the Campus Martins. — 
496. Fit fuga. Hence the day was named Populifugium. — rex 
patriis, etc. Hac Quirinus Martis eqids Achei^ontafugit, Hor. Carm. 
iii. 3, 15. Both poets evidently followed Ennius. — patrcs, sc. erant. 
— 500. surgebat. The common reading is fulgebat.—facis. They 
used, when journeying by night, to carry a lighted torch ; comp. iv. 
167. — trahea : see on i. 37. — decorus, i.e. decoratus : see Virgil p. 
344. — 505. Prohibe, etc. He had probably in his mind Ennius' 
epitaph, Nevio me decoret lacrimis, etc. — 511. collis, sc. Qidrinalis. — 
ccrti. Because it was one of the stative festivals : see Introd. ^ 3. 

513-532. Reason why the Quirinalia was also named the Festa 
Stultorum. Origin of the Fornacalia. — N'o7t habuit, etc. It would 
seem to be the Romans alone that he had in view. — -jaciebant, sc. 
in terrain, sowed. — Usibus, by experience. — 521. torrenda : see on 
i. 693. — Nam modo, etc., by leaving it till it was burnt black. — laeti 
(i. e. laetati) Fornace, delighting in Fornax. This deity, who is 
mentioned only by Ovid, Merkel thinks (p. cxv.) may possibly be 
the same with Stata Mater, for whom see Mythology, p. 514. — 
Orant, sc. earn. — temperet, govern, regulate, i. e. keep from burning. 
— 327. Curio, etc. The festival of the Fornacalia, which was con- 
ceptive, was given out by the Curio Maximus. — Inque Foro, etc. 
We confess we do not clearly understand this and the following 
verses. The Curiae were an original patrician institution, with 
which the Plebs, who are here meant, never had any thing to do. It 
would seem, however, that the Fornacalia was kept by the people 
in their tribes, Kara cpvXag, as Plutarch expressly says (Q. R. 89), 
and that those who did not do so, as he adds, ^t' do-xoXtaj/ r) 
aTro^tjjxiav fj dyvoiav, kept it on the Quirinalia. — extrema die, as 
being the last opportunity of doing it. — relata, brought back, i.e. 
repeated. 

533-570. The Parentalia : see Excursus IV. — est honor, etc. i. e. 
Beside those festivals already mentioned, there is one in honour 
of the dead. — exstructas pyras, i.e. tmnulos, the places where the 
funeral pyres had been, and which had burned out. — Manes, i. e. 
animae paternae, v. 533. The Dii Manes. — 536. Styx ima, i. e. the 
abode of the Manes. The Latin religion had no term answering 



158 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

to the Greek Erebus. — 537. Tegula. This is i. q. testa, v. 540, and 
is either a tile or an earthen platter. — ^^jon-ec^i*, offered, presented : 
see on i. 646. ProjecHs, the various reading of one very inferior MS. 
has been adopted by Heinsius, Burmann, and Gierig, and they 
understand garlands that had been thrown away in the streets by 
persons returning from banquets ! — sparsae, etc. i. e. a Mola salsa. — 
solutae, single, not made into garlands. — media via, etc. This may 
either mean that these things were to be put on a piece of broken 
crockery-ware picked up in the street, or that the offering was to 
be left on the road. The Roman tombs were in general on the 
road-sides, as that of the Scipios, of Caecilia Metella, and others 
on the Appian road. — sua, suitable, appropriate. — pietatis, sc. 
in parentes. — 545. Ille patris, etc. : see Virg. Aen. v. 53, 94. 
There appears to be somewhat of an error here in using Genius 
for Manes, for the Genius belonged only to a living person : see 
Mythology, p. 525. — Parentales. As the name of this festival was 
VaxenisXi&.—deseruere, i. e. neglected. — omine ab isto, from that 
omen, i. e. sign, signal as it were. — suburbanis. Because the dead 
were burnt outside of the walls of the city. — questi, sc. sunt. — avi, 
the ancestors in general. — 554. Deformes, shapeless, indistinct. — 
viodus, termination. This sense is frequent in Virgil and Horace. — 
557. cessate, sc. a matrbnonio. — pinea taeda, the nuptial torch, which 
was of pine-wood. — cupidae, eager to have her married. — coviat, 
etc. The well-known Roman custom of dividing the hair of a 
maiden-bride with the caelibaris hasta, as a small spear-shaped in- 
strument used for that purpose was named. — alias, different, per- 
haps i. q. alienas. — 564./oct, same as the preceding arae. — nunc posito. 
It may be doubted if this was a genuine Roman belief, and not 
rather the Grecian idea introduced by the poet : see the viKvia 
in the Odyssey. — nee tamen haec, etc. : see the Excursus, ad Jin. — 
ultra, sc.fiunt. — Hanc, etc. The meaning is, that this last day of the 
Parentalia is named the Feralia. For the employment of hie and 
ille with the same object, see on Hor. Ep. i. 6, 23. — Feralia. In 
the derivation of this word he follows Varro, who says (L. L. vi. 
13), Feralia, ab inferis et ferendo, quod ferunt turn epulas ad 
sepulchrum quibusjus est parentare. — justa, i.e. epulas. 

571-582. Offering to Muta or Tacita. — anus annosa, a very old 
woman. Anus may come from annus. — Et digitis, etc. With 
three fingers she puts three grains of thus into a mousehole under 
the threshold. Three and seven were the magic numbers. — brevis, 
i. e. parvus. — cantata, charmed, over which she has murmured magic 
verses.— /m5co plumbo, black lead. This is the reading of all the 



BOOK II. 537-615. 159 

good MSS. ; two of inferior note give rhombo as a various reading, 
and this had been adopted by all the editors after Heinsius, till 
Krebs restored the reading of the MSS, In like manner in 
Amm. i. 8, 7, we have the two readings plumbo&nA rhombo, with the 
preponderance of authority in favour of the former. The rhombus or 
top, we know, was of great use in magic, but so also was lead ; and 
Neapolis on this place quotes thus from Psellus de Daemonibus : 
Aaifiovia paara x^ipovrai Trapa rov jiiapov ruiv yoi^Twv ysvovg 
ljLo\i[iS(i) Kai Kjypfp, Kai XsTrry TrpoaSsOsvTa /xiriij Sia rCJv dOifiiriov 
a(poKpi(Tfi{ov TrdQi] rpayiKci KarepydZovrai. — Quodque pice, etc. 
Another part of this juggling was to take the head of the cheap com- 
mon fish called the maena, to fasten its mouth with pitch and a needle, 
and then to roast it in the fire. This was plainly symbolical. The 
silence of fishes is well-known, and it was made still more so if 
possible, and then put in the fire, to show, as it were, that no force 
would make it break silence. In the selection of the Maenia 
there is an evident allusion to the name of Mania, the same as 
Lara. Maenae is the conjecture of Heinsius, the MSS. reading 
menta or mentae, one mane, another menae. Bergk proposed vmlli. 
— Hostiles, etc. The reason of this practice. — ebria, i. e. having 
drunk well. 

583-616. Who this goddess was. — antiquos senes, the old ancients, 
the forefathers. He means that he had read it in old books or 
learned it from tradition. The legend, which is quite contrary to 
the religious system of the old Romans, was invented in imitation 
of those of Greece. — cognatas. Because she was a water-nymph, 
— 598. Quaeque colunt, etc. i. e. the nymphs of the Anio, to the god 
of which river Ilia or Silvia was married ; see Am. iii. 6, 45 seq. 
— prima sed illi, etc., i. e. her name was Lala, from \a\ia. — Alma. 
The god of that river, whom he makes her father. — miserata, i. e. 
mi^erans, pitying, or rather saying she pitied. — mqjtam, i. e. Juno, 
who was married. — 607. intumiiit, sc. ira. — monet, i. q. admonet, 
desires, directs. — geminos, etc. These are the Lares Praestites, the 
public Lars of Rome, and not the private ones of families : see 
on V. ] 29. — urbe. Gierig and Krebs ignorantly read aede, with two 
MSS. and the editions anterior to that of Heinsius. 

615-636. The Caristia. This festival does not occur in any of 
the Kalendars but the Fasti rustic. Fames., and it is only noticed 
by Ovid and Valerius Maximus, who says (ii. 1, 8), Convivium 
etiam sollemne majores instituerunf, idque Caristia appellaverunt, cui 
praeter cognates et affines nemo interponebattir ; ut si qua inter neces- 
sarios querela esset orta aimd sacra mensae et inter hilaritatem animo- 



160 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

rum, fautoribus concordiae adhibitis, tolleretur. — Proxima, sc.festa. — 
socios deos, i. e. the gods of the family, the Penates. Some inferior 
MSS, (which the editors in general have followed) read sodas 
dapes. — prop'inqua, kindred. — qui periere, who are gone for ever. — 
ora referre, to turn the face, to return. — 623. impius, unnatural, like 
Atreus and Thj'estes, v. Q21.—acerba, bitter, cruel, like Medea, v. 
627. — v'wax, so. nimium. — Et quae, etc. Ino : see Mythology, p. 
332. — soror, Philomela. — duabits miquus. From saevomque ambobus 
Achillen, Virg. Aen. i. 458. — 631. Dls generis bonis, i.e. the Dii 
Manes. — libate, take a small portion from. — incinctos, i. e. succinctos. 
The mis intensive, as in infractus: comp. v. 217, 675. Incinctus 
cinctu Gabino, Liv. viii. 9. — patella. This is the proper name of 
the plate or dish on which offerings of food were made to the gods : 
see vi. 310 ; Liv. xxvi. 36 ; Val. Max. iv. 4, 3. Reperiemus asotosita 
non religiosos, ut edant de patella, Cic. de Fin. ii, 7. Oportet bonum 
civem parere legibus et deos colere in patellam dare fitKpov Kpeag. 
Varr. ap. Non. s. v. It was, however, used also of a common 
plate : see Hor. Ep. i. 5, 2. — Parca, etc. It was the custom at 
the conclusion of a banquet to pour out a small libation accompa- 
nied with prayei's for health and prosperity, the origin of our 
drinking healths. It had now become the custom to unite the 
name of Augustus in the prayer. — vos, sc. valere precor. — bona verba, 
sc. haec. — ter. This is the conjecture of Heinsius, and it has been 
adopted by Merkel alone. The MSS. read per, or sint, or 2}ost ; 
as also many of them sacra for bona. 

639-684. The Terminalia. — sive lapis, etc. The Terminus or 
mark of boundary was sometimes a stone, sometimes a stock. The 
poet here alludes to the old form of prayer, sive deus sive dea. — 
Una, i. q. duo: see Zumpt, § 119. — 645. Curto testu, in a small 
earthen vessel (see Heins. ht loc, and our Horace, Sat. i. 6, 104), 
or, perhaps, on a pot-sherd. " There shall not be found in the 
bursting of it a shred to take fire from the hearth," Isaiah xxx. 14. — 
humo. This seems to be the clay or sods of which the altar was 
made. — irritat, excites, blows up. — canistra, i. q. canistrum, the 
basket in which were the corn, etc. — incisos, cut up : see on v. 634. 
— libantur : see v. 636. — Candida, white, as wearing \vhite clothes : 
comp. i. 80. — lactens, sucYmg : see i. 351. — 659. Tu populos, etc. 
This is the poet's hymn, not that of the peasants. — Si tu, etc. : see 
Herod, i. 82 ; Hist, of Greece, p. lA.—lectus. This is the conjec- 
ture of Barthius, and which has been adopted by all the editors but 
Burmann. The reading of the MSS. is tectus. Barthius was led 
to it by this verse of Statins (Th. iv. 47), Et Lacedaemonium 



BOOK II. 617-729. 161 

Thyre lectura cruorem. The exclamation in the following verse 
seems to confirm this sense ; we also doubt if tectiis in ai^mis be 
correct Latin, and this circumstance, though unnoticed by Herodo- 
tus, is mentioned by Valerius Maximus, iii. 4, Extern. — in aede, 
i. e. in the place selected for its site : see Hist, of Rome, p. 27. — 
671. Nunc, etc. : see Serv. Aen. ix. 448. Lact. de Fals. Rel. i. 20. 
— post illud, etc. i. e. after resisting Jupiter so effectually, there is 
no reason why you should give way to the encroachments of men, 
and allow yourself to be moved for the gratification of unjust 
cupidity. — regna, i. e. Laur. agros. — 681. Illae, etc. Mera^v yovv 
row irsfiTTTov Kai tov eictov \i9ov rCov to. fxiXia SiacrrjixatvovTUiv rrJQ 
'PwixrjQ KaXelrai tottoq <t>/j(7rot* Tovrov S' opiov aiiOtpaivovai TrJQ 
TOTS 'Pw/xaiwv yris, di 9' iepofJivr'ii.iovss Ovcrlav kTriTiXoiKJiv kvrav9d 
TS Kai sv aWoig TOTi-oig 7rX«(0(TJV (bg opioig ah9r]p.ep6v, i]v KaXovmv 
'Aiifiapovtav. Strab. v. p. 351. It would hence appear that they 
sacrificed to Terminus at the Ambarvalia. ^Ve have met with 
no mention of a place named Festi, and Strabo does not say on 
what road it lay. — urbis, etc. One of those plays on words which 
our poet loved. ^ 

685 — 852. The Regifugium : see Hist, of Rome, p. 27, seq. 

685-710. The taking of Gabii. — manifesta, sc. by his treachery 
and cruelty. — Occidite, etc. Jamdudum sumite poenas ; Hoc Ithacus 
velit et magno mercentur Atridae, Virg. Aen. ii. 103. — tueatur, carry 
on. A curando ac tutela, ut cum dicimus, helium tueor et tueri 
villavi, Varro, L. L. vii, 12. This is a very unusual use of this 
verb, for properly a man tuitur what is his own. — cqjpellat, addresses, 
asks. Crebris nos litteris appellato, Cic. ad Fam. xv. 20. — 703. 
odoratis, sweet-smelling, fragrant. The part, past of the deponent 
is used in the ordinary manner for the part. act. of the active verb 
odoro. — suberat, sc. tirbi. — Mia summa, i. e. the tops of the lilies. — 
mala, i. q. nudata ; see our Virgil, p. 345. 

711-720. A prodigy. — altaribus. We may here observe that 
good authors never use this noun in the sing. — 713. Consiilitur, sc. 
Delphis. — Matri, etc. This answer was given to another question, 
but the poet prolsably supposed his readers to be familiar with all 
the circumstances. — turba. There were only two of them. — 
720. Creditur, sc. ab iis. Several good MSS. read creditm. — 
offenso, sc. in terrain, in lapidem. 

721-852. Story of Lucretia. — Luditur, Impers. — Tarquinius juve- 
nis, i. e. Sextus. — rege crealus, i. e. Sextus. This is one among 
many proofs of the unfinished state of the poem. — 729. in officio, 
in its duty, i.e. faithful. Fundanos in officio esse, Li v. viii. 19. 



162 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

— cut clarum, etc. as being the son of Egerius : see Hist, of Rome, 
p. 22. — tollamur (a mid. voice), let us mount. — fore : see on Hor. 
Sat. i. 2, 67. — 739. nurum. In Livy it is nurus, but Ovid seems to 
have had Sextus alone in view. It may, however, be a collective. 
— hide, etc. They then went to Collatia, which was ten miles 
off. — tenui, low and soft. — 746. lacerna, a military cloak. — esse 
super, i. e. superesse. — Posimodo, etc. You will be sure to fall at 
last, since you are resisting better men than your own. — Resto 
(i. e. resisio) is intensive of sto : see our Horace, Excurs. IV. Dum 
pugnant Danai, dum restat barbarus Hector, Prop. iii. 7, 31. Nunc 
paucis pbires vLv restatis, Liv. xxiii. 45.— 780. iwc/igrao, which did 
not deserve it. — 785. aerata, plated with copper.— iZos^is, etc. 
This play on words occurs also in Livy, and it was probably in 
Ennius. — 790. hostibus, i.e. hosti, in the poet's usual manner. — 812. 
quanto stetit, what a price it cost. — 832. in patrios pedes, at the feet 
of her father. — 837. sua nomijia, i. e. nomen. Brutus is stupid, — 
843. profuga, i, e. 2^'>'ofugata. — 847. Fertur, i. e. effertur. — lacrimas, 
etc., tears for herself, hatred for the tyrant. Invidia often occurs 
in this sense. -^r 

853-856, First appearance of the swallow. Pliny (ii. 47) places 
this on the viii. Kal., Columella on ■vii.'Ka.\.^verispraemintia.''Hpog 
ciyyeXos iiitp6(p(DV0£ drjSwv, Sappho. — qua (i. e. aliqua^, sc. parte. 
— tuofngore, i. e. tefrigida. 

857-864. The Equiria or horse-races, in the Campus Martius, 
in honour of Mars. — citos, roused, excited ; part, of cieo. — ex vero. 
Because they were so named ab equis. 



BOOK III. 



ARGUMENT. 



Invocation to Mars, 1-8. Birth and early history of Romulus 
and Remus, 9-70. Origin of month of March, &c., 87-166. 
Matronalia, 167-258. Origin of the Salii, 259—398. Setting of 
Pisces, 399-402. Setting of Arctophylax, and rising of Vinde- 
mitor, 403-414. Augustus made Pontifex Maximus, 415-428. 
Dedication of temple of Vedjovis, 429-448. Rising of Pegasus, 
449-458. Rising of Crown of Ariadne ; its origin, 459-516. 
Equiria, 517-522. Feast of Anna Perenna ; its origin, 523-696. 
Death of Julius Caesar, 697-710. Setting of Scorpio, 711, 712. 



BOOK III. 1-78. 168 

Liberalia, 713-790. Rising of Milvus; its origin, 791-808. Quin- 
quatrus, 809-850. Sun enters Aries ; origin of that sign, 851-876. 
Equinox, 877-878. Worship of Janus, Concordia, Salus, and Pax, 
879-882. Tempie of Luna dedicated, 883, 884. 

1-8. Invocation to Mars, — nitidas, etc., i. e. take off your helmet. 
— quid sit, etc., what the poet, whose occupation is so peaceful, can 
have to do with the god of war. — poetae, sc. mihi : comp. ii. 9. 

9-78. Birth of Romulus and Remus, and founding of Rome. — 
Romana. The poet, like Horace (Carm. iii. 9, 8), seems to have 
forgotten that the scene was at Alba, and that Rome did not exist 
as yet. — Cejjit. This is a usual term. Cynthia prima suis miserum 
me cepit ocellis. Prop. i. 1, 1. But the poet may be playing on the 
word. — moveri, sc. cannen. Cantusqne movete, Virg. Aen. vii. 641. — 
sacra, etc. She went down to the river (but we doubt if there was 
any stream near Alba) to fetch pure water for washing the sacred 
utensils. — Ventum erat, sc. ab ea. — 14. Ponitur, i. e. deponitur. It 
has always been the custom in the South to carry the pitcher on 
the head: comp. Am. i. 10, 6 ; Prop. iv. 4, 16. In the East the 
women carried it on one shoulder ; Gen. xxiv. 45. — restituit, settled, 
put in order. It is a natural and a pleasing image, a girl settling 
up her hair which had been disordered.— ^/e/e/Zz^, concealed : see on 
Hor. Ep. i. 6, 46. — 22. ope, power, — gravis, i. q. gravida. — 27. Utile, 
etc. According to the usual formula, Qicod bonum felix faustumque 
sit. — lapsa, etc. When a Vestal was condemned to death for breach 
of chastity, the Pontifex Maximus took the sacred fillet off her 
head. Avrr/v fiiv rrjg Kopv^rjg a(peX6i.isvoi rd aTEjiiiaTa kt\. says 
Dionysius, of the Vestal Appia. — hide, thence, i. e. a focis. — palmae, 
emblems of victory. — protexerat, covered over ; pluperf. for perf. — 
35, ferrum molitur. Et validam in vites molire bipennem, Virg. Geor. 
iv, 331. — Terreor .... micat. A parenthesis. — admonitu,sc. deorum, 
the intimation, the vision. — Martia (sc. at), sacred or belonging 
to Mars. — Quominus, etc., i.e. ten months had elapsed. — emeritis. 
It was the year, not the course, that was emeritus ; for such was the 
soldier qui mereri desiit. — 4S. simulaci-a, i. e. simulacrum : comp, vi. 
295.— Et subiit, etc. We are to recollect that the ancients burned 
nothing but wood. — opes, the regal authority. — 53. Lacte, etc. Be- 
cause it was the common tradition, and was in the Annals of Ennius 
and the other histories and poems. — 55. Larentia, the wife of Faus- 
tulus. — opes, wealth, i. e. mode of living. — Acceptus geniis. On 
account of the Saturnalia, when they feasted and indulgebant Genio. 
— Iliadae, sons of Ilia. — redigunt, drive back. — actos, i. q. abactos. — 
editus, told, narrated. 



164 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

79-98. General use of a Mensis Martius.— jEf tamen, etc. i. e. 
Romulus was not, however, the first who introduced the worship of 
Mars. — Dianam, i. e. Britomartis or Dictynna, who was identified 
with Artemis and Diana: see Mythology, p. 131. — 82. tellus Hyp- 
sipylea, Lemnos, where Hypsipyle, the daughter of Thoas, reigned. 
— Junonem, etc. : see Horn. II. iv. 52. — Fauni, Pan : see on ii. 268. 
— ora. This is properly the sea-coast, as in ii. 94 ; but it was some- 
times used for region, country : comp. Hor. Carm. i. 26, 4. — 87. 
peregrinos, i. e. of other Italian towns and peoples. ^ The following 
are curious instances of the varieties that prevailed in ancient times 
between places within a few miles of each other. The month which 
was named from Mars was the first in the Roman Kalendar ; the 
third in those of Alba, Aricia, Tusculum, and Cures ; the fourth in 
those of the Sabines and Pelignians ; the fifth in those of Laurentum 
and Falerii ; the sixth in that of the Hernicans ; and the tenth in 
that of the Aequians. It does not appear with what month each of 
these people began the year, and whether their March fell or not 
in the same season with that of the Romans. For the peoples and 
places mentioned here, see Hist, of Rome, p. 5, and Geogr. Index. 
— Liter, etc. This is a harsh co7istruction : Arte. sc. populos or fastos, 
tempora and vioenia, all signifying the same thing. — constat, it accords, 
there is an argument. — Facta, etc., Tusculum, built by Telegonus, 
the son of Ulysses and Circe. — A tribus, etc., first after three, i. e. 
fourth. Belus et onines A Bclo, Virg. Aen. i. 729. 

99-134. Number of months in the ancient year.. — Nee totidem, 
etc. We may here observe a peculiar feature in the Latin elegiac 
poetry, especially that of Ovid, namely, that the second verse of 
the couplet frequently merely repeats the sense of the first in other 
words; This strongly resembles v^hat is called the parallelism of the 
Hebrew poetry. — 101. Nonduvi, etc.: comp. Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 156. 
— male forte, i. e. imbelle : see on Hor. Sat. i. 3, 45. — mittere, i. e. 
immittere. — sub axe, i. e. in axe, sc. mundi. — qiiarum, etc. The Lesser 
or interior Bear was named Cynosura {kvvoq ovpa), and it was by it 
that the Phoenician mariners steered their course, while the less 
experienced Greeks directed theirs by the Greater Bear, named 
Helice (tXiKrj) from its revolving motion round the pole : see Arat. 
Phaen. 36, with Theon's note. — Signa, sc. Zodiaca. — \00. f rater, 
Phoebus, Sol. — constabat, i.e. it was the general belief. — esse, sc. 
ea. — tenebant, comprehended, understood. There is the usual play 
on words. Some MSS. of inferior note read movebant.—foeni, sc. 
erant. A bundle (viaiiiindus) of hay fastened on a pole ( pertica) is 
said to have been the standard of the early Romans. Plutarch 



BOOK III. 79-151. 165 

(Rom. 8) says that such were the standards of those who aided 
Romulus in his attack on Amulius. — cernis, sc. Auguste. — indociles, 
untaught, ignorant. — 120. Mensibus, etc., i. e. the histres or periods 
of five years were then ten months short, two for each year. — Hie 
numerus, sc. decimus. — spaiiis, i. e. the decads. — 127. Inde patres, 
etc. The original Roman senate consisted of one hundred mem- 
bers, divided into ten decuries (orbes) : see Hist, of Rome, pp. 15, 
45. Nothing can be plainer than this ; but a vast majoiity of the 
MSS., which nearly all the editors follow, read pares, of which no 
satisfactory sense has been given. — Hastatos, etc. It was the legion 
of the republic, and not the phalanx of the regal period that was 
composed of Hastati, Principes, and Pilani or Triarians : see Hist, 
of Rome, p. 171. It is not clear how the decimal division was ap- 
plied to them. — legitimo, etc., i. e. the Equites of the legion who 
were divided into ten turmae or troops ; legitimo, as being furnished 
by the state, constitutional as it were : see Hist, of Rome, p. 50. — 
Quin etiam, etc. The three patrician tribes were divided in a 
similar manner. 

135-150. Proofs of the year having anciently begun in March. 
On the Kalends of this month the bay-branches were renewed at 
the dwellings of the Flamens and of the Rex Sacrorum, at the 
Curia Prisca and the temple of Vesta, and the sacred fire in this 
last was extinguished and rekindled, — Flaniinibiis, i. e. at their doors, 
V. 139 : see on ii. 21. Perhaps only the Flamen Dialis. — Curia 
Prisca. It is difficult to say what is meant by this. The Curia 
Hostilia, the old senate-house, no longer existed ; the poet, however, 
may have been wi'iting from books, as he so constantly did, and not 
have attended to that fact. Or it may be the four veteres Curiae, 
which, according to Festus {s. v. novae), were still remaining. — 
Vesta, i. e. her temple or its door : comp. v. 137 .—focis, i. e. templo. 
— Dicitur, because no one could enter so as to see it. — 145. Jides, a 
proof or ground of belief. — An7ia, etc. : see v. 523, seq. — veteres, 
etc., i. e. the consulate in the early times. This, however, is a 
complete error. The consuls had no fixed time for entering on 
their office till A. U. 529-31, five years before Hannibal's invasion 
of Italy, when it became the Ides of March, which continued till 
A. U. 599-601, when it was fixed on the Kalends of January. In 
the early times it had fluctuated from July to September : see 
Becker Handb. der Rom. Alt. ii. ii. 95, seq. — 148. perfide Poene, 
Hannibal with the usual Roman slander of him. — Denique, etc. 
This is the strongest reason : see Introd. § 3. 

151-166, Changes of the yea.r.— oliviferis: see Colum. v. 8. 



166 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Eretimanus omnis oliviferae Mutuscae, Virg. Aen. vii. 711. — deductus, 
brought down, i. e. from the Sabine hills to the plains of Rome ; 
or brought thither in state with numerous attendants. — Samio, etc., 
i. e. Pythagoras, who taught the doctrine of the Metempsychosis, 
and who was said to have been the instructor of Numa. — Egeria .• 
see V. 261. — Caesaris, etc. For Caesar's reformation of the Ka- 
lendar, see Hist, of Rome, p. 443. — dens hospes, a stranger-god. 
167-258. The Matronalia and its causes. 

167-230. The Rape of the Sabines. — occultos ynonitus, i. q. ad- 
monitus, the secret intimations or voices : comp. v. 36. — Cum sis, 
etc. When the occupations are of a manly nature (comp. v, 173), 
not, as Gierig understands it, when you are in general worshiped 
b}^ men. — tua festa, i. e. Kalendas Martias. — Nunc, on this day. — 
gressus fero. Alluding perhaps to his name Gradivus. — liujus, so. 
Romae viagnae. — de canna, etc. This supposed cottage of Romulus, 
which was still kept up in our poet's time, would seem to have stood 
on the west side of the Palatine, below the church of San Teodoro : 
see Dionys. i. 79. — Romanics, i. q. Romani. — 190. male, hardly, or 
not at all : see v. 102. — Cum pare, etc. A reason why the Romans 
should get wives. — 195. Extremis (sc. Italiae), etc., i. e. they gave 
their daughters in marriage to people at a distance, and would not 
to those who were close at hand. — patriam : see v. 21. — Tolle, 
away with, as tolle moras. Met. xiii. 556 ; tolle querelas, Hor. Ep. i. 
12, 3. — Conso: see Mythology, p. 529. — tibi, sc. poeta. — 200. sua 
sacra. The Consualia were on the xv. Kal. Sept. — Intimiuere, sc. 
ira: see Hist, of Rome, p. 13. — generis, abl. plur. o^ gener. He 
may, as Douza supposes, be here glancing at the war between 
Caesar and Pompeius.— /ere, in general : see v. 218. — nurus, Hersilia, 
the wife of Romulus. — piae, dutiful. — 224. posse, etc. Taubner 
thinks that they pinched the children, and that their cries of Ah ! 
Vae ! sounded like Ave. We see no other way of explaining the 
passage. — Oebaliae : see on i. 260. — non leve mimus, no slight re- 
ward. 

231-258. Other origins of the festival. — Aut quia, etc. Either 
this was the reason, or that I was the sire of the founders of the 
City. — committi. This is plainly a mid. voice. — 235. Quid, etc. A 
further reason. This is the time of nature's fecundity. — pereunt, 
go totally away. — Uvida. Some of the best MSS. read umida; 
several ha\e vivida. — lierha, the young corn. — 244. militiam. This 
is appropriate to the speaker. The poet uses this figure, however, 
elsewhere. Et rudis ad partus et nova miles eram. Her. ii. 48. — 
Adde, etc. Another cause. The temple of Juno Lucina (see on 



BOOK III. 156-285. 167 

ii. 435) was dedicated on this day. — excubias, etc. Exquiliae. 
Alii has scripsere ab excuhiis Regis dictas, alii ah eo quod excultae a rege 
Tullio essent, alii ab aesculetis, Varro, L. L. v. 49. By excubias, 
Meikel (p. cxxvii.) understands the mound or wall of Servius 
TuUius : see Hist, of Rome, p. 54. — 249. Quid vioror, etc. A final 
reason. It is an act of filial duty on the part of Mars. — Eminet, 
rises up, is plain. — Ferte deae, etc. These are the words of the 
poet in his own person. Flowers were a natural off'ering in the 
s'pvm^.—Jlorentibus herbis, i.q.Jloribus: comp. Virg. Buc. ix. 19. — 
caput, sc. of the statue of the goddess, or rather of the worshiper. 
— 255. Dicite, sing : see on Hor. Ep. i. 1, 1. — Ut solvat, etc. The 
Roman religion, as we may observe, was full of these symbolic acts. 

259-398. On the Kalends of March, the priests named the Salii, 
began their sacred dances and songs, which they repeated on stated 
days throughout the month. The poet here gives the supposed 
origin of this rite : see Excursus on ii. 267. 

259-284. Egeria and Numa. — Nympha, etc., i. e. Egeria. — operata, 
employed in. — tua facta, your own deeds, what you yourself were 
concerned in. — Vallis, etc. The Lacus Dianae (Lago di Nemi), a 
short way from Aricia, at the town of Genzano. It is a most beau- 
tiful lake, of a circular form, as being the crater of an extinct volcano. 
— Hie latet, etc. Virbius, who was worshiped here, was identified 
with the Grecian Hippolytus : see Virg. Aen. vii. 765, seq.; Mytho- 
logy, p. 520. — 267. Licia, etc. This practice may be observed at 
the present day in every country where the Roman Catholic religion 
prevails ; in Ireland, for example : comp. Met. viii. 744. — sepes. 
Probably the fence of the sacred grove. — Saepe, etc. This mode 
of returning thanks for the recovery of health to Diana Nemorensis 
is also noticed by Propertius (ii. 23, 39), Cum videt accensis devotam 
currere taedis In nevius et Triviae lumina ferre deae. — Regna tenent, 
etc. The priest named Rex Nemorensis was always a runaway 
slave who had slain his predecessor in office, and who always carried 
a sword for his own protection : comp. A. A. i. 260 ; Strabo v. 3, 12 ; 
Suet. Cal. 35. — 273. Defluit, sc. in lacum. Tag fitv ovv irriyag 
op^v HffTiv, i^ iov 7] Xi^vri TrXrjpovTai' tovtiov d" scrrlv 'Ryepla kuXov- 
fi'ivri, SaifiovSg tlvoq eTrwvvfjiog. Strab. ut sup. We must not con- 
found this with the fount and vale of Egeria near the Capene gate 
of Rome: Juv. iii. 17. — consilium, i.e. consiliatrix : see Virg. Ex- 
curs. VII. 

285-392. The sending down of the ancile. The following legend 
was framed in some measure from that of Proteus in the Odyssey, and 
partly from that of Silenus ; Herod, viii. 138. It is also related by 



168 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Plutarch, Num. 15. — ignes, sc. caeledes. — ^iahile, i. q. expiahile.— 
■poterunt, sc. solL — ^292. Romani soli, of Roman ground, i. e. Roman 
rural gods. — adhibe, sc. igitw.- — ita, so then. — -fere, usually. — so/i, 
alone. — 300. fonti, at the fount ; or pei'haps to the god or spirit of 
the fount. — 310. ingenio, mind, temper. — monitus : see v. 167.— 
317. dediicere, Kardyuv, draw down. This was the i)roper magic 
term. Carmina vel caelo possunt deducere Lunam, Virg. Buc. viii. 
69. — 327. Eliciiint, etc. It is the opinion of some modern writers 
that the Tuscans possessed the art of conducting the lightning, 
afterwards discovered by Franklin, and they ascribe the death of 
Tullus Hostilius to his ignorance of the proper mode of doing it.— 
jnamina, mode of expiating, i. e. removing. — donaria, altar, or temple : 
comp. Virg. Geor. iii. 533. — 337. ambage remota. This is difficult 
to understand, for its apparent meaning is the very reverse of the 
real one. A gloss in one MS. explains remota by obscura. We 
have elsewhere (see our Horace, Excurs. IV.) shown that com- 
pounds in re are frequently used intensively for the simple verbs, 
and the present may be an instance, though we have no where met 
with removeo, i. q. moveo. We had conjectured remotum, which we 
find to be a various writing in one MS. — Caede cnjiut, etc. We may 
observe in this, and what follows, the ingenuity of Numa in avoiding 
a human sacrifice. — 342. piscis, the Maena (see ii. 578) : Plut. 
Num. 15.^ — 352. crastina, sc. eventura. — 359. Prodit, etc. Hence 
we may infer that it was in the Forum the ancile fell, for Numa 
dwelt at the Regia by the temple of Vesta.— 363. velatus. Accord- 
ing to the Roman custom of covering the head when praying.— 
369. sine mcbe : comp. Hor. Carm. i. 34, 6 ; Virg. Aen. vii. 141. — 
Subvdsere, raised : see on Virg. Buc. x. 74. — 377. Idque ancile, etc. 
Ancilia dicta ab ambecisu, quodea arma ab utraque parte, ut Thracum, 
incisa, Varro, L. L. vii. 43 ; sic est appellatum quia ex iitroque latere 
erat recisum, tit summum infimumque ejus latus pateret, Festus v. 
Mamurii. K.vkXoq ovk 'iariv, oho' aTroSiSujcnv, u>£ Trskrrj, rrjv Trspi- 
(pEpsiav, dW eKTOHi)v £%£i ypafifj/fje eXiKMsiSovg, ?)c at Kepalai Ka/x- 
TTUQ 't')(ov(yai Kal avi'eTrL(TTpk(pov(Tai tjj TrvKvoTrjTi irpbg aWr]\ov£, 
dyKvXov TO (Txvi^a voiovcyi. Plut. Num. 13. From these passages 
we may collect, that the ancile was oblong, round at top and bottom, 
curved internally on the sides, the ends or corners also round, so 
that it had no angles, being somewhat like the figure 8. — recisum. 
This is i. q. the simple caesum : see on v. 337. — caelata, formed, 
fashioned. Atque hanc speciem Praxiteles caelavit argento, Cic. Div. 
i. 36.— morum, etc., i. e. his morals were as pure as his skill was 
great. — 383. fabrae, from faber, an adj. nearly peculiar to Ovid : 



BOOK III. 287-422. 169 

comp. Met. viii. 159. — clavsit, concluded, completed, executed. 
Ovid seems to have been the first to use this verb in this sense : 
see Drak. on Sil. Ital. xiii. QdiQ.-^Nomina, etc. In the end of the 
Salian hymn, was heard the name of Mamurius Veturius, whence 
this legend. Varro (L. L. vi. 45) says it meant veterem viemoriam. 

393-398. Further particulars respecting this rite. — Nubere, etc. 
This is only noticed, we believe, by Ovid in this place. Like what 
follows, it would seem to apply to the whole month. It was con- 
sidered unlucky to move from the place where one happened to be 
at the time, motis, nee diini conditis, anciliis, Suet. Otho, 8 : see also 
Liv. xxxvii. 33 ; Tac. Hist. i. 89. — His etiam, etc. These were 
among the days on which the Flaminica was not to comb her hair : 
see Excursus II. 

399-402. Morning-setting of the Southern Fish. Merkel (Ixxiv.) 
suspects that it was tertia a no7iis that was originally in the poem, as 
Clodius Tuscus, whom he supposes the poet to follow, says {ap. Laur. 
Lyd. de Ost.) ry 7rp6 I,' siSoJv .... kui opOpov 6 ix^iJc cnrb rov 
voTOv ap;^£rat KpvivTtaQai. 

403-414. Morning-setting of Arctophylax or Bootes. In this 
there is an error ; for Clodius says, 6 ap/crovpoe (a star in that sign) 
kv rjn'spqi dviaxsi, and Ptolemy aoKTOvpog eaTTfpioQ tTriTsWd. Merkel 
(Ixxii.) thinks that the poet wrote Emerget visus ejfugietqiie tuos, 
" h. e. puncto temporis inter diluculum apparebit." — piger. Because 
he is a ploughman, whose usual gait is slow. — 407. At non, etc. But 
the bright star in the right shoulder of Virgo, named irpoTpvy-qTrip 
or Vindemitor (Eratosth. Cat. 9) will not set. Columella says (xi. 2) 
that it rises vi. Non., so it of course was now visible. — intonsum, 
with long uncut locks, like Apollo and Bacchus ; a mark of youth 
and beauty. — Quae nunc, etc. Vitis is ajnrtXog in Greek. 

415-428. Augustus, made Pontifex Maximus. This was in A. U. 
742, on the death of Lepidus, his former colleague in the triumvirate : 
see Hist. Rom. Emp. p. 11.- — Qiiisqids ades, etc. We think it is 
the Vestals he means ; for they alone colebant Vestam, and had the 
right of putting incense on the sacred hearth. Quisquis is used with 
a fem. by Plautus, Cist. ii. 3, 66 ; Pers. iv. 3, 84 ; Rud. iv. 4, 102. 
— Iliads, as having been brought by Aeneas from Ilium. — 418. Gra- 
tare. Three MSS. of inferior note, which editors in general chose 
to follow, read Cratera. — mereri, sc. quam simiere. — numina, the deity. 
Augustus had been in a jnanner deified at this time by the worship 
of his Genius with the Lares Praestites. — 422. pignora juncta. To 
the Palladium and the other jyignora of the state was now joined a 
further pgwMs in the person of Augustus. It is quite plain that this 

I 



170 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

and what follows could only have been written during the lifetime 
of that prince. — 423. Di, etc. In this verse the editors have 
adopted from one or two very inferior MSS. de for di, and favilla for 
ferenti, — gravis, i. e. grnvatus, laden : see on Hor. Sat. i. 1, 4. — cog- 
nata numina. The Julian house deduced its origin from Jupiter, the 
son of Saturn, and brother of Vesta : see Mythology, p. 95. 

429-448. Dedication of temple of Vedjovis. — Una nota, sc. in 
Knlendario, i. e. F instead of N P. On this Merkel observes (p. xli.), 
" Causam vero .... eandem puto atque Feralibus. Nam sacrificii 
utroque die facti quandam similitudinem videor mihi deprehendere 
ex Gellii verbis N. A. v. 12, sacrifican Vedjovi ritu humano capram. 
Atqui humanum sacrijicium Paulus Diac. p. 103, Muell. dicit esse 
quod mortui causa fiebat." — Marti, i. e. Marlii, sc. mensis. — lucos 
duos. The space between the Arx and the Capitolium named by 
the moderns the Intermontium, was called inter duos lucos, Liv. i. 8, 
jxeOoQiov Svoiv Spv[.iiov, Dionys. ii. 1.5, probably because those two 
summits were covered with trees like the other hills of Rome. It 
was here that Romulus made the Asylum.— -lucum, i. e. one of those 
luci. — 437. Juppifer, etc., i. e. Vedjovis is i. q. Jupiter-juvenis. His 
statue, therefore, bears no thunderbolt, and a she-goat stands beside 
it, because a she-goat suckled the infant deity. These, we see, are 
Grecian notions, whereas Vedjovis was an Etruscan god, and most 
probably connected with the underworld: see Mythology, p. 531. 
— 445. N'unc vocor, etc. That being what he is, my task is now to 
explain his name : see Excursus V. 

449-458. The morning-rising of Pegasus. Equus mane oritur, 
Colum. xi. 2; yet Ovid would seem to mean an evening-rising. 
Merkel, however, maintains that he does not, and while in his text 
he gives variabunt, in his Prolegomena (p. Ixx.) he has vallabunt, 
the reading of a few of the inferior MSS. He adds, "siquidem 
Vedjovis festum nocturnum erat, ut omnium nocentium deorum . . . 
Jamque igitur est, sub ejus noctis finem." — Creditur, etc. : see Hes. 
Th. 280 seq. 325 ; Ov. Met. iv. 784 ; v. 256 ; Mythology, 253, 419. 
— gravidae, pregnant. This is somewhat of a hypallage. — Jamque, 
etc. From Bellerophon : see Mythology, 403. 

459-516. Evening-rising of the Crown of Ariadne ; for her story 
see Met. viii. 175 ; A. A. i. 531 ; Her. 10 ; Catull. Ixiv. 52 ; Hor. 
Carm. ii. 19 ; Mythology, 390, 457. — dea, i. e. Ariadne, included in 
the adj. Gnosis. — -perjuro mutarat. According \o the usage of the 
Latin language, Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem Mutat Lycaeo 
Faunus, Hor. Carm. i. 17, 1. — rustica, simple, like an ignorant 
country-girl. — 465. depexis, combed out, straight, lank. — spatiata. 



BOOK HI. 423-524. 171 

i. q. spaiians, walking slowly backwards and forwards : comp. Virg. 
Geor. i. 389 ; Aen. iv. 62.-474. ahiiL The final syllable is long, 
as being in arsis. — 476. relata, is brought back, repeated ; Bacchus 
being substituted for Theseus. — 480, dedoluisse, have ended my 
grief, i. e. have died. — Tarn bene, etc., to disturb so happy a union. 
— celari, sc. hoc, be kept ignorant of. Nosne hoc celatos tarn dm ? 
Ter. Hec. iv. 3, 23. — ille color, that colour of hers. — matrem, Pasi- 
phae. — Libera. This was a deity joined with Liber and Ceres in 
the Roman religion, but who had nothing to do with Ariadne : see 
Mythology, p. 517, to which we afterwards made the following ad- 
dition illustrative of the Roman religion. " It appears to us to be 
quite erroneous to suppose that the Ceres, Liber and Libera of the 
Romans were the Demeter, Dionysos and Kora of the Greeks, by 
whom Dionysos does not seem to have been united with the two 
goddesses, as Liber was at Rome. We would propose the following 
hypothesis on the subject. The temple usually called that of Ceres 
at Rome was in reality one of the three conjoined deities (Liv. iii. 
55 ; Dionys, vi. 17, 44 ; Tac. Ann. ii. 49). It stood at the foot of 
the Aventine, and belonged to the plebeians, to whom it seems to 
have been what the Capitoline temple was to the patricians. In 
this latter was worshiped a Triad, — Minerva, Jovis, Jovino (Juno), 
i. e. Wisdom, and the god and goddess icar i^oxhv ; in the latter 
there was also adored a Triad, — Ceres, Liber, Libera. May we 
not then suppose, that as the priestly nobles, the patricians, adored 
a triad of celestial or mental deities, so the agricultural plebeians 
worshiped a triad of deities presiding over the fruits and products 
of the earth? From the employment of the plural {vai^v, vclovq) 
by Dionysius we may further infer that the temple at the Aventine 
contained three celiac like that on the Capitoline."— 516. ilia, i. e. 
corona. 

517-522. Second Equiria. — Furfureum, bright: see on ii. 74. — 
Q.uein Tiberis, etc. The Tiber, as it were, encompasses the Campus 
Martius. — Caeliiis, etc. The part of the Caelian hill is unknown. It 
was probably, however, outside of the city, near the Lateran. 

523-710. The festival of Anna Perenna : see Mythology, p. 534. 

523-542. Description of the festival. — geniale. Because indulge- 
bant genio, by drinking. — Haud jwocul, etc. Via Flam, ad lapi- 
DEM PEiMUM, Kal. Vat. Gierig, we know not on what authority, 
says " inter Anienis confluentem et pontem Milvium," a distance of 
more than two miles from ancient Rome. The Annae pomifrrum 
nenms Perennae, as Martial (iv. 64, 1 7) terms it, must have lain not 
far from the present Porta Pia between the road and the Tiber, 
I 2 



1 72 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

from which Ovid says it was hand procul. — 525. advcna. As coming 
from a distance. — venit, sc. ab Urbe.— pare sua. Probably an arnica. — 
Sub Jove, in the open air : comp. ii. 299. — tamen, even so. — 
ad numerum, i. e. they drink as many glasses as they wish to live 
years. — ebihat, drinks out. — 535. Illic, etc. There was a Mime or 
farce by Laberius (see on Hor. Sat. i. 10, 6) named Anna Perenna, 
which Merkel thinks may be meant \iere —jactant, etc. They 
make gesticulations suited to the verses. The acting and dancing 
of the ancients were very pantomimic, and great use was made of 
the hands in them. — -faciles, i. q. molles, i. e. mobiles. — posito cratere, 
i. e. when they have ceased from drinking ; posito, i. q. deposito ; 
cratere, i. q. vino or cyathis.- — f/wras, awkward, clownish, as they were 
probably drunk, and were, at all events, common workmen, me- 
chanics, and such like. Atque extra numerum procedere membra mo- 
ventes Duriter, et duro terram pede pellere matrem, Lucr. v. 1400. — 
sunt spectacula, i. e. are objects of derision : comp. Hor. Sat. i. 7, 21. 
— 540. fortunatos, happy ; for, as the old saw has it, " He that is 
drunk, is as great as a king." — Occurri, sc. pompam. The constr. here 
is somewhat unusual. In prose it would be Occurri pompam quae, 
etc. The MSS in general read Occurrit. It is the opinion of 
Heinsius and Burmann, that some lines have been lost here. The 
latter thinks that they were struck out by the monks on account of 
their impropriety. 

543-654. Enquiry as to M^ho this goddess was. First opinion, 
she w^as Anna, the sister of Dido : see Virg. Aen.iv. We may here 
remark, that both Dido and Anna, i. e. Hannah, seem to have been 
epithets of Astarte, the goddess of the Phoenicians, the former de- 
noting hve, and the latter favour. The Romans, after the manner 
of the Greeks, made moi-tal women of these attributes, and as 
Hannah was perhaps the Erycinian Venus (see on iv. 872), and was 
worshiped with lascivious rites ; this, together with the similarity 
of the name, may have led to the following legend, which there is 
no reason to regard as being Ovid's invention. — Quae, as to who. — 
proposito, enquiry. — Arserat. He plays on this word in his usual 
manner. — 549. Praebuit, etc. He takes this epitaph from his own 
epistle of Dido to Aeneas ; Her. vii. 195. — invadunt, enter. — vindice, 
defender. — larba : see Virg. Aen. iv. 196. — ut olim, etc.; comp, 
Virg. Geor. iv. 213. — nudandas, i. e. to be taken out of the hull : 
see on Virg Geor. i 298. — 560. justa, rites of the dea-d.—favillae, 
the ashes of Dido. — libatas, cut off, and offered. — pede aequo, with 
an even favourable course, the j^edes (i. e. the sheets or ropes at the 
corners of the sails) being stretched alike. — labitur, sc. mari. — 



BOOK III. 525-667. 173 

Moenia, etc. : comp. Virg, Aen, v. 3. — Melite, Malta. Its fertility 
was only relative, for it is any thing but fertile. — Cosyrae, Gozzo. — 
570. Battiis. Battus was the founder of the Greek colony of Gyrene, 
and the Greeks never possessed Melite. Silius, who also relates this 
legend (viii. 50, seq.), makes Anna come to Gyrene. — quantulacuni- 
que, whatever it is, small though it be. — tamen, surely. We have 
observed in our notes on Horace, that tamen answers to the Italian 
pure, which is often merely emphatic. — Pygmalionis : see Aen. i. 
346, 5^5'.— 581. Crathidis. The Crathis is the stream which ran by 
Thurii on the east coast of Southern Italy. The Camera is men- 
tioned no where else, and the supposition of the Phoenician Hannah 
or a similar being having been worshiped there, seems groundless. 
— subducere, to draw down. — alveus, the hold. — 593. habenis, i. e. 
gubernaculo. — vix. He had so little hope of escaping shipwreck. — 
quaecumque, etc., i. e. whoever died on the land. — 602. Auctus : see 
on i. 612. — secuvi, sc. loquitur, included in the following exclamat : 
see on Hor. Sat. i. 4, 32. — 612. Admonitu, the recollection : see on 
V. 167. — motus, mo\eA. — 617. morte, sc. Elissae. — credibili, i. e. quam 
credibile erat, quam credebam. — Ne refer, tell not the tale. — ratio, 
your own choice : comp. Hor. Sat. i. 1, '2.,—memores, sc. sumus 
debere, — errores, wanderings. — ^627. paratus, i. q. ajjparatus, dress : 
comp. Met. vi. 451. — pia, virtuous, as resulting from duty. — 
633. faku77i,cause\ess, unreal. — praeter, before. — e.rac/K;??, decided on. 
— 639. Noxerat, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. i. 353. — perenne. The abl. 
in e from adjectives in is or er is peculiar to Ovid : see Zumpt, 
§ 63, note. — 656. Et celebrant, etc. The expression celebrant se 
is, we believe, without example. Marsus explained it, " se reddunt 
celebres ebrietate." Taubner, " sua vel genii sui causa frequentes 
adsunt." Gierig, " curant ut bene sibi sit." May not se be scipsam, 
i. q. cam ? Poma ita disponere ut scobs inter se calcari possit, Colum. 
xii. 44 : comp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 49. Merkel (p. clxxvi.) conjectures 
te or 7-em. 

657-660. Other opinions. She was the Moon ; Themis, i. e. 
the Mother of the Seasons (Mythology, p. 198); lo, i. e. the 
Moon : all derived from the idea of her being the year. Some 
thought her a nymph, the daughter of Atlas, who had reared Jupiter, 
apparently confounding her with Amalthea. The only daughters of 
Atlas were the Pleiades and Hyades, to neither of whom does that 
task seem to have fallen. 

661-671. A further opinion, which seems to have derived Anna 
from anus. — Plebs vetus, etc. The secession in A. U. 260 : see 
Hist, of Rome, p. 62. — tuta, i. e. tuita. — 667. Orta, etc. We are not, 
I 3 



174 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

perhaps, to infer from this, that she lived at Bovillae, which was at 
least a dozen miles from the Moris Sacer. — siiburbanis ; see on vi. 
361. — domi, so. Romae. 

672-696. Reason why obscene verses were sung at her festival. 
— nam coeunt, etc., for they do come together, etc. He thus ex- 
presses himself, because he had not mentioned it before. — certa. 
This probably means, fixed, traditional, not extemporised. — dea 
facta, sc. anus a Bovillis : comp. v. 684. — seducta, drawn aside. — 
688. dedit vianus, yielded, consented. — hide joci, etc. The reason 
is rather to be sought in the old mode of worshiping deities of 
increase and production in Greece and Italy, as well as in the East. 
A curious resemblance has been traced between this goddess and 
Anna Poorna Devi, a Hindoo goddess of nutrition and abundance. 

697-710. The assassination of Julius Caesar: see Hist, of Rome, 
p. 447. — ■2mncipe. He is so styled even by Cicero, ad Fam. ix. 17. 
— locuta, sc. est mi/ii. — ineiis sacerdos. As being Pontifex Maximus. 
As such, he resided in the Regia, close to the temple of Vesta, 
which makes the language of the goddess more appropriate. — Ipsa, 
etc. This was the fiction of the poet Simonides respecting Helena, 
which Euripides followed in his drama, named from her. — vidit, has 
seen. Perhaps to intimate his immediate assumption. — 704. templa. 
On the spot, at the upper end of the Comitium, where the body of 
Caesar had been burnt (Hist, of Rome, p. 451), a temple to him 
was erected by the Triumvirs, in A. U. 710-12. — dicata, i. e. dedi- 
cata, sc. ei. — Morte jacent merita. All the conspirators perished by 
violent deaths. The last was Cassius Parmensis, who was slain at 
Athens, after the battle of Actium. — 707. Philippi. At which 
Brutus and Cassius fell. — Et quorum, i. e. Et ii quorum. — S2Mrsis, sc. 
ibi. — elementa, sc. rerum gerendaruvi. 

711,712. Morning-setting of the Nepa or Scorpion. Tot) (tkoq- 
iriov 01 irpivToi duTspes ^vfouiri. Euctemon, ap. Gem, Nepa occidit, 
Colum. xi. 2 : comp. Plin. iv. 163 ; xviii. 65. Ovid's words M'ould, 
however, seem to express a rising. But he may mean, that at dawn 
only the anterior part of the Scorpion will be visible, as he is then 
on the point of setting. 

713-790. The Liberalia. The poet only discusses two ques- 
tions ; namely, why old women sold liba, and why youths assumed 
the toga libera on that day. — celebeirima, distinguished, famed. Cele- 
berrimus et laetissimus dies, Cic. de Am. 3. — celeberrimum monu- 
mentum, Id. pro Sext. 67. — Nee referam, etc. For the Grecian 
Dionysus (different from the Latin Liber : see on v. 512), to whom 
all these events refer, see Mythology, p. 205, seq. — eras, sc. Bacche. 



BOOK III. 672-785, 175 

A few MSS. read erat. — Expletum, completed. — matris opus, the 
task of the mother, in gestation. — Sithonas, etc. Alluding to the 
story of Lycurgus, v. 722. He joins the Scythians with the Thra- 
cians, as they were neighbours ; but it is no where said that Bacchus 
entered Scythia. — Tu quoque, etc. Pentheus. — 726. Vilis anus. 
Liber alia dicta, quod per totiim oppidum eo diesedent sacerdotes Liberi, 
anus edera coronatae, cum libis et foculo pro emptore sacrijicantes. 
Varro L. L. vi. 14. The way it probably was done was this : when 
any one bought a libuni from the old woman, she burned a part of 
it {v. 734) for him on the foculum, as on an altar. — Ante, etc. The 
origin of this rite (whose real origin was unknown, but which may 
owe it to the resemblance between the words libum and Liber) was, 
according to the poet, Bacchus being the first who burned victims 
and incense in honour of the gods. — honores, sacrifices : see ii. 355. — 
728. gelidis. As no fire was ever on them. — ^unt. They offer. Cutn 
pro populo fieret, Cic. ad Att. i. 12. — succis, etc. Because he was 
also the discoverer of honey. There was always honey in a libiim, 
and it was smeared with honey, v. 761. — 740. Aeriferae, etc., i.e. 
they clattered their cymbals. — volucres, winged beings. — actae, 
drawn, attracted : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 7, 24. — CoUigit, etc., i. e. hives 
them. — levis senex. Silenus, who was old and bald.- — dissimidat, i. e. 
keeps this knowledge to himself. — 750. AppUcat, puts him up to. 
— super, sc. asellum. — nixus, holding, supporting himself hj.—Milia, 
etc. It was a hornet's nest. — sima. This is the conjecture of 
Heinsius. Most MSS. read prima, a few suvima. — limuin inducere, 
to daub his head and face with mud, to remove the pain of the stings. 
— 763. presset, sc. presses, i. e. kneads, makes. This is the reading of 
one of the best MSS. ; the majority read praesit, a few of inferior 
note praestet. — noverca. Juno. — opposuisse, put before. 

771-790. Why the toga libera was given on this day. — utrumque, 
sc. puerum et juvenem. — pater. All the gods were so called in the 
Roman theology : see Mythology, p. 507. Liber, iiowever, was 
rarely used without it. — numinibus, i. e. nuviini. — 777. es Liber, i. e. 
your name is Liber. This is th« true reason.— ^resci, sc. Romani. — 
patiio, i. e. paterno, inherited from his father : comp. Hor. Epod. 
2, 3. — Et caperet, etc. : see on i. 207. — 782. Nee crimen, etc. sc. 
as it is in these days of luxury and effeminacy. — Rusticus, sc. et 
cuvi. — ludos. The Ludi Circenses, Capitolini, Florales, etc., given in 
honour of the gods. — studiis, sc. popidi, their pleasure, gratification, 
not " arti poeticae et musicae," as Gierig understands it. — ko7ios, i. e. 
hcdi. — 785. Luce sua, i. e. hoc die, Liberalibus. Hence we see that 
there were no ludi to Liber, except the Corealia, which he shared 
i4 



176 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

with Ceres and Libera. — tironem. Tlie youth, when he assumed 
the toga virilis, was termed tiro, and the period on which he then 
entered, tirocinium. — celebrare, etc. Frequentia me usque ad Capito- 
lium celehravit, Cic. ad Att. vi. I. — 788. non aliena, not unsuitable. 
— caput, etc. : comp. Virg. Geor. ii. 39-2. The horned Bacchus was 
the Phrygian Sabazios : see Mythology, p. 209. We may observe, 
in fine, that there seems to be no reason whatever for regarding the 
Italian Liber Pater as a god of wine. 

791, 792. On this and the preceding day the priests went and 
made offerings at the various sacraria Argeorum throughout the city : 
see on v. 621. — sua pagina, i.e. the part of the poem assigned to 
them. 

793-808. Rising of the Milvus or Kite ; but whether morning or 
evening, and whether xvii. or xvi. Kal. we are uninformed by the 
poet. Pliny says (xviii. 65). xv. Kal. April. Italiae Milvuin ostendi. 
The following legend is only to be found in this place, and it reminds 
one strongly of the sacrifice of the horse in Hindoo mythology : see 
Southey's Curse of Kehama, book viii. — Miluus, a trisyllable : see 
on Hor. Ep. i. 16, 31. — Quaeque fuit, etc., i.e. the following aid. — 
violenta, powerful. — adamante, steel.— Attulit, etc. : comp. Met. ii. 716. 

809-850. The Quinquatrus, or festival of Minerva. — Nomina, etc. 
This is an erroi'. Hic dies units ah nominis errore observatur, proinde 
ut sint quinque. Dictus ut ab Tusculanis post diem sextum Idus simi- 
liter vacatur Sexatrus, et post diem septimum Septimatrus ; sic hic, 
quod erat post diem quintum Idus, Quinquatrus, Varro L. L. vi. 14. 
Out of ignorance of the origin of the name, they had made a one-day 
festival to last five days. — Sanguine, etc., i. e. the gladiatorial shows, 
with which it was celebrated, did not begin till the second day.— /ai-, 
sc. gladiatoribus. — ilia nata, etc. In the Kal. Praen. it is noted on 
this day, Minervae aedis in Aventino eo die est consecrata, 
and in Kal. Vindob. there is N. Minervae. — 813. strata, spread, 
smoothed. — arena, sc. amphitheatri, or, perhaps. Fori ; for it was in 
the Forum, which was always sanded for the purpose, that the gla- 
diatorial shows were given originally. It may be observed, that this 
usage probably arose from confounding the Grecian war-goddess, 
Pallas- Athena, with the Tuscan or Roman Minerva, the patroness 
of the mental powers. — Pallada, etc. : see Juv. x. 118. It is of the 
real Italian Aexty that he now treats, and the boys or girls that were 
learning to read, etc., that he addresses. — 817. Pallada placata, etc. 
Those who were engaged in spinning or weaving. — stantes. The 
ancient loom was upright : comp. Met. vi. 33, seq. — Hanc cole, etc. 
The scourer and the dyer, the shoemaker and the carpenter. — 



BOOK III. 785-851. 177 

Tychio: see Horn. II. vii. 222. — Epeo : see Od. viii. 492; Virg. 
Aen. ii. 264. — Vosquoque, etc., the physicians. — vestris,sc.vumeribus, 
fees. — 829. Nee vos, etc., the schoolmasters. — turba, etc. There is 
a great variety of readings here. Asfereis found in one of the best 
MSS., and in two of inferior authority (while others have ferae, feri, 
ferri), and it alone makes sense, it is to be preferred. Merkel, at 
one time, conjectured turha Plian; at another, turba vafra. Fere'ia, in 
general. — fraudata censu, cheated out of their legitimate income by 
the small fees they got. — Quique moves, etc., the carver, the painter, 
the sculptor. — tabulam, etc. This alludes to the mode of painting 
with melted wax named encaustiim, of which Pliny (xxxv. 11.) de- 
scribes three kinds. The first, which is the one here meant, was 
quo jnngebant ceris discoloi'ibus tabulae illitis et, igne admoto, candefacth. 
— -835. Caelius, etc. He now enquires into the origin of Capta, the 
title by which Minerva was worshiped, in a chapel on the Caelian 
hill. The site is not easy to ascertain. The part about the Lateran 
Church, where it declines into the plain, would seem to answer the 
description best ; but that, it is said, was outside of the city-wall. 
This, however, is no very valid objection ; for the same was the case 
with the temples of Mars, Apollo, Bellona, and so many others. 
Nardini, whom Becker follows, places it near the Colosseum. — 839. 
Capitale, i. e. ingeniosus,qui caput habet.—perdomltis, etc. In A. U. 
361 : see Hist, of Rome, p. 112. — littera prisca, i.e. the annals, or 
f he old name of the goddess. It could not have been an inscription, 
as then he would have had no doubt. — 845. An, quod habet, etc. 
This passage is really almost unintelligible. It would seem to mean 
that stealing any thing from that place was a capital offence : see 
Gell. xi. 18. Merkel (xcvi) quotes Paul. Diac, p. 66, 1 : capitalis 
lucus, ubi si quid violatum est cajmt violatoris expiatur. 

849, 850. The Tubilustrium on the last day of the Quinquatrus. 
Dies appellatur, quod eo die in Atrio Sutorio sacrorum tubae lustrantur, 
Varro, L. L. vi. 14. Verrius and Festus say the same. The Tubae 
were those used by the priests, perhaps the Salians. JLaOapfiog ad\- 
TTiyyoQ Kal Kivrjaic rStv OTrXoir, Koi TifiafApecoQ Kal Nepij'jje, Oecig 
ovT<i) Ty "SafUvMV yXixxray Trpotrayopawojusj/T/e rjv rj^ovv slvai . rrjv 
'AQrjvav f; /cai ' A((ipoSiTr]V vepivt] yap tj dvSpia sctti, ku'i vkpwvag Tovg 
dvSpeiovg ol Sa/3ij>oi KaXov(ri, Laur. Lyd. de Mens. p. 85. This 
Nerine is, therefore, perhaps the fortis dea. The Atrium Sutorium 
is utterly unknown. 

851-876. Entrance of the Sun into Aries. This, he says, took 
place the day before the Tubilustrium, i. e. xi. Kal. Origin of that 
sign : see Mythology, p. 332. — novercae, Ino. — herba, the corn. — ad 
I 5 



178 KOTES ON THE FASTI. 

tripodas, sc. DelpJm. — sorie, response. In many oracles, but not in 
that of Delphi, the answer was given by lots. This was particu- 
larly the case in Italy, as at Praeneste and elsewhere : comp. ii. 713. 
— Delpkicus, sc. deus. — 857. cum semine, as well as the seed. — regem, 
Atharaas. — mater, Nephele {cloud). — 865. draconigenam urbem, 
Thebes. — cum, at the time when. — Caeruleo deo, Neptune, as it 
would seem. 

877,878. The vernal equinox. — i;e?MV?w, approaching. — Eos,'li.ibQ, 
Aurora. 

879-882. Worship of Janus, Concord, Health, and Peace.— 
Canuerint, sc. et ubi. — Concordia, etc. Zonaras (x. 34) says that 
Augustus made statues 'Yy/ttag Si]jio<jiac Kal 'OjjLOvoiag ical 'EiprjvrjQ. 
The temple of Salus Publica (here called Romana), on the Quirinal, 
was dedicated A. U. 450 by the dictator C. Junius Bubulcus. 

883, 884. The temple of Luna, which appears to have been dis- 
tinct from that of Diana, on the Aventine was dedicated on this 
day.- Fast. Praen. It stood on the side of that hill over the Circus 
Maximus. 



BOOK IV. 



ARGUMENT. 



Address to Venus, 1-18. Dedication of this month to her by 
Romulus; its cause, 19-60. Greek origin of its name, 61-84; 
Latin origin, 85-132. Festival of Venus and of Fortuna Virilis, 
133-162. Setting of Scorpio, 163, 164 ; of the Pleiades, 165-178. 
The Megalesia, 179-372. Dedication of Temple of Fortuna. 
Pubhca, 373-376. Victory of Caesar over Juba ; setting of 
Orion, 377-388. Ludi Cereris ; rape of Proserpine, 389-620. 
Temple of Jupiter Victor ; Atrium Libertatis, 621-624. Battle of 
Mutina, 625-628. Fordicidia, 629-672. Augustus styled Im- 
perator, 673-676. Setting of the Hyades, 677, 678. Chariot-races 
in the circus ; burning of foxes, 679-712. Sun enters Taurus, 
713-720. Palilia. 721-806. Origin of Rome ; death of Remus, 
807-862. Vinalia, 863-900. Robigalia, 901-942. Floralia ; moving 
of Vesta to the Palatium, 943-954. 

1-18. Poet's address to Venus. — geminorum Amorwn. Eros and 
Anteros : see Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 23; from which Ovid seems to 
have taken this circumstance, which occurs no where else. — majora, 
i. e. the Fasti : comp. ii. 3. — 4. vulnus, sc. amoris. There is reason 
to suppose that Ovid was a widower when he wrote this part of the 



BOOK IV. 1-60. 179 

poem. — sig7ia. As they used to compare love with war : comp. 
Hor. Carm. iii. 26. — propositwn. We take this as a part, qualifying 
opus, and not as a substantive, as is usually done. — o/jms, i. e. the sub- 
ject of my verses. — Quae, sc. vita. — sine crimine. The ancients saw 
nothing wrong in sensual love, when it did not proceed to rape, 
adultery, etc. — lusimus. Everj' thing, as we have often observed, 
that was not serious was ludus. — 10. Nunc tentur, etc. Alluding to 
the races of the Circus. Hie modus ; liaec nostra signahitur area 
curru ; Haec erit admissa meta terenda rota, A. A. i. 39 : comp. Am. 
iii. 15, 18. — Tempo7'a,e\.c. : seei. 1,2, 7. — celeberrima, sc. es, art most 
frequented, i. e. worshiped. — 15. Mota, sc. mea prece. — leviier, etc. : 
comp. A. A. iii. 53, and Burns' Vision ad fin. — Dum, sc. ergo. 

19-60. Dedication of this month to Venus by Romulus. — tamen. 
This word, like the Italian pz<r<?, is, as we have observed, often 
merely emphatic— C«ei'ar, i. e. Augustus. — Hie, etc. The language 
here is taken from the Roman custom of keeping in the atria of their 
houses the imagi?ies or wax-busts of their ancestors. As Venus was 
at the head of the Julian gens, the month dedicated to her is said to 
descend in the pedigree down to Augustus, who had been adopted 
into that ge7is by the will of his uncle the Dictator. — Iliades, i. e. the 
son of Ilia, Romulus. — scriberet, i. q. describeret : seei. 27. — aiictores, 
sc. divines, i. e. those deities that were in his pedigree. — rettulit, 
named, made known. — 24. Quod sibi, etc. Because he was his 
own father. — gradibus, etc. Because she was the mother of 
Aeneas, and therefore there were many steps in the pedigree 
between her and Mars. — Alterius, of the second. — 31. Darda- 
non, sc. nam. — nesciret, sc. Romulus. — Electron, i. e. aut Elec- 
tran. — Hujus, se.filius est. — illo, i.e. Erichihonio, — 35. Proximus, sc. 
hie (Assaracus) creat : see v. 123. Capys is usually said to be the 
father of Anchises. Proximus is, in the usual way, i. q. proxime. — 
pietas, i. q. vir pius : see our Virg. Excurs. VII. Pius and its 
kindred terms denote dutt/, etc. to those to whom it is due, as the 
gods, parents, country, etc, — spectata, proved. For this account of 
Aeneas, see Virg. Aen, ii. and iii. — aliquando, at length. — luli, the son 
of Aeneas. — 40. Unde, i. e. a quo, or in quo. — dornus Julia, the Julian 
gens, which derived its name from him : see Virg. Aen. i. 288. — 
Postumus, sc. natus est. — subit, goes under, is ruled by; a figure 
taken from going under a load. — titulis tins, i. e. in the list of kings. 
— Capi/i, sc. filio suo. — 45. recidiva, repeated, renewed : see v. 34. — 
idem, i. e. Epitus. — Tiiscae aquae, i. e. the Albula, which was named 
Tiberis from him : comp. ii. 389. — 51. locus, i.e. regio. One of the 
fourteen regions into which Augustus divided the city. — 60. continu- 

i6 



180 NOTES OlSr THE FASTI. 

ata, joined, following in succession. With respect to this catalogue 
of Alban kings we may observe, that our poet has, in his Metamor- 
phoses (xiv. 609. seq.) given a slightly different list : see also the 
lists in Livy and Dionysius, which differ but little from it. 

61-84. Greek derivation of April. — Sed, etc. But though it was 
Romulus, a native of Italy, that arranged the months thus, the name 
of April is Greek. — Graio sermoiie, in the Greek language, i. e. with 
a Greek name. — Auguror, I conjecture, or infer. — a spumis (sc. 
nam), etc. Aphrodite (derived from cKppbq, foam) resembles Aprilis 
in sound. This was the derivation of April, given by Fulvius 
Flaccus and Junius Gracchus : see Varro L. L. vi. 33. — 64. Itala, 
etc. The south of Italy, which was filled with Greek colonies, 
was named Magna Graecia. — Evander: see i. 471. — Alcides : see 
i. 343. — Hospes claviger, i. e. Alcides. — 69. Dux Neritius, Ulysses, 
so named from mount Neritus in Ithaca, Od. ix. 21. — haestry- 
gones : see Od. x. 120. They were localised at Formiae (Mola 
di Gaeta) in Campania. — exstant, i. q. sunt. — Et quod, etc. The 
constr. is, Et litus quod, etc. The hill of Circeii, on the 
coast of Latium, was identified with Aeaea, the fabulous isle of 
Circe. — Telegoni, sc. vioenia, i. e. Tuscuium, said to have been 
founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses and Circe. — Tiburis udi : 
comp. Hor. Carm. i. 7, 13 ; iii. 29, 6. — Argolicae, etc. : comp. Hor. 
Carm. ii. 6, 5 ; Virg. Aen. vii. 670, seq. Tibur was said to owe its 
origin to three brothers, from Argos, named Tiburnus, Catillus, and 
Coras. — Atridae, sc. JiUus. Falerii, the capital of the Faliscans, in 
Etruria, was said to have been founded by Halesus, a son of Aga- 
memnon's : comp. Virg. Aen. vii. 723. The name of this supposed 
founder is plainlj^ derived from Faliscus (/and h are commutable), 
and his Argive origin is owing to the resemblance of the worship of 
Juno in both places. — 73. Trojanae, etc. : see II. vii. 348 ; Hor. 
Ep. i. 2, 9. Antenor was said to have settled at Patavium {Padua) : 
comp. Virg. Aen. i. 242, seq. ; Liv. i. 1. We see not why he and 
Aeneas (v. 78) should be classed among the Greek colonists.— 
Oeniden, Dioniedes, the grandson of Oeneus. He settled in Apulia, 
where he married the daughter of Daunus, king of the country : see 
Virg. Aen. xi. 246. — 79. Solymiis. The imaginary founder of Sulmo, 
the capital of the Pelignians, our poet's native place. — Sidmonis 
gelidi, etc. These four lines were evidently written, and inserted 
when he began to revise the poem, with the intention of dedicating 
it to Germamcas.— gelidi, because it was up in the Apennines. — 
Ergo age, etc. The editions, in general, following one or two infe- 
rior MSS., read Ei-go ego tarn longe ? . . 



BOOK IV. 61-134. 181 

85-90. Latin origin of the name. This was the opinion of Varro, 
who says (ut sup.) : Hujus mensis nomeji ego magis puto dichmi quod 
ver omnia aperit. Against this our poet now argues. It may be 
here observed that a different Latin origin of the name has lately 
been given by Goettling (Rom. Statverf. p. 168), viz.: that the 
original name was Parilis, from the Parilia or Palilia, whence 
Aprilis was formed by transposing the first two letters. — Eripuisse. 
This may be used in the usual manner for eripere : but it seems to 
have been the custom to use this tense after the subj. of i)o/o; see on 
Hor. Sat. ii 3, 187. — dictum, sc. mensem. — injecta, etc., alluding 
to the mode of claiming property called injectio manus, i. e. by seizing 
it when met ; Et dicam Mea sunt ; injiciamque manus. Am. i. 4, 40 : 
comp. ib. ii. 5, 30 ; Virg. Aen. x. 419 ; Liv. iii. 43. 

91-116. First argument, the dignity and power of Venus : comp. 
Lucr. i. 1, seq. — temperat, rules, governs : comp. Hor. Ep. i. 19, 28. — 
nullo deo, i. e. to that of no god. For examples of this construction, 
see on Hor. Sat. i. 1, 3. — natalibus, because she sprang from them. — - 
continet, holds, maintains, keeps up. — 95. Ilia deos, etc. According 
to the theogony of Greece, nearly all the gods were begotten and 
born like mankind, while Venus had previously been produced in a 
different manner. — rudes, etc.,i. e. homines rudium animorum. — unum, 
sc. locum. — 100. nee co'eant, i.e. non coirent. — cultus, dress. — munda 
cura, i. e. cura munditiae. — Primus avians, etc. The meaning is not 
that the first lover did so, but that Venus first made it be done. The 
strain of the metre was probably the cause of this unusual construc- 
tion. — carvien vigilatum. This seems to intimate that it was com- 
posed extempore, as he was watching at the door all through the 
night : comp. v. 167 ; A. A. i. 735 ; ii. 285. 

117-124. Second argument ; claims of Venus on the gratitude of 
the Romans. — aucta : see on 1. 612.- — P?-o Troja : see II. v. 3S5, seq. 
— Caelestes, etc. The well-known judgement of Paris. — Ah! nolim, 
etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. i. 27. — Assaraci, etc. By her union with 
Anchises : see v. 35. — scilicet. This is merely emphatic in this 
place : comp, Virg. Geor. ii. 534. 

125-134. Third argument ; the beauty of spring is suited to 
Venus: comp. i. 151, 5^^.; iii. 235, seq. — nitent ; expressing the 
fresh lively green of the young grass and corn. — agit, i. e. exagit. — 
materna, sc. Veneris, like natalibus, v. 93. — Rite (sc. ergo), etc. He 
concludes triumphantly that the Roman women are right in wor- 
shiping Venus atthistime. — colitis, sc. hoc die. — 134. Et vos, etc. i. e. 
the meretrices, who were not permitted to wear the vitta or bandeau, 
or the stola or long tunic, appropriated to women of character : see 



182 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

on Hor. Sat. i. 2, 63. Scripsimus liaec illls, quarum nee vitta jjudicas 
Attingit crines nee stola longa pedes. Ex Pont. iii. 3, 54. 

135-162. Worship of Venus. — Aurea, etc. Washing of the 
statue of the goddess : see the poem of Callimachus, Et'e Xovrpa 
rfiQ UaXkaSoQ, with the notes of Spanheim, for these washings. — 
aurea redimicula, the gold-adorned strings of the cap which was 
on the statue. Et habent redimicula mitrae, Virg. Aen. ix. 616.-^ 
marmoreo, either lit. made of marble, or fig. white. — divitias, i. e. 
the rich ornaments, earrings, etc. that were on it. — alii, i. e. novi. — 
suh viridi wyrto, i.e. crowned with myrtle. 'Er t^ ('ATrpiWiqj) 
Qvovffi TE Ty de(^j, Kai toiq KaXdvcaiQ i.(Tre(paviji)[xivai a'l yvvalicsc 
Hvpaivtj Xovovrai, Plut. Num. 19. — 141. sudantes rora. Like 
Milton's : " Braid your locks with rosy twine. Dropping odours, 
dropping wine," Comus, 105. The editions in general rea-d rorantes 
nuda, after some inferior MSS. — opposita, placed between her and 
them. — detis, sc. kac die. — calida qui, etc. i. e. in balneis. Fre- 
quenter MULIERES SUPPLICANT FoRTUNAE ViRILI HUMILIORES 
ETIAM IN BALINIIS QUOD IN IIS EA PARTE CO . . . UTIQUE VIRI 
NUDANTUR QUA FEMINARUM GRATIA DESIDERATUR. Tab. Pracn. 

ad Kal. Apr. — Aspicit, etc. The reason. — tegat, sc. mulier. — 151. 
Nee pigeat, etc. This practice, of which he gives a mythic origin, is 
not mentioned any where else.— -ffojjzfif, etc. Origin of the title 
Verticordia. In the year 639, a young Roman lady, named Elvia, 
when riding was struck with lightning, and both herself and the 
horse were killed. As it was found that both of them were stripped, 
and Elvia's clothes thrown up, her shoes, rings, and head-attire 
scattered about, and her tongue forced out of her mouth, the 
soothsayers were consulted, who declared that it portended infamy 
to some of the Vestals and the Knights. On enquiry it was found 
that three of those virgins, Aeniilia, Licinia, and Marcia had broken 
their vows and intrigued with some members of the equestrian 
order. The Vestals were accordingly buried alive, as also, by 
direction of the Sibylline books, were two Greeks and two Gauls, 
to appease the anger of some strange deities. It was also directed 
that a statue should be made of Venus Verticordia, that she might 
turn the hearts of the women from evil. This statue was dedicated 
by Sulpicia, the wife of Fulvius Flaccus, to whom the palm was 
given for cliastity : see Plut. Q. R. 83 ; Val. Max. viii. 15 ; Plin. 
vii. 35 ; Jul. Obs. 33. — Templa. We have seen that it was only a 
statue ; but a temple may have been built to receive it. 

163, 164. The evening-setting of Scorpio ; see Merkel, p. Ixix. 

165-178. Morning-setting of the Pleiades. This setting is 



BOOK IV. 185-209. 183 

cosmic. ArjixoKpiTii) n\tidSs£ K^vmovrai afia riXiti) dviffxovri, Gemi- 
nus, p. 69. — queruntur. The verb queror is properly used of the 
warbling of birds : see Hor. Epod. 2, 20. It is also used of the 
soft sweet tones of the pipe or flute. Lucr. iv. 588 ; Hor. Carm. iii. 
7, 30. — Semiustam, etc. : see ii. 500. — ^aternos, of their father 
Atlas. — relevare, to relieve, lighten, by going off the sky. — 170. 
septem, etc. Though only six could be seen, they were said to be 
seven ; probablj' from the regard for unequal numbers. — Septima, 
etc. Reasons for her invisibility. For the Pleiades, see Mythology, 
p. 464. 

179-372. The Megalesia, or festival of the Mother of the Gods, 
introduced into Rome, from Asia, A. U. 547 : see Liv. xxix. 14 ; 
Lucr. ii. 598, seq .; Virg. Aen. ii. 785. 

179-188. Manner of the festival. — Ttr, etc, : sc. j^osj! iv. Non. 
— Titan, i. e. Sol. This appellation of the Sun was peculiar to the 
Roman poets. The Greek Helios was not properly one of the 
Titans : see Mythol. p. 53. — hrflexo cornu, sc. cum. — Berecynthia. 
So named from Mt. Berecynthus, in Phrygia. — Idaeae. From Mt. 
lA&.—semimares, sc. sacerdotes, the Galli or priests of Cybele, who 
were eunuchs. — tympana, rvixvava (a rvTrru)), drums, not tam- 
borines, as is proved by the epithet inania. — Aera, cymbals. — 185. 
fysa, the goddess, i. e. her image : see on v. 276.—molli, effeminate, 
or rather i. q. mobili : see on Virg. Geor. ii. 389. — comituvi. It was 
carried by a Phrygian man and woman : see Dionys. ii. 19. — exulu- 
lata, sc. a turha sequente.- — Scena, etc. Stage-plays were always per- 
formed at this festival : see Liv. ut snp. xxxvi. 36, and the inscrip- 
tions in Terence. — Etfora, etc. These days were nefast. 

189-214. Causes of the clashing of cymbals, etc. — Quaei-ere, sc. 
a te, dea. — lotos. The wood of this tree, which grew on the coast 
of Libya, was used for making pipes and flutes : see Theophr. 
H. P. iv. 3 ; Plin. N. H. xiii. 17. — adimca. This seems to indicate 
the expansion at the bottom of the tibia or clarionet. — Cybeleia. 
From Mt. Cybelus. — neptes, grand-daughters, i. e. the Muses, as the 
Greeks had identified the Phrygian goddess with Rhea, the mother 
of Jupiter. — 195. Erato, from Ipcuji, to love. — Cessit, sc. sorte, has 
fallen to her. — Reddita, sc. a Caelo et Terra : see Hes. Theog. 464. 
— movere, sc. a loco, i. e. to disturb.— ^c/em, the tradition, which is 
generally believed. — Veste, etc. She gave him a stone in swad- 
dling-clothes instead of Jupiter. — tinnitibus, sc. aeris. — 209. sudibus. 
This is the reading of three inferior MSS. and of Lactant. i. 21. 
All the good MSS. read manibus ; two inferior ones rudibus. 
Lobeck (Aglaoph. p. 1125) proposes tudibus. In the Greek narra- 



184 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

tives they are £yx£tp(5ia, ^[(pea, SopaTa. — 210. Curetes. These were 
said to have danced the Trvppixrjv or war-dance, about the infant 
Jupiter, in Crete. They were afterwards confounded with the 
Corybantes or ministers of the Phrygian Mother.^ — terga, sc. bourn, 
with which the drums were covered : comp. v. 342. 

215-220. Enquiry why she was represented in a car, drawn by 
lions, and her head crowned with towers. 

221-246. Why her priests were eunuchs. Story of Attis : see 
Catull. Ixiii. ; Mythol. p. 224. — suatem2)latueri,'\. e. be the vtiiyicopoQ, 
aedituus, sexton : see on Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 230. — -puer, a maiden, if we 
may so express it. — 231. Ndida, i.e. Hamadryada. The Latin 
poets thus confounded the various classes of the Grecian Nymphs. 
— procumbere, sc. in se. — Dmdt/ma, sc.juga. — Palaestinas deas, i.e. 
the Erynnies or Furies. " Has explicandas doctiori alicui et acu- 
tiori relinquo," says Merkel, p. ccxx. There was a place on the 
coast of Epirus, at which Julius Caesar landed, named Palaestae 
(Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 6 ; Luc. v. 460), where there was a temple of 
these goddesses, if we may credit a literary friend of Marsus, who 
commented on Ovid in the 16th century. 

247-290. Coming of the goddess to Rome ; departure and voy- 
age. — amoenam fontibus, TroXwriSaKa. — ojjes, i. e. regnum. Trojanas 
opes, Virg. Aen. ii. 4. — sacriferas, as bearing the Penates, the fire 
of Vesta, etc. — Post, id, etc. A. U. 547, there were frequent 
showers of stones at Rome, and the Sibylline books, on being con- 
sulted, directed that the Idaean Mother should be fetched from 
Pessinus. Five men of high rank were therefore sent to request 
the image of the goddess from Attalus, king of Pergamus, who did 
not venture to refuse the prayer of the mighty republic. Liv. xxix. 
10, 11. — 260. casta, pure, holy: comp. Hor. A. P. 207. — Paean, 
Apollo, i. e. the oracle at Delphi : see Liv. /. c. — Nostra eris, 
sc. etiam. — refertur, is brought back by her pedigree, i. e. the 
Romans were descended from the Trojans. — lUa quibus, etc. : see 
Virg. Aen. ix. 85. Livy says that the Romans brought the goddess 
in their own ship, as of course they did. — 275. coloribus ustis: see 
on iVi. 831 .—Caelestum Matrem. Allatum ex Phri/gia nihil quidem 
aliud scribitur missum rege ah Attalo nisi lapis quidem non magnus, 
ferri manu hominis sine ulla impressione qui posset, colons furvi atque 
atri, angellis prominentibus inaequalis, Arnob. vii. p. 285. It was 
manifestly an aerolite. — sui nati, i. e. Neptuni. — Phrixeae sororis, i.e. 
Helles. — capax. Probably as the Grecian fleet lay there. — 280. 
veteres, etc. Thebes, near Adramyttium, the realm of Eetion, the 
father of Andromache : see II. vi. 395. — Qiiaque, etc. The coast 



BOOK IV. 210-337. 185 

of Euboea, in which was the town of Cai-ystus, celebrated for its 
marble. — Transit, passes, goes beyond ; for the ship could not 
have been in this part of the sea, which is off the coast of Asia. — 
286. Cylhera. An island off the south coast of Laconia. — Brontes, 
etc, the Cyclopes: comp. Virg. Aen. viii. 416, seq. — legit, i.e. 
passes along the edge of it. 

291-348. Coming of the goddess to Rome; arrival. — Ostia, the 
mouth of the river, not the town of that name. — Dividit, spreads 
itself. — Quaeque colunt, etc. The Vestals. — contento, strained as they 
were towing up the vessel.^-300. pressa, i. q. depressa. — quam pro 
parte, than his share, i. e. than he is able. — Adjuvat, etc. Just as is 
done at the present day in all countries. — monstro, prodigy ; for as 
such they regarded it. — 305. Quinta, as she was a fifth daughter : 
see Hist, of Rome, p. xiv. — Claiiso. Clausus was the Eponymus 
or mythic head of the Claudian gens : see Virg. Aen. vii. 706. — 
fades, appearance. — impar, sc. generi. — et, also. — criminis, charge. — 
acta rea est, she was held guilty. — cultiis, her style of dress. — Mun- 
ditiae ei ornatus et cultus, haec femmarum ingenia sunt, Liv. xxxiv. 
7. — 310. ad, i. q. aptcd, with: comp. Tr. ii. 472. — Conscia, etc. 
The whole of this is very like what Livy relates, iv. 44. Modem 
anno Postumia Virgo Vestalis de incestu causam dixit, crimine innoxia, 
ob susjncionem 2)rojjter cultuni amoeniorem ingeniumque liberius 
quam virginem decet, parian abJiorrens (i. e. evitans) famam. Ampli- 
atam, deinde absolutam . . . pontifex maximus abstinere jocis, colique 
sancte potius quam scitejussit. — Haec ubi, etc. It would appear from 
this that Ovid regarded her as a matrona like Livy, xxix. 14 ; she 
is a virgo in Stat. Silv. i. 11, 245, and Claudian de Laud. Ser. 28 ; 
and a Virgo Vestalis in Herodian i. 11 ; Aur. Vict, de Vir. 111. 16, 
and Sid. Apoll. Carni. xxiv. 41 : see Drak. on Sil. Ital. xvii. .33. — 
326. scena, etc. It would seem from this that there was some play 
on, or some representation of this act given at the Megalesia. — 
Mota dea est, etc. The same thing is told of a bishop named Sil- 
vanus, by Socrates Scholast. vii. 37, and of St. Thomas, in India, 
by Camoens, Lusiadas, c. x. st. 1 10, 11 1.— ^ej?zuH,a bend. The course 
of the Tiber below Rome is so very tortuous, that it seems quite 
impossible to say where this place was. — 330. Atria, i. e. domus, the 
residence of the god of the stream ; comp. Virg. Aen. viii. 65. It 
may be that the current had worn a hole into the bank there. The 
usual reading- is Ostia, given by a few inferior MSS.— /oco, an altar. 
— coronarunt, as was usual when a ship was coming into port : comp. 
Virg. Geor. i. 304; Aen. iv. 418. — 337. Almo. This streamlet 
enters the Tiber a little way below Rome. It was the custom to 



186 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

wash the goddess every year in it. Luc. i. 600 ; Am. Marc, xxiii. 3. 
— canus sacerdos, sc. deae. One of the Galli who had come with the 
image. — 343. celeberrima. Because the people crowded to look at 
her. — Ipsa, sc. dea. — porta Capena. This gate, from which the 
Appian road ran, was nearest to the place where the goddess was 
landed.— iVff^fm. P. Cornelius, cousin to Scipio Africanus, and son 
of Cn. Scipio, who fell in Spain, A.U. 540 (Hist, of Rome, p. 228). 
The oracle had directed that the goddess should be received into 
his house by the best man in Rome (Liv. /. c. ; comp. v. 260.). P. 
Nasica, though too young to be even quaestor, was pronounced to 
be virum bonorum optimum, and he was sent, the historian says, to 
meet the goddess at the mouth of the river, and deliver her to the 
matrons, who were to carry her to Rome. — non perstitit, i. e. has 
not remained the same. The poet seems here to assert that one of 
the Caecilii was the person to whom the charge of building the 
temple of the goddess was given. Of this we have no account 
any where else. The contract for building the temple was made 
A. U. 548, by the censors M. Livius, C. Claudius, and it was dedi- 
cated A. U. 561 by M. Junius Brutus, whose colleague in office, 
however, Metellus may have been : see Liv. xxxvi. 36. It stood 
on the Palatine, and was rebuilt by Augustus. 

349-372. Other usages at this festival. — parva cur stipe, etc. The 
begging of her priests, named by the Greeks nrjrpayvpreXv. To 

jU£-d TVflTT-dvMV Kui TlVix}V TOIOVTIOV TTe^Ukval Kul tTTl TIJ fXTlTpi 

dyeipEiv Tpocpds. Eustath. ad Od. p. 1824: comp. Dionys. ii. p. 91. 
— Contulit, etc., Pojmliis frequens dona deae in Palatiuvi tulit, Liv. 
ut sup. This however could not have been the origin of a practice 
well-known in Greece. — Cur vicibus, etc. It was the custom of the 
Roman nobles to give dinner-parties during the Megalesia, which 
was termed mutitare, probably from mutuus : see Gell. ii. 24. ; xviii. 
2. The poet's reason is futile. — indictas dapes, announced, pro- 
claimed, to which people were invited. Burmann says, " proprie de 
non vocatis, sed qui sponte veniunt ad epulas. Suet. Ner. 27. Vit. 
13." — primi, the first in dignity and estimation. — 361. Cur igitur, 
etc., why her priests were called Galli. — insana aqua, water that 
makes insane. Pliny (xxxi. 5), having named the Gallus among 
the streams whose waters cured the stone, adds, sed ibi in potando 
necessarius modus, ne lympihatos' agat. We need not say that no 
water ever had that power. — 367. Non pudet, etc. Why the more- 
turn was placed before the goddess. This was a mess composed of 
garlic, parsley, and other herbs, pounded up with cheese, oil, and 
vinegar ; see the poem named Moretum, ascribed to Virgil. 



BOOK IV. 343-410. 187 

373-376. Dedication of temple of Fortuna Publica, on the side of 
the Quirinal. — motis, i. q. amotis. — Pallantias. Aurora. We cannot 
tell why Ovid calls her thus, both here and Met. ix. 420 ; xv. 191. 
In Hesiod, Eos is the cousin-german of Pallas. Possibly there is 
a secret reference to palleo. — levarit, sc.jugo. Corpora veste levant. 
Met. X. [76.—valle Quirini. This lay between the Quii'inal and 
Viminal hills : see Juv. ii. 133. Most MSS. read colle. 

377-388. Victory over Juba. — Tertia lux, i. e. the third day of 
the Megalesia. — ludis, the stage-plays. — perfida. They were such 
only in the eyes of a Caesarian, — magnanimi, high-minded. — Ilanc 
sedem, sc. in orchestra. — Inter bis, etc. The Viginitiviratus was a 
rank leading to the senate. Of its twenty members, three presided 
at executions, three were over the mint, four over the roads ; the 
remaining ten presided over the juries in trials. Ovid, as appears 
from this place, had been in this body. — 385. seducimur imbre, we 
are separated by the rain. As the ancient theatres were not roofed, 
people had to seek shelter when rain came on. — Pendula, sc. nam. 
Libra was now soon to set, i. e. on vi. Id. (Plin. xviii. 66.) on 
which day Ofion also would set. — tamen. This word seems to sig- 
nify here, moreover. — summa dies, sc. Megalesium. 

389-392. Last day of the Megalesia. Circensian games. — Pro.v- 
ima, sc. ludis. — celeber, frequented, filled. — pompa, in the Circen- 
sian pomp or procession the principal men of the state, preceded 
by their sons on horseback, and followed by charioteers, musicians, 
and others, proceeded from the Capitol to the Circus. The images 
of the gods, carried on men's shoulders, closed the procession : see 
Amor. iii. 2 ; Dionys. vii. 72. — Prima, etc. the chariot-races in the 
Circus. 

393-416. The Cereris Ludi, or CereaHa, which lasted for eight 
days. — Hinc, i. e. after the Megalesia. One day intervened. — causae, 
dat. — cacumen, sc. rami. — Bene erat, sc. iis, they feasted : see on 
Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 120. — Acs erat, etc. x^^i^V ^' spya^oiro, [isXag 6' ovk 
icTKs aiSr]po^, Hes. "Epy. 151. — 405. chalybeia, from the mines of the 
Chalybes, near the Euxine. — ducem, Augustus. — unctas tedas, i. e. 
resinous pine-wood. — casta, pure, holy. 

417-454. Rape of Proserpine: see Met. v. 341, seq., Mythol. 
p. 170. — Plura, etc. Because he had related it already in the Meta- 
morphoses. — 422. Henna. This was situated in an elevated valley, 
nearly in the centre of the island : Cic. Verr.iv. 48. — caelestimi matres, 
i. e. the goddesses : see Mythology, p. 507. — Arethusa,the nymph of 
the fount at Syracuse, so named. — dissimili, i. e. variu. — gremium, the 
\a]i.— sinus, sc. pal/ae.—AiO. rorem, sc. marinum, rosemary : see Flor. 



J 88 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Virg. s. V. — meliloton, a species of trefoil with a j'ellow blossom and a 
fragrant smell. It grows abundantly in the south of Italy and in 
Sicily. — -patruus, Pluto. 

453-302. Search of Ceres. — Altonita, dismayed. — Ut vitulo, etc. 
had probably in his mind Lucr. ii. .332, seq. — Si non, etc. This 
seems to have been one of the legends invented to account for the 
offering of swine to Ceres : comp. ij. 414; i. 349. It is not noticed 
by any other writer. — 467. Jamque Leontinos, etc. He takes this 
opportunity of indulging in a favourite practice of the ancient poets, 
that of stringing together a great number of proper names. These 
places which are all in Sicily, will be best know^n by consulting a 
good map. It is also to be observed, that the poets, on these occa- 
sions, follow no certain order, but jumble the names together at their 
pleasure. — Amenana flumina. The river Amenanus runs by Catana : 
Met. XV. 279 ; Strab. v. p. 367. It often ceases to flow for several 
years, and then bursts out anew, at times inundating Catana. — 
Cyanen. A fount near Syracuse. — verticihus, etc., as the Gelas, on 
which it was buiU, was a strong rapid stream. — Quique locus, etc. 
either Messana, originally named Zancle (i. e. hook), Thuc. vi. 4 ; 
or Drepanum on the west coast. — 476. Melan. This is said to be 
a river in the district of Messana, where the land was extremely 
fertile : see Theophr. H. P. viii. 3. — Heloria tempe, i. e. the dale or 
glen of the Helorus ; like the Tuscan Val d'EIsa,Val di Magra, and our 
own Liddesdale, Annandale, Teesdale, Arundel, etc. The Greeks 
named wooded glens, through which a river ran, Ts/LiTTEa, Ts/^tt//. — 
484. alternis, sc. vicibus. — 490. jam vigiles, etc. OvSe Kvvdv vXcikyi It 
ava TTToXiv, Apoll. Rh.iii. 749. — Alia, etc. Virgil (Aen.iii. 378) places 
Enceladus, not Typhoeus, under Aetna. — -pumicis. The poets use this 
word for any kind of loose porous stone. — 497. Quo, etc. It hence 
appears that the goddess kept her ' dragon-yoke' in this cavern. — 
sicca, dryshod, as she drove through the air. — 300. Nisaei. Ovid, 
Hke Virgil (Buc. vi. 74.), confounds this Scylla with the daughter of 
Nisus. — Triste. 'AysXacrrog TTsrpa. 

303-360. Ceres at Eleusis. — Sub Jove, i. e. in the open air : see 
Hor. Carm. i. 1,23. — Eleusin, 'EXtvcriv. This, which is the proper 
name, is the reading of the best MSS. — mora, blackberries. The 
adj. excussa properly refers to glandes, for blackberries cannot be 
shaken down. — 321. neque emm,exc. 'Ogih' Kar ocyaojv S' ov Osmc (iaXtiv 
daKpv, Eur. Hipp. 1396 : comp. Met. ii. 621. — qua cogere j)osses, sc. 
by naming her daughter. — 333. Quae quia, etc. The mythic reason 
why those who were initiated at Eleusis did not taste food till even- 
ing.— 343. liquefacta, etc. We confess we do not quite understand 



BOOK IV. 440-646. 189 

this. Either rennet, or a kind of cheese, or ricotta is meant : see 
Virg. Terms of Husb. v. Caseus. — Trij^tolevmrn, i. e. the child. In 
the Homeridian Hymn to Ceres, he is named Demophoon. 

561-620. Further search of Ceres. — trahit, sc. circum se. — in dra- 
cones, i. e. in curruni. — expositum, projecting, lit. placed ont. — tiita, 
defended by. — in dextrum, etc., i. e. the south coast of the Saronic 
Gulf. — /o)2M»?z, i. e. the sea on the coast of Ionia, not that to the 
west of Greece : comp. Met. iv. 534 ; Ex Pont. iv. 5. 6 ; Val. Fiac. 
i. 24 ; Stat. Th. i. li.—Parrhasides, i. e. Arcadia : see ii. 189. — 580. 
Helice : see iii. 108. — de quo, etc. He was himself her father. — 
589. sola, sc. et nihil aliud—victore Gyge, i. e. if the Giants had been 
victorious in their war with the gods. Gyges, or rather Gyes, 
whom Ovid makes a giant, was one of the hundred-handed, who 
aided Jupiter against the Titans, Hes. Th. 617, 5^(7. — 596. Rtddat, 
sc. Persephonen. — Chaos, i. e. Erebus, with the usual confusion of the 
Latin poets. — 602. Stat, sc. sententia. — Punica, etc. i. e. of the 
pomegranates. — le^ito, tough, hard. — 619. Alba, etc. This does not 
seem to have been peculiar to the Cerealia, but to have belonged 
to all festivals. 

621-624. Temple of Jupiter Victor, and Atrium Libertatis, de- 
dicated. — hac (sc. 7iam), etc. The temple, which was dedicated on 
this day, was vowed by Q. Fabius Rullianus, in a battle with the 
Samnites A. U. 457 : see Liv. x. 29. Its site is unknown. — Airia, 
etc. The Atrium Libertatis appears to have stood on the ridge, 
running from the Quirinal to the Capitoline hill, afterwards cut down 
by Trajan : see Becker Handbuch Rom. Antiq. i. 462. The date 
of its erection is unknown. It seems to have been originally in- 
tended for the use of the censors. Asinius Pollio rebuilt it and 
placed in it a public library. 

625-628. The battle of Mutina : see Hist, of Rome, p. 455. — 
Ventiis, sc. 7iam. — Scilicet vt fuerit, be that as it may, i. e. be there 
hail or not. — hac Gra?idine, in this hail, i. e. on this day. 

629-640. The Fordicidia.— 5«cra litate, sc. Telluri, v. 634. Lito, 
KaXkieo'toj, is here used simply for, to offer. — Forda. He gives the 
meaning of this word in accordance with Varro (L. L. vi. 15) and 
Festus (s.v.). — Telluri, sc. igitur. — 635. Pars, i.e. wia. — Curia, 
(collect.), i. q. curiae. Eo die publice immolantur boves praegnantes in 
curiis complures, Varro, /. c. — Virgo, sc. Vestalis. — Luce Palis, \. e. the 
Palilia, v. 733. 

641-672. Origin of this festival. — hixuriabat, over-abounded. — 
primis in lierbis, in the very young corn. — 646. Et levis, etc. Instead of 
corn, the light worthless wild oat covered the ground : comp. Virg. 



190 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Buc. vi. 36 ; Geor. i. 154. — acerbos, sour, unripe, i. e. immature. 
Taken from fruits. — 651. Ille dabat, etc. The incubatio, kyKoifir](jiQ, 
or divining sleep : see Virg. Aen. vii. 81, seq. — sua verba, i.e. the 
appropriate words. — 669. errantem, puzzled, perplexed : comp. v. 
261. — conjtix, Egeria. 

673-676. Assumption of the praenomen Imperator, by Caesar : 
see Dion lii. 41. — Hanc quondam, etc. 'HlXtov ^' aKaiiavra i^odnriQ 
TTori'ia "Hpjj T\.'eiii\jiv Ltt' 'QiaavoXo poag asKOVTa vkeaOai, II. xviii. 239. 
— bella, the war against Antonius. 

677, 678. Evening-setting of the Hyades. — Dorida, i.e. the sea. 
Doris was the daughter of Oceanus, and wife of Nereus. 

679-712. Last day of the Cerealia. Burning of foxes in the 
Circus. — Carcere, collective. The Cerealia concluded, as we may 
see, like the Megalesia, with chariot-races. — partitos, separated in 
their carceres, or stalls, before they were started : see on Virg. Geor. 
i. 412. — Cur igitur, etc. This custom is mentioned by no other 
writer, and it is unnoticed in the Kalendars. It seems strange that 
what gave occasion to it, should have taken place at Carseoli, high 
up in the Apennines, and which could not even have belonged to 
Rome, when the Cerealia was instituted. — missae, i.e. emissae,\Gt 
go, started, like the horses. — ingeniosus, well-adapted. Nunc locus 
arvorum ingeniis, Virg. Geor. ii. 177. — 685. Pelignos, sc. agros. 
Ovid was a native of Sulmo in that country. — uvida semper. For it 
was well watered. — ementis, as having done their day's work, as it 
w^ere. — 690. Unde meum, etc. Hence it appears that Ovid did not 
write this work merely from books ; but was at pains to collect all 
traditions also, — 694. falcis. This is here probably the sickle ; 
for the vine, we believe, does not grow in that elevated region. — ■ 
bidentis. For this implement, see Virg. Terms of Husb. s. v. — 695. 
tibicine. The tibicen was a prop set against a wall, to prevent it from 
falling out. — extremi, etc. i. e. in the osiery at the end of a valley. 
There is a kind of hypallage. — 704. cokortis, of the yard. The 
cohors, x^^TOQ, was usually of a round form. Mapalia vocanlur ubi 
habitant ; ea quasi cohortes rotundae sunt, Cato ap. Fest. v. Mapalia. 
— aves, o^vStq, fowl. — 710. nam vivere, etc. Merkel has placed in 
the text the following conjectural reading: nam de cruce cur- 
iam Nunc quoque lex vulpem Carseolana nee at. — ardet, sc. Romae. 

713-720. Entrance of the Sun into Taurus. — lutea, KpoKOTTSTrXoe. — 
prodidit, gave up, i. e. lost. — victima major, i. e. Taurus : comp. Virg. 
Geor. i. 186. — Pars (sc. nam), etc. As in representations of the 
stellar heaven only the fore part of this sign appeared, it could not 
be decided of which sex it was. — Seu tamen, etc. For some said it 



BOOK IV. 647-733. 191 

was the bull that carried Europa, others the cow into which lo had 
been changed : comp. v. 603. vi. 712. The former seems to have 
been the poet's own opinion. 

721-862. The Palilia. The birthday of Rome. 

721-782. Mode of celebrating' the festival. — abiit. The last syl- 
lable is long, on account of the arsis and the following pause : comp. 
iii. 474 ; Hor. Sat. i. 4, S2.— Palilia, sc. ad. We have retained this 
reading, which is that of the great majority of the MSS. Merkel 
reads Parilia, after one of the best, and an erasure in a second. In 
Cicero, the word is always Parilia, as it likewise is in the Greek 
writers, Plutarch excepted. On the other hand, Varro (L. L. vi. 
15), says, Palilia dicta a Pale, quod ei feriae, and Charisius (i. p. 55), 
Pales dea pastoralis est, cujus dies festus Palilia diciintur, nisi quod 
qiddam a partu Iliae Parilia dicere maluerunt. It would therefore 
seem that those who derived it from the name of the goddess, called 
it Palilia, while those who regarded it as a vernal festival, suited to 
that season, when nature is producing plants and animals, named it 
Parilia, as if derived from pario. — Pales. Dea est pabidi, quam alii 
Vestam, alii Matrem deum volunt. Hanc Virgilius genere feminino ap- 
pellat, alii, inter qiios Varro, mascidino genere, Serv. on Geor. iii. 1 . 
According to Arnobius (iii. 40), the Etruscans worshiped among 
the Penates, Palem, sed non illam feniinam, quam vulgaritas accipit, 
sed masculini nescio quern generis ministrwn Jovis ac villicum : see 
Merkel, p. ccviii. — 725. Certe ego, etc. : see v. 733.— februa : see 
ii. 19. — transilui, etc. Palilia tarn pid>lica quam privata sunt. Et est 
genus hilaritatis et lusus apud rusticos, ut congesfis cum foeno stipidis 
ignem magnum transiliant his Palihhus, se expiari credentes, Varro ap. 
Schol. Pers. i. 72. Casaubon, in his note on that place, shows how 
this custom was transmitted to the early Christians, who only 
changed the time of it to St. John's day (June 2.3rd). The Scandi- 
navians had a similar custom of lighting purifying fires, in honour of 
their god Baldur, at the time of the summer-solstice, and among 
them also, St. John took the place of the heathen deity. This 
custom has also prevailed among the Celts of Ireland and Scotland, 
down to our own days. — Udaque, etc. A branch of bay was used 
for sprinkling the purifying water : comp. v. 677. — 730. Puppis, i. e. 
carmen. The course of the poem is compared to that of a ship, in 
the usual manner of poets ; " Now strike your sailes yee iolly ma- 
riners, For we be come unto a quiet rode," Faerie Queene, ii. xii. 
42. — suffimen, i. q. suffimentum, fumigation, i. e. material for fumi- 
gating. — 733. Sangids, etc. The suffimen, which they then got from the 
Vestals, was the ashes of the calves, from the Fordicidia (see v. 640), 



192 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

tho blood of a horse, and dry bean-stalks. This horse was what was 
called the October Equus, qui in Campo Martio mense Octobri immo- 
Intur qvotannis Marti bignrum victricum dexterior .... ejusdevique 
Cauda tanta celeritate perferfur in Regiam, ut ex ea sanguis destiUet in 
focum, pai'ticipandae rei divinae gratia, Festuss.i;. Plutarch (Q. R. 97) 
says that this took place on the Ides of December, and that /cojui'^ti 
Kai rbv f3(i)fibv aii^daffsi rrjV jjiiv ovpav diroKo^aQ tiq stti t7)v "P/jyte- 
vav (i. e. Regiam) KoXovukvrjv. By the 'Fliyeiva, he evidently 
means the Regia, which he regards as the temple of Vesta, to which 
it belonged in his time ; see on v. 949. For the Regia, see on ii. 69. — 
culmen, i. e. cidmiis. — inane, as the beans were gone. — 735. ad 
prima, etc., vtto vvktu, at nightfall. — Unda, etc. The dust of the 
])lace was to be laid with water, and then swept away. — Caerulei. 
The flame of sulphur, as is well-known, is blue. — 740. Tacta, sc. 
nasum, by the strong fume of the sulphur. We do not think, that 
the sheep were rubbed with it. — mares, " quae non faciunt fructus 
vel grosses, unde alibi mascula thura," Vet. Gl. ap, Merkel. Some 
MSS. read maris rores. — taedam. Sextum genus (pinus) est taeda 
proprie dicta, Plin. xvi. 10. — herbas, etc. : see on i, 343. — Liha, etc. 
They offered cakes of millet, and also a basket-full of that pulse. — 
745. dajies, the food that was to be offered to the goddess, and 
then consumed by the worshipers. It must have consisted of bread 
and cakes ; for Solinus saj^s, Et observatum deinceps ne qua hostia 
Parilibus caederetur ut dies ista a caedibus purus esset ; which is 
further proved by the use of the milk. — resectis. The liba, for 
example, used to be cut into quarters ; see on Hor. Ep. i. 17, 49. — 
Consule, etc. The prayer to Pales : comp. ii. 659. — sacro, sc. loco. 
— 750. in bustis, on a tomb or grave : see on Virg. Buc. iv. 49. — 
fugatae. It was the belief that the deities fled the view of mortals, 
to whom, as the legends of Tiresias and Actaeon show, the view of 
them was fatal. — Unde, etc. In the South, they give the sheep and 
cattle leaves as well as grass to eat: see on Virg. Buc. ix. 61. — 
755. degrandinat, it is pelting hail. This is a ajra? Xeyo/x. and is to 
be explained after the analogy of Desaevio (Virg. Aen. iv. 52), and 
so many other compounds in de.—fano. The reading of a very few 
MSS. All the others have Fauna. — Nee Dryadas, etc. : see on 
V. 751. — labra, i. e. lavacra, bathing-place. He alludes to Actaeon : 
see Met. iii. 161. — Faunum, etc., i. e. Pan : comp. Theocr. i. 15. — 
765. referam, sc. vesperi. — referat, etc. : comp. Virg. Buc. i. 35. — 
770. Dent, etc. In making cheese, that the whey might run out 
freely : comp. Tibull. ii. 3, 16. — vivorore, i. e. in running water. Ros, 
like ^pocTQQ, is used for aqua: comp. Met. iii. 164, and see Valk. on 



BOOK IV. 735-843. 193 

Eur. Hipp. 121. — camella. A wooden bowl used by the countryfolk. 
— sapam. Fit, musto usque ad tertiam partem mensurae decocto, 
Plin. xiv. 9. — Mooc, etc. : see v. 121. For the celebration of the 
Palilia, corap. TibuU. ii. 5, 87, seq. 

783-806. Various causes assigned for the origin of the Palilia. — 
Turba, sc. causarum. — vitium, etc. Ovine per ignem Excoqnitur 
vitium, Virg. Geor. i. 89. — qiie, even. — duce. In the South, the 
shepherd usually walks at the head of his flock : see on Virg. Buc. 
ii. 23. — An quia. Second cause : comp. Met. i. 432. — 791. An quod, 
etc. Third cause. Aqua et igni solent interdici damnatis, quam acci- 
piunt nuptae, Festus, v. Aqua. The interdicfio aqua et igni prevented 
an exul from returning to Rome ; it was also the custom there for 
the bride and the bridegroom to touch lire and water. — sunt, sc. sed. 
Fourth cause. — referri, i. e. we are reminded of. — 795. Pars, i. e. 
some people. Fifth cause. — An magis, or rather. Sixth cause. — 
801. Num tamen, etc. A seventh cause, and the most probable one 
in the poet's eyes. — cessaturae, that was no longer to be inhabited. 
— natali, i. e. on the day of the Palilia, on which Rome was said to 
have been founded. 

807-862. Building of Rome : see Hist, of Rome, p. 13. — Ipse 
locum, etc. Five inferior MSS., which the editions follow, read. Ipse 
locus caussas, etc., which would seem to give a better sense than the 
present reading, which Marsus says means, " By chance we are 
come to the place where we are to relate the origin of Rome." 
Perhaps casus may be the event in the preceding verses, and locum, 
an occasion. — 820, suberant, were at hand. — ad solidum, sc. solum, i. e. 
deep, till it came to the firm ground.— /rwges, etc. The hole (fossa), 
which was dug on occasions like this, was named mundus. Into it 
were cast a portion of all necessary natural productions, and a little 
of the natal earth of each of the colonists : see Plut. Rom. 11. — 
focus, i. e. ara. — 825. stivam, the plough-tail. For the ancient 
plough and its parts, see Terms of Husbandry in our Virgil.— /jm?M, 
i. q. fas, the duty of a pious person. — adhibere, to call, to summon, 
to take to council : Cic. Off. ii. 23 ; iii. 20.— 831. Longa, etc. in 
this verse, que connects aetas and potentia : comp. v. 881. Ovid 
more than once calls Rome Urbs domina, but here, as the city was 
not yet built, he uses terrae, instead of Urbis. Three MSS. read 
domitae.—8Sl. Ccler. This is merely a personification of the Ce- 
leres : see Hist, of Rome, p. 45. — 843. Rutro. Most MSS. read 
retro, some rastro, a .few ult7'o. Rub'o is the happy emendation of 
Heinsius, which all have adopted. Dionysius (i. 87) says that he 
struck him riTi (rKa(pe'Kii, which is the rutrum, spade, or shovel : see 

K 



194 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Virg. Terms of Husb. s. v. — occupat: see on i. 575. — servat, he 
preserves, i. e. gives. — 850. dissimulata, so. adhuc, restrained. — non- 
dnm facii. They M'ere not called Quirites till after their union with 
the Sabines. — semper, still, i. e. long time. 

863-900. The Vinalia. There were two festivals of this name ; 
one, the present, celebrated in April ; the other in August, which 
last was named rustica. Ovid here seems to confound the two : 
see Merkel, p. xlvi. — utramque, sc. diem. — vulgares puellae, i. e. me- 
retrices. — Multa, sc. nam, very. — professarum. When a woman in- 
tended to become a meretrix, she g'ave the aediles notice of her name 
and her intention {profitehatur), and she was thenceforth entered in 
their books and under their inspection : see Tac. Ann. ii. 85, and 
Lipsius in he, — 869. shymbria. The sisymbriuvi or thymhraeum is a 
kind of wild mint. It is aromatic, exciting and tonic. — texta, etc., 
bunches of roses, bound with rushes. — Templa, etc. The temple to 
which he directs them to repair, is that of Venus Erycina, outside 
of the Colline gate, which was dedicated A. U. 571, having been 
vowed a few years before in the Ligurian war : Liv. xl. 34. Ovid 
confounds it here M'ith the temple of Venus Erycina, on the Capito- 
line, which was vowed A. U. 535, by the direction of the Sibylline 
books, and was dedicated A. U. 536 : Liv. xxii. 9 ; xxiii. 31. He 
makes a further mistake in connecting it with the taking of Syracuse 
in A. U. 540 ; for Claudius Marcellus did not even go to Sicily till 
A. U. 538. — Eryx. On this mountain, which was near Drepanum, 
cm the west coast of Sicily, stood a famous temple of the Phoenician 
goddess, whom the Greeks had identified with their Aphrodite : 
Strab. vi. p. 418. — 877. Cur igitur, etc. He attempts to answer the 
question, why, if this day is really sacred to Venus, it is called 
Vinalia, and is sacred to Jupiter. The following legend would seem 
to refer properly to the autumnal Vinalia, and we do not think the 
place of Varro, L. L. vi. 16. opposed to it, while Festus [v. Rust. 
Vin.) expressly asserts that it did refer to it. It would seem to 
follow from Varro (/. c), and from Masurius (ap. Macrob. i. 4), that 
it was only in the Vinalia Rustica that Venus was joined with 
Jupiter. — adorat, supplicates, prays to. — vel equo, etc., whether on 
horseback or on foot. — 885. non parvo, sc. prctio. — laeuhus, the 
pans, vessels for receiving the juice of the grapes : see Virg. Terms 
of Husb., V. Lacus. — 893. Hostica, an old form, i. q. hostilis : comp. 
Hor. Sat. i. 9, 31. — autumnus. We need not suppose a personifica- 
tion in this place. — Dicta, etc. It would seem from this also, that 
it was the Rustica Vinalia that were in his mind. 

901-904. These four verses are a tissue of errors. The vernal 



BOOK IV. 843-942. 195 

equinox, or middle of spring, is in March (iii. 877), not in April ; and 
the evening-setting of Aries was on the same day with it, as Ideler 
has shown ; and finally, Canis sets, not rises, on iv. Kal. Maias, Plin. 
xviii. 29, or Pr. Kal. Colum. xi. 2. It is the opinion of Merkel 
(p. Ixxiv.) that these verses were originally in L. iii. in their proper 
place, whence they were moved, and vv. 877, 878 substituted for 
them. This he thinks was done after the poet's death, at which 
time exoriturque Canis was added by the ignorant person who made 
the change. — Signa, etc. This may either be, the rains give signs, 
i. e. show themselves ; or, as Taubner understood it, the constella- 
tions give rain. 

905-942. The Robigalia. — Nomento. This town {La Mentana) 
was in the Sabine country, twelve miles from Rome. The Via No- 
mentana ran from the Colline gate, and crossed the Anio at the 
Mons Sacer, just as the present road does. — Candida pompa, i. e. a 
procession of persons in white togae. — Flamen, sc. Quirinalis. — anti- 
quae, etc. There is considerable difficulty here. Ovid plainly says, 
that he was coming to Rome, and, of course, along the Nomentan 
road, while in Fast. Praen. we read Feriae. Robigo. Via. Claudia. 
AD. MiLLiARiUM. V., and in Festus, Catularia porte i2o??ia<? fi'irfa; c^^, 
quia non longe ab ea ad placandum Caniculae sidus frugibus inimicuiu 
rufae canes immolebantur . The latter difficulty may be removed by 
supposing with Nardini, that Ovid, instead of coming in by the 
Colline gate, had turned to the right, to take a shorter way to his 
own house, which was near the Capitol (Tr. i. 3, 30) ; but the former 
has baffled all efforts, as the Via Claudia lay on the other side of the 
Tiber. Possibl}^ however, the same ceremony may have been per- 
formed at different places on the same day. Verrius, we may ob- 
serve, speaks of a god Robigus, Ovid of a goddess Robigo, in which 
he is followed by Columella (x. 342) and Lactantius alone. — 
911. Robigo, epvffifir}, fiiXroe, mildew, i. e. meal-dew (mekltkau, 
Germ.). He terms it asjiera, because it makes the surface of the 
stalks rough. — adusta gelu : comp. Virg. Geor. i. 93. — 933. villis, 
etc., i. e. a towel with the nap on it, as opposed to the finer kind, 
tonsis villis : see Virg. Geor. iv. 377. — obscaenae, of ill omen ; a usual 
epithet of dogs. — Est canis, etc. The Canicula was said to have 
been Maera, the dog of Erigone, the daughter of Icarus, who was 
killed by his workmen, who thought he had poisoned them with the 
wine which Bacchus had given him. Erigone, having found his 
body by means of her dog, put an end to her life, and Bacchus 
placed them all three in the skies. — praecipitur, sc. aestu, is taken 
away : comp. Virg, Buc. iii. 98. — 942. Et quare, etc. This is the 
K 2 



196 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

simple cause of many a practice, in which the mystics find such deep 
meanings. 

943-954. The Floralia. Removal of Vesta to the house of Au- 
gustus. — Tithonia, i. e. Aurora, who was married to Tithonus. Two 
MSS, read Titania.—fratre, i. e. Tithonus. Frater would seem to 
be used here in the sense of kinsman, for Tithonus was grand- 
nephew to Assaracus. — dea, i. e. Flora. — Scena, etc. : see on v. 33 1 . 
— 949. Aufert Vesta, etc. When Augustus became Pontifex Maxi- 
mus, as it was requisite that that minister of religion should reside 
near the temple of Vesta, and he did not wish to leave his house on 
the Palatine, he consecrated a portion of it to Vesta, and he gave 
the Vestals the Regia, to enlarge their dwelling. There thus were, 
at least in his time, two temples of Vesta at Rome. — cognato : see 
iii. 425. — sic, etc. There was a senatus-consult made for the removal. 
— Phoebus, etc. Another portion of the house of Augustus was de- 
voted to the temple of Apollo, with its library : see Met. i. 562 ; 
XV. 864 ; Prop. ii. 23 ; Suet. Oct. 29.— State, etc. : see on i. 614. 



BOOK V. 



ARGUMENT. 



Origins of the name of May, I-IIO. Rising of Capella, 111-128. 
Altars to the Praestites Lares, 129-146. Temple of Bona Dea, 
147-158. Rising of the Hyades, 159-182. Floralia, 183-378. Rising 
of Centaur, 379-414. Rising of Lyra and Scorpio, 415-418. Le- 
muria, 419-492. Setting of Orion, 493-544. Temple of Mars Ultor, 
545-598. Rising of Pleiades, and beginning of summer, 599-602. 
Rising of Taurus, 603-620. Throwing the Argei into the Tiber, 
621-662. Festival of Mercury, 663-692. Passage of Sun into Ge- 
mini, 693-720. Agonalia; rising of Canis, 721-724. Tubilustria, 
725-728. Temple of Fortuna Publica dedicated, 729-732. Bootes 
sets, Hyades rise, 733, 734, 

1-110. Origins of the name of May. 

1-10. Introduction. — Quaeritis, sc. si: comp. i. 219 ; ii. 57, 284 ; 
iii. 765 ; iv. 878 ; Met. ii. 512; Rem. Am. 161, 487. In all these 
places we think it better to suppose an ellipse than to make them 
interrogative ; yet in reading them, the tone should be slightly so. 
— liquido, sc. modo, clearly. — ex omni parte, on every side. — iter, i. e. 



BOOK V. 1-74. 197 

via, a way, a road.— /erar, mid. voice. — quae fontes, etc., i. e. Musae. 
— Aganijipidos. An adj. like Ausonis, Maenalis. It would seem 
from Pausanias (ix. 29, 3 ; 31, 3) that Aganippe and Hippocrene 
were two distinct springs on Mt. Helicon, and Ovid himself 
would also appear to distinguish them : Fonte Medusaeo et Hy- 
antea Aganippe ; Met. v. 312, where the former is evidently Hip- 
pocrene, which was produced by the hoof of Pegasus. — Grata, sc. 
vobis. 

1 1-52. First origin ; from Majostas. — ut primiim, etc. : comp. i. 
103 ; Met. i. 5 ; xv. 239. He here speaks of only three elements, 
earth, water, air. — 20. plebe, sc. deorum, i. e. the inferior deities : 
comp. Met. i. 173. — Et latus, etc., i. e. placed himself on the same 
sofa with him, as they lay at meals. — Et Tethys. Merkel, following 
a very few MSS., reads Et Themis. — Corpora, etc., i. e. married, not 
lay at meals, as Lenz understood it.— 25. Majestas. By this term the 
Romans seem originally to have meant the dignity and power of 
the Populus Romanus, as distinguished from the Auctoritas of the 
senate. It then was applied to the dignity of magistrates and 
others, and finally was appropriated by the emperors. This birth 
of Majesty seems to be a fiction of the poet's own ; the original 
companion of Honos at Rome was Virtus. — Quaqiie die, etc. She 
came forth full-grown, like Minerva, to indicate her immediate power 
and influence. — sinu, i. e. toga. Part for whole. — Pudor, etc. Per- 
haps the Ai'^we Kai 'Ssfxeirig of Hesiod, "Epy. 200. — 31. suspectus, 
looking up to, reverential regard, respect. — Jiecsibi, etc., i. e. docs not 
do as he pleased. — Terra, sc. turn. — honore pio, dutiful respect and 
obedience from their children. — Ilia comes, etc., i. e. gives the 
respect yielded to their modesty and purity. — coronatis, etc., i. e. 
attends the general in his triumph, 

53-78. Second origin ; from Majores. — scita, skilled. The use of 
this part, past in an active sense is remarkable ; it seems to be done 
on the principle applied to those of deponents. — Martis opus, etc. 
liaXaioQ alvoQ' spya jiiv Viwrkpoiv, BovXat S' 'ixovei TtSv yepatrt- 
pwv Kparoc, Eur, fr, Melanip. 17. — 60. Et pro dis, etc., i.e. pro 
oris et focis. — Nomen, etc. Senatus, a sene : see Cic. Cat. 6. — 
65. finitaque, etc. This was always the case at Rome, In A. U, 
574, by the Lex Villia Annalis, the age for a quaestor was fixed at 
31, for an aedile 37, a praetor 40, and a consul 43 years. — interior, 
on the inside, next the wall : see Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 1 7. — 70, censuram, sc. 
nam, the right of reprimanding. — Patres. The name of the Roman 
senators : see Liv. i. 8 ; Sail. Cat. 6. — sua vocabiila, their own names. 
— majores, sc. 7iatu.—74:. Tangor, sc. argumento, I am led to believe, 

k3 



198 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

— 76. sustinuisse, to have been able to refuse him : comp. Met. xiv. 
788. Senatus qiierentes eos non sustinuit, Li v. xxxi. 13. — pignus, 
pledge, voucher, proof. 

79-110. Third origin ; from the Pleias Maia. — sui chori, i. e. of a 
third of the Muses : see v. 53. — Qici terram, etc. For the circum- 
ambient river of Ocean, see Mythol. p. 36. — 89. Arcades, etc. : see 
i. 469. The Ladon is a river, Maenalon a mountain, of Arcadia. — 
Exul, etc. : see i. ut sup. — impositos, sc. navi suae. — arbo7\ trees ; a 
collective term. Casa is the same. — 101. Semica2)er, etc. : see ii. 
267.^ — cinclutis, wearing the cinctus instead of a tunic : see Hor. 
A. P. 30 ; Hist, of Rome, p. 89, sixth edit. — celebres, crowded. — apte, 
suited to, as he himself had stolen Apollo's kine, etc. : comp. Hor. 
Carm. i. lO.—Jidis, i. e. li/rae, v. 106. Prose-writers always use this 
noun in the plural. — pietas, act of duty. — turbae, etc., i. e. each 
opinion was maintained by three Muses. A far more probable 
origin than any of the three is the following : Cincius mensevi numi- 
natam puLat a Maia, quam Vulcani dicit iixore^n, argumentoque utitur 
quodflamen Vulcanalis Kal. Mails h uic deae rem dmnamfacit, Macrob. 
i. 12. Affirmant quidavi, quibiis Cornelius Labeo consentit, hanc Maiam 
. . . terram esse .... Auctor est Cornelius Labeo, huic Maiae aedem Kal. 
Mails dedicatam sub nomine Bonae Dene, et eandem esse Bonam Deam 
et terram, etc., Id. ib. Maia seems to have been the female of the 
god Maius, who, as Macrobius tells us (/. c), was held to be Jupiter 
by the Tusculans, but who was probably a telluric power, like 
Saturn and others. 

1 1 1-128. Evening-rising of Capella. — Prima node, sc. mensis ; or, 
in the beginning of the night. — officiosa, sedulous, actively engaged. 
— Nascitur, i. e. ontur : see on Virg. Buc. viii. 17. — Oleniae Capellae. 
The sign of the goat with her two kids is on the arm of Auriga : 
Arat. 162, seq. ; Serv. Aen. ix. 668. Hence, some derived the 
name Olenia from uikkvr}. Others, however, deduced it from 'QXivq 
in Achaia, near Aegium, at which Jupiter was reared by a goat 
(atyt) : Strab. viii. p. 593. — pluviale. Et ortus et occasus gravissimas 
tenq^estates faciunt, Serv. ut sup. — 113. Nais, i. e. N'^mjjka. — Amal- 
tJiea, etc. This legend is told also by Eratosthenes, Cat. 13. — aeriis, 
lofty, tall, rising into the air : see on Virg. Buc. i. 38. — Sidera nu-- 
tricem, etc. He made the goat herself a constellation, and caused 
her horn, named from her mistress, to be always full of fruits. 

129-146. Altar raised to the Lares Praestites .- see Excursus 
on ii. 333. — Ara erat, etc. This is the reading of all the best MSS. ; 
another, which, though of slight authority, has been generally 
adopted, is Vovei^at ilia qicidem Curius. Merkel gives in the text. 



BOOK V. 76-162. 199 

from one inferior MS. Vota erat ilia quidem Curibus, while in his 
Prolegomena (p. cxxii.) he conjectures Cura for Ara. There is no 
account of any member of the Curian gens having vowed an altar 
to the Lares Praestites, though such may have been the case, while 
Varro (L. L. v. 74) reckons the Lares among those to whom Tatius 
raised altars. — saxo, sc. etiam. — 134. praestant, render, make. — 
stabat, sc. olim. — Compita, etc. Coinjjitalia, dies attributus Laribus 
Compitalibus ; ideo ubi viae comjietimt, turn in comjntis sacrificatur. 
Varro, L. L. vi. 25. — 143. Bina, etc. In his usual manner he takes 
occasion to compliment Augustus. I was looking, he says, for the 
two ancient statues of the Lares, which was all that used to be in 
the city, and I found a thousand (def. for indef.). Pliny saj^s (iii. 9) 
that there were 263 of these Compita Larium at Rome, which gives 
nearly 800 images, the Genius of Augustus forming a third : comp. 
Hor. Carm. iv. 5, 34. — qui tradidit, sc. compitis : see Suet. Oct. 31. 

147-158. Dedication of temple of Bona Dea. This goddess, 
the same as Maia (see on v. 108), was probably the earth, Tellus ; 
the same victim, a pregnant sow, being the offering to both : Hor. 
Ep. ii. 1, 143 ; Fest. v. Damium : see Mythol. p. 525. — Augustus, 
etc. Because the emperor was born in that month. — loco, to its 
place. — 150. Saxum, sc. sacrum. Pseud. Cic. pro Dom. 53. It was 
probably on the south-east side of the Aventine, opposite the heights 
of S. Sabba and Sta Balbina : see Becker, Handbuch, etc., i. 
p. 455. — montis, sc. Aventini.— institerat, had stood on. — oculos, etc. : 
as is well known, no man was admitted to the temple or festival 
of Bona Dea. — Leniter, etc. The temple stood on the declivity 
under the Saxum. — 155. Dedicat : comp. vi. 637 ; see our Horace, 
Excursus I. It was dedicated by a Vestal of the Claudian gens, 
but her name and the year are alike unknown. — Livia, i. e. the wife 
of Augustus ; comp. i. 649. 

159-182. Rising' of the Hyades. Ovid commits an error here, 
for, as Clodius and Pliny (xviii. 66) rightly state, they rise in the 
morning.— Hyp)erionis. Aurora, one of the children of Hyperion 
and Thea : Mythol. p. 62. — Frigidus, cool. — Argestes, ' Apytarrjg, 
i. e. Caurus, the north-west wind. — mulcebit, will gently wave. — 
162. a Capreis, i. e. from the isle of Capreae, in the bay of Naples. 
We may, perhaps, take aquis as a dat., for there is no adj. Capreus. 
The ships bound for Egypt probably sailed from Puteoli, in that 
bay, at this time of the year : see Stat. Silv. iii. 2. By looking in 
the map it will be seen that as soon as they had passed Capreae, 
they were in the open sea, and that the north-west wind would carry 
them direct to the strait of Messina. Two very inferior MSS. 
K 4 



200 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

read a Ca/aim, which the editors in general have adopted. — 166. ah 
iinbre, i. e. and tov veiv. The more probable derivation is from vs, 
sus : their Latin name is Suculae : see Mythol. p. 464. — 168. neptes. 
As their mother was an Oceanis, v. 171. — Atlas. He is married to 
Aethra, v. 180. — 178. foi-juidine. For i\\G formido, or cord with 
feathers on it, see on Virg. Geor. iii. 372. — virtus, a^irrj, strength 
and courage. — -pietate, their sisterly affection and grief. — ilia, i. e. 
pielas. — dedit, sc. eis. They were made a constellation. This legend 
is also in Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii 13. 

183-378. The Floralia. This festival, which began iv. Kal. Maias 
(iv. 945), lasted six days. 

183-194. Address to Flora. — Mater, i. e. Dea : see on iv. 423. 
— ludis jocosis : see on v. 331. — Circus, sc. Maximiis,\.e. ludi Cir- 
censes, with which the Floralia, like the Megalesia and Cerealia, 
terminated. The Circus Florae, on the Quirinal, in the present 
Piazza Barberini, is a dream of the antiquaries : see Becker, Hand- 
bueh, i. p. 673. — palma, reward, applause : see Tr. ii. 306. Not 
victory, for there was no contest. — eat, sc. in liunc mensem. 

195-274. Name and office of the goddess. — Chloris, XXwpig. 
This, though a proper name, is not the name of any goddess in 
Greek. But as it resembles Flora in sound, and is a word of the 
same origin, it gave the Romans an opportunity of devising a Greek 
extraction for their ancient goddess of florition. Flora was one of 
the deities to whom Tatius erected altars (Varro, L. L. v. 74), and 
was consequently an ancient Roman deity. — Camjn Felicis. This 
is evidently a proper name, the 'RXvaiov HtSiov of Homer, Od. iv. 
5G4, the Ma/capwi/ Nijo-ot of Hesiod, "Eoy. 170, the happy land that 
was conceived to lie at the western extremity of the earth : see 
Mythol. pp. 35, 93, and which was regarded as the abode of the 
Heroes. Hes. itt sup. — remfuisse, i. e. their abode. This is a very 
unusual sense of the phrase. — ante, i. e. olim. It should be joined 
\v\ihfuisse. — 204. Erechthea praemia, i. e. Orithyia, the daughter of 
Erechtheus, king of Attica : see Met. vi. 677 ; Mythol. p. 383. — 
noviina, i. e. nomen. We have before observed the fondness of our 
poet for using the plural of nouns. — querela. Douza observes that 
vixerunt sine querela was a common formula in epitaphs. — sewper, sc. 
illic. — arbor; a collective, as are the following, ^^ore-, ^om. — 2)1. 
generoso,i.e. of the noble, fine kind : comp. Met. xiii. 818; Virg. 
Geor. iii. 75. — digestos, set in regular order : see Virg. Geor. ii. 54. 
— 217. pictis, embroidered. — i^icinctae, tightly girded. The in is in- 
tensive, asininfractus. — Horae,ihe Seasons. — Charites, the Graces. — 
tellus, sc. nam. — Therapnaeo, i.e. of Hyacinthus, who was a native of 



BOOK V. 166-293. 201 

Laconia, in which was the town of Therapnae. — querela, i. e. al a'L — 
alter, etc., i.e. that he and his shadow were not different persons : see 
Met. iii. 407, seq. — 227. Crocon, etc. For the change of Crocus, see 
Met. iv. 283 ; Attis (see iv. 223) was changed by Cybele into a 
pine. Met. x. 103, Adonis, the son of Cinyras, became an anemone, 
ib. 728. — Mars, etc. This legend is no where else to be found. 
Festus, when giving the etymon of Gradivus, says, Vel, ut alii dicunt, 
quia gravii7ie sit natus ; but he may have taken it from Ovid. — 
233. Ibat, etc. ; see Hom. II. xiv, 301 ; Met. ii. 509. This proves 
that the Campus Felix was in the West, as the dwelling of Oceanus 
was in that part. — 245. Vox, etc., i. e. she was still speaking : comp. 
vi. 362 ; Met. xiii. 508; Am. i. 8, 109 ; Rem. Am. 119, 430 ; Her. 
V. 121 ; vi. 39. — celahitur aiictor : see Hor. Sat. ii. 4, 11. — 251. 
Oleniis. Olene, as we have seen {v. 113), was a town of Achaia ; 
we know not why this wonderful flower was made to grow there. — 
Thracem, etc. Thrace and the regions on the north or left of the 
Propontis were consecrated by the poets to Mars, on account of the 
warlike character of the people. — 261. coronis, i. e. flowers of which 
garlands were made. — Jiitidissimus, sc. oleis erit. He perhaps alludes 
to the nitor of oil. — Poma, etc., i. e. the fruit-trees also are affected 
by this season, tlie spring. — viciae, etc., different kinds of pulse : 
see Flor. Virg. s. vv. — 269. llna quoqiie, etc. The word Jlos was 
used, figuratively, of the light scum on the surface of new wine. 
Flos vini candidus probatur ; rubens triste signum est, si non is vini color 
sit. Plin. xiv. 21. — N'os quoque, etc. Another figurative use of 
Jlos, \\\e flower of youth. 

275-292. Origin of the Floral games. — luxuriae instriimenta. 
Docta psallere, saltare, et multa alia, quae instrumenta luxuriae 
sunt. Sail. Cat. 25. — Hhic etiam, etc. Hinc et locupletes dicebant 
loci, hoc est, agri, plenos. Pecunia ipsa a pecore appellabatur. 
Plin. xviii. 3. — 283. populi saltus, i. e. the public pastures for the 
feeding of cattle, on which so much a head should have been paid. 
For the public land, see Hist, of Rome, p. 69. — depascere (sc. im- 
pune), to eat down, without paying any thing. — Jamque, etc. He 
was considered a man of no spirit who was content with his 
own land. — 288. Publicios. L. and M. Publicii Malleoli were 
Plebeian Aediles, A. U. 513. — animus, etc. This is not quite 
correct, for persons had been fined on this account, A. U. 457 
and 562 : Liv. x. 23, 47. — Multa, etc. Beside instituting Floral 
games, they built a temple to Flora at the Circus. Tac. Ann. ii. 49. — 
293. Parte locant, etc. The Clivus Publicius, or carriage-road up the 
Aventine, ascended the river-front, near the Porta Trigemina. It 
K 5 



202 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Still remains. — locant. All public works were executed at Rome by 
contract. 

295-330. Occasion of the games being- made annual. — iniquos (sc. 
sihi), hostile. — 300. blanda, soothing, so'Acning.—Tliesiiaden, Mele- 
ager, so named from Thestias, his mother's father : see Met. viii. 
260, seq. — Tantaliden. Agamemnon, as descended from Tantalus, 
the father of Pelops. — 307. tenebat, sc. Aulide. — Virgo. From 
whom, therefore, more mildness might have been expected. — Hip- 
polute : see iii. 265. — Dionen, Venus, whom the Latin poets called 
by her mother's name. — oblivia, instances of neglect arising from 
forgetful ness. — praeteriere, by neglecting to perform the Floral 
games. — notae, of the insult.— /«iY, sc. Patribus. — Consid, etc. In 
the consulate of L. Postumius Albinus and M. Popilius Laenas, 
A U. 579, the Floral games were made annual. 

331-378. Various questions relating to the Floralia. — quare . . . 
jocus, sc. quam in aliis. The greatest licentiousness prevailed at the 
games ; the mimae appeared naked on the stage, and the most lasci- 
vious language and gestures were employed : see Arnob. iii. p. 113 ; 
vii. p. 238 ; Lact. i. 20, 6. The story of Cato is well-known, whose 
presence restrained the people from calling on the mimae to strip, 
ond who then retired, not to balk them of their amusement : Val. Max. 
ii. 10. There was a tasteless legend that Flora had been a mere- 
irix, who left her wealth to the Roman people on condition of their 
celebrating games in her honour, and that the Senate pretended 
that she was the goddess of flowers : see Plut. Q. R. 35. — munera, 
i. ^.. flares. — sutilibus coronis, garlands made by sewing the petals of 
the rose on strips o^philyra : see Becker, Gall us, p. 390. — Etlatet, etc. 
It was customary at banquets to shower roses down on the table from 
the ceiling. — Ebnus, etc. The Romans regarded dancing as so in- 
decorous, that no one ever danced unless when drunk : see Nep. 
Epam. 1. — incinctis : see on v. 217. — philyra, the bast or inner bark 
of the lime-tree. — imprudens, not well knowing what he is about. — 
arte meri, i. e. dancing ; see on v. 337. — ad durum, etc. At lacru- 
mans exchhms aviator limina saepe Floribiis et sertis operit, postesque 
superbos Unguit amaricino, Lucr. iv. 1 1 73. — 340. unctae, sc. nardo. 
— vinctis, i. e. iis qui vinciuntur. — Aclieloe, i. e. water : comp. Virg. 
Geor. i. 9. — Gratia, pleasure. — Ex Ariadnaeo, etc. ; see iii. 513. — 
347. Scena levis, the light, sportive, wanton theatre. — cothurnatas, 
tragic, grave, lit. wearing the cothurnae, as on the tragic stage. — 
celebret, frequent. — tetricis (from teter), rugged, severe, serious. 
Tetricus domitor Chimaerae (Bellerophon), Tr. ii. 397. Tetiica et 
tristis Sabinorum discipliiia, Li v. i. 18. — magna professis : comp. Hor. 



BOOK V. 295-432. 203 

A. P. 14. — Contemni, sc. et monet. — 355. ut dantur, etc.: see iv. 
619. — cullu, dress: comp. iv. 309. — Accidere, etc.: see v. 336. — 
364. Lumina, etc. The only other mention of this custom that we 
meet with is in Dion Cassias, Iviii. 19, where, however, it is only- 
said that light was given to those who were going out of the theatre 
at the Floralia. But this infers that it was night, so that the inte- 
rior of the theatre must have been lighted: comp. «;. 367. — 371. 
2)ro Libycis, etc. At the usual venationes, as they were named, in 
the Circus the animals hunted were lions, panthers, and such like, 
obtained from Africa or Asia : but at the Floralia the animals were 
roes or hares, which Martial therefore (viii, 66, 4) styles Floralicias 
/eras. — rete, abl. of retis. This net appears to have been for the pro- 
tection of the spectators. — cessisse, sc. in dominium. — tenues, etc. : 
comp. Virg. Aen. ii. 791 ; ix. 657. 

379-414. Evening-rising of the Centaur. — minus qiiarta, i.e. 
tertia, sc. mensis : comp. Ex Pont. iv. 5, 7. — Chiron, the offspring of 
Kronos, by the nymph Philyra : see Mythol. p. 69.—^ava, i. e. yel- 
low, i. e. bay. — Haevioniae, i. e. Thessaliae.—justumsencm. SiKaiSraTot: 
Kevravpujv, Il.xi.832. — manus, SC. Ackillit. — 389. duo fata. Hercules 
took Troy, and Achilles was the chief cause of its being taken and 
destroyed. — venenis, i. e. the blood of the Hydra, v. 405. — Bis 
sej)tem, etc., i. e. he was raised to the skies, and made a constellation, 
in which were fourteen stars : see Eratosth. Cat. 40. 

415, 416. Morning-rising of Lyra. 'H Xv^ia eujdev aviaxti, Clodius. 

417, 418. Morning-rising of Scorpio. " If," says Ideler (p. 160), 
" we regard Antares as the middle of the Scorpion, the 6th of 
May lies half-way between the days of his true and his apparent 
rising for Rome ;" and Clodius says on iv. Non. 6 OKOQirioQ ewOev 
dviffxii- Columella commits a mistake when he says (xi. 2), Prid. 
Non. Maias Nepa medius occidet. — cum cj-as, etc., when we say, 
To-morrow will be the nones. 

419-492. The Lemuria : see Excursus on ii. 533. 

419-444. Mode of laying disturbed spirits. — veteris sacri, an an- 
cient sacred practice. — tacitis. As ghosts are always silent. — Annus, 
etc., i. e. when the year had only ten months : see i. 27. — 425. 
dneri, sc. majorum. — sua, suited, appropriate. — Com-positi, buried, 
entombed. — nepos. It was not restricted to grandsons ; it is only 
a particular for a general. — -piabat, made offerings at. — partem. It 
would seem to have been the poet's opinion that the Parentalia 
and the Lemuria were in old times celebrated together. — praebet, 
sc. nox. — 430. Et canis, etc. : see on iv. 490. — Ilk (indef.), one who 
is. — 432. vinculo, sc. pedum, i. e. calceos. It was usual to bare the 
K 6 



204 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

feet on occasions like this : comp. Met. vii. 182 ; Virg. Aen. iv. 
518; Hor. Sat. i. 8, 23. — Signa, etc. We would explain these 
words thus : He locked the fingers of his two hands together, which 
brought his thumbs into the middle, and then, by opening and closing 
smartly from the wrists, made a loud sound. Neapolis explains it 
thus : " Est crepitus ille, qui fit nostro aevo in quavis saltatione, sive 
comica sive rustica, digito scilicet medio adeo presse juncto cum 
pollice, ut lapsus in palmam strepitum edat." This is what we call 
snapping the fingers. — tacito,\. e. if he should be silent. — 436. Verlitur. 
mid. voice. — 07'e. Nearly all the MSS. read ante ; but comp. ii. 576. 
— Aversus, etc., i. e. he throws them behind his back, without turn- 
ing round : comp. Virg. Buc. viii. 101. — His, etc., sc. a te, i. e. that 
you may no longer haunt the house. Quibus temporibus in sacris 
fabani jactant noctu ac dicunt se Lemures domo extra januam ejicere. 
Varro ap. Non. v. Lemures. Dacier (on Festus v. fabam) tells us 
that in his time the children in Gascony used to scatter beans and 
other pulse about their bedrooms in order to keep away the ghosts. — 
Kovies. Uneven numbers were thought to have great efficacy : 
comp. Met. xiii. 951. — 440. CoUigere, etc. : comp. Burns' Halloween, 
St. xvi-xx. — Temesaea. This is merely what is called an epitheton 
ornans : see on Virg. Buc. i. 55. Temesa or Tempsa, in Bruttium, 
was celebrated for copper in the Homeric ago. Od. i. 184. See, 
however, Mythol. p. 258. — concrepat, etc. Kuwv (3av^ag Xvei 
TO. ^OLfffiara, iog Kcii x^^koc K()orj]9sig, Sophron. '0 tov %aX/co{) rjxoe 
oiKtiog rolg Karoixofisvoig, Schol. Theocr. ii. 36. " Observa ilia et 
respice ad hodiernum modum." Neapolis. He was a Sicilian. — 
Manes jmterni. The ghost was, therefore, thought to be that of his 
father, or some other of his ancestors. 

445-492, Origin of the Lemuria. — Pleiade nate, i. e. Mercury, the 
son of Jupiter and Maia. — Saepe, sc. nam. — 452. male velod, active 
to his misfortune : see iv. 841, ^e^. — Utqueerat,^c. iis,&.s, they were. 
— Umbra, etc. comp. Hom. II. xxiii. 65. — 471. aequalis, &c.meae. — 
— qua positis, etc.: see on v. 428. — positis, i. q. compositis. — 483. 
Lemures, etc. Lemures, wicrepivoi Saijxoveg, Vet. Glossa. — ferali 
teynpore, i. e. on the Feralia ; see ii. 569 : or perhaps at the time of 
the Lemuria. — Mense malas, etc. Burmann tells us that A. Tas- 
soni, in his Pensieri Diversi (viii. 2), treats largely of this super- 
stition, which still prevailed at Ferrara in his time. We have 
never been able to meet with that work, but we believe that this 
notion still prevails, for we recollect hearing something of the kind 
at Florence. — Sed tamen, etc., i. e. the three days of the Lemuria 
are not continuous. By looking at the Kalendar it will be seen 
that they are vii. v. in. Id. — sub, sc. quanquam. 



BOOK V. 433-581. 205 

493-344. Setting of Orion. History of his birth. — Quorum, sc. 
fastorum, v. 491. — mediis, i. q. medio, i. e. v. Id. Orion therefore set 
the day before. — quo versa, etc. : see on Virg. Buc. ii. 66. — pror 
viissis, offers. — 506. Ignis, etc. This process must be familiar to any 
one who has lived in a country where wood or peat is the fuel. — 
faces, fire-wood. — calices, pipkins, as it would appear, in which the 
vegetables were dressed, as is still done in the South, though this is 
an unusual sense ofca/ix. — hide, oi them : comp. iv. 171. — testu sua, 
its Y\A.—Diimque, etc., i.e. while they were waiting for the meat to be 
dressed. — 517. ^jz^er, a young man : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 2,87. — diffu- 
derat, had racked off : see on Hor. Ep.i. 5, ^.—fumoso cado. Because 
the jars, into which the wine was racked off, were placed where 
the smoke would have access to them, as it was thought to ripen 
the wine : see Colum. i. 6. — 526. quaerilis : comp. v. 1 . — 529. enim, 
i. e. enimvero. — Scorpioji, sc. igitur. — 542. ferre, i. q. inferre. — deae,a 
dat. 

545-598. Dedication of the temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum 
of Augustus, A. U. 752 : see Dion, liv. 8 ; Suet. Oct. 29. — mundo, 
from the skies. — Candida, etc. : comp. Virg. Buc. viii. 17. — Fallor, 
etc. Milton has a beautiful imitation of this turn; Comus, 221. — 
bellica signa, the clash of arms, which he feigns to have been made 
by the god. — 555. Giganteis tropaeis, i.e. those gained by Mars in 
the giant-war. Perhaps there was a representation of this on the 
pediment of the temple. — Hinc, etc. Sanxit ut de bellis triumphisque 
hie consuleretur senatus, quique victores redissent, hue insignia trium- 
j)horum inferrent. Suet, ut suj). — Seu quis, etc. : comp, Vii-g. Aen. vii. 
604. It is the Parthians and Germans that he has in view. — 560. 
Et probat, etc. Ornant signis fictilibtis aid aereis inauratis fastigia 
aedium, Vitruv. iii. 3, 5. It is not known of what gods these were the 
statues. — inforibus, at the doors, in the vestibule, where they were 
piled or suspended. — diversae, of strange, foreign. — Hinc videt, etc. 
In the front of the temple were statues of Mars and Venus (Tr. ii. 
396), and in the portico next the latter were the statues of Aeneas 
and the great men of the Ja\iange7is ; in that next the former, those 
of Romulus and other distinguished men of Rome. At the base of 
each statue were inscribed the name and deeds of him whom it re- 
presented, z>. 566. — 565. Iliadem, etc., i.e. Romulus, the son of Ilia, 
bearing the spolia opima, Liv. i. 10. — Spectat, etc. The name of 
the founder was always inscribed on the frieze. That of Agrippa 
niay still be seen on the Pantheon. — Voverat, etc., i. e. at the battle 
of Philippi. — 573. Si mihi, etc. : see iii. 699. — et satia, etc. A'tfuan 
auai 'Aprfa ToXavpivov tto\(jxi<jti]v, Hom. II. v. 289. — 581. tuta,\,e. 



206 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

tiiita, defended. — 583. Addiderant, etc. : see Hist, of Rome, p. 407. — 
jwrrigis arcus : see on i. 646. — SoUemnes, etc. On this occasion they 
were Circensian games, not stage-plays, that were celebrated. 

599-602. Evening-rising of the Pleiades. According to Ideler 
(p. 152) this did not take place till two days later. — que, even. — 
Tjim, i. e. at the rising of the Pleiades, not on that exact day. 

603-620. Evening-rising of the head of Taurus. — 2^™'''^ ^^- ^^^' 
— kuic signo, etc. : see on iv. 717. — Ilia jiibam, etc. This descrip- 
tion would seem to have been taken from a painting : comp. Mosch. 
ii. 122. — priide7is, on purpose. — Phariam juvencain, lo. 

621-662. Throwing of the Argei from the Sublician bridge : see 
Excursus V. — -jyTiscorum virorum : see v. 659. — Virgo, sc. Vestalis ; 
a collective. — roboreo ponte, the wooden (i. e. Sublician) bridge, 
leading from Rome to the fort on the Janiculum. It is usually sup- 
posed that it lay outside of the Porta Trigemina, and opposite the 
Aventine ; but Becker (i. 692, seg.') has shown that opinion to be 
erroneous. It was more probably opposite the Palatine and the 
Forum Boarium. This bridge, "which derived its name from the 
wooden piles (sublicae, sublices) on which it was built, was con- 
structed entirely of timber, no iron being employed in it ; its erec- 
tion is ascribed to Ancus Marcius. Kai ti)v ^vXivriv ys<pvpav, r]v 
dvtv %a\(co{) Kal (TiSfjpov 6i[xig vtt' avTtSv diaKparslaOca t<Sv S,vX(i>v, 
iKclvog aTziOeTvai rep Ti/3lp£i XsysTai, Dionys. iii. 45. — corpora, etc. 
One opinion respecting the origin of this custom, but which the 
poet rejects, that at one time the Romans used to drown those who 
were past sixty years of age. — 625. Faina vetus, etc. A second opi- 
nion, that it commemorated the time when human sacrifices were 
in use at Rome : see the Excursus.— /a^zWici del, probably Faunus. — 
Falcifero seni, Saturn. — 633. Pars putat, etc. A third opinion; 
that the young men, in order to keep the elections in their own 
hands exclusively, used to drown the old men ! This absurd notion 
(if any one held it in earnest) arose from the misunderstanding of 
a common saying. As the voters in the tribes entered the Saepta 
by what were called pontes, and men who had passed sixty years 
were free from all public duties ; the younger men, at the time 
when this mode of voting was introduced, cried out ut de ponte 
dejicerentur sexagenarii, i. e. not be allowed to vote : see Festus v. 
Sexagenarius. — 635. Tibri, etc. He calls on the god of the river 
himself to solve the difficulty. We cannot help thinking that Gray, 
when he wrote " Say, father Thames, for thou hast seen," etc. had 
this place in his mind, though Mr. Mitford has pointed out an 
English source whence that maker of beautiful poetic mosaics may 



BOOK V. 583-728. 207 

have derived it. Johnson, who ridicules that apostrophe in Gray's 
ode, seems to have forgotten that he had just such another in his 
own Rasselas. — Haec loca, etc. A fourth opinion ; equally devoid of 
probability. — dimovit, opened. — Pascebat, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. 
viii. 360. — 643. refertur, sc. in hoc opere. — Saepe tamen, etc. : comp. 
Virg. Aen. x. 782. — 661. Hactenus, sc. locutus est. 

663-692. Dedication of temple of Mercury, A. U. 2.39 : see Liv, 
ii. 27. — Clare, etc. ; comp. Hor. Carm. i. 10. — Templa, etc. There 
is no mention of this temple any where else. Angeloni, in his Vite 
del Cesari, says that a temple was excavated between the Aventine 
and the Circus, resembling that of Mercury on the coins of M. Aure- 
lius. — qidcumque etc., i.e.viercatores. — 673. aqua Mercurn, This pool, 
or well, is not mentioned any where else. — numen, a divine power. 
— inciiictus : see on ii. 634. — -j^jz^nw, i.e. having previously purified 
himself. — suffita, fumigated, probably with sulphur. — -ferat, sc. domum. 
— Uda, etc. This he does of course at home.— 679. Spargit, etc. Pro- 
bably while at the Aqua. — Non audituri, i. e. whom I did not wish to 
hear. — 685. prudens, on purpose, knowing what I was about. — 688. 
qua, i. e. aliqua, sc. jwrjuria. — verba dedisse, sc. j^^'o rebus, i e. to have 
deceived, taken in. — Ortygias, i. e. of Apollo, who was born in 
Ortygia. 

693-720. Entrance of Sun into Gemini ; origin of that sign. — 
precor, sc. te, Mercuri. — eat, proceed, advance. — 699. Abstulerant, 
etc. : see Theocr. xxii. ; Find. Nem. x. ; Mythol. p. 431. — 714. 
dextrae, a dat. — negant, sc. homines, i.e. it is not true. — 718. Dimi- 
dium, etc. OvSk 'iaauiv ocr^ irKkov rjfjLiffv iravrSg, Hes. "Epy. 40. — 
statione. The figure is taken from the mounting guard of the soldiers. 
— soUicitae, i. e. in danger. 

721,722. The Agonalia : see i. 317. The Fast. Venus, have 
AG VEDJovi, not to Janus, as Ovid would lead us to suppose. 

723,724. Evening-setting of Canicula. — diem,sc.hunc. — canis : 
see on iv. 939. — exit, sc. a caelo, sets. Quarum agmina cogit Lucifer, et 
caeli statione novissimus exit. Met. ii. 114. — Est alio, etc. He, of 
course, intended to do so ; but the poem was never finished, and the 
account, therefore, never given. 

725, 726. Tubilustria : see on iii. 849. 

727,728. In the Fasti, on the day following the Tubilustria (mrfe), 
were the four letters, Q. R. C. F., which some explained Quando 
rex comitiavit fas ; oiher?,, Quando rex comitio fugit. Quando rex 
comitiavit fas, is dictus ab eo, quod eo die rex sacrificulus itat 
ad comitium, ad quod tempus est nefas, ab eofas ; itaque post id tempus 
kge actum saepe, Varro, L. L, vi. 31. "Eori yovv ng Iv dyop^ Qvaia 



208 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

Tcpog Tip XEyOjxkvif} KofirjTiq) TrarpioQ, 7]v Gvcrag 6 ^aaiKivg Kara 
rdxe direKTi (pivytav 6? ayopag, Plut. Q. R. 63. The two accounts 
are not by any means at variance. 

729, 730. Dedication of temple of Fortuna Publica. In Kal. 
Exquil. it is fortun. public pr. in coll,, and in Kal. Venus. 
FORTUN. PRIM. IN COL., whencc it would appear that this is Fortuna 
Primigenia, to whom Servius Tullius raised a temple on the Capitol; 
Plut. de Fort. Rom. 10. It is not unlikely that, as Gesenius sup- 
poses, Ovid may have taken the pr. in his Kalendar ior pop. Rom,, 
and hence have used the populi potentis of the text. 

731-734. On this same day Aquila sets in the evening. On the 
following morning (vi. Kal.) Bootes will set, and thence to the end of 
the month the Hyades, which rise completely on the 1st June, 
will be gradually emei'ging. — continua, \.e.juncta, sequente. 



BOOK VI. 



ARGUMENT. 



Origins of name of June, 1-100. Festival of Carna, 101-182, 
Temple of Juno Moneta dedicated, 183-190. Festival of Mars, 
191, 192. Temple of Tempestas dedicated, 193, 194. Rising of 
Aquila and Hyades, 195-198. Dedication of temple of Bellona, 
199-208. Temple of Hercules Gustos dedicated, 209-212. 
Temple of Sancus dedicated, 213-218. Time for marriage in 
this month, 219-234. Setting of Bootes ; Piscatory Games, 
235-240. Temple of Mars dedicated, 241-248. Vestalia ; Altar of 
Jupiter Pistor, 249-460. Defeat of Crassus, 461-468. Rising of 
Delphin, 469-472. Matralia, 473-568. Temple of Fortuna dedi- 
cated, 569-636. Temple of Concord dedicated, 637-648. Quin- 
quatrus Minores, 649-710, Rising of Hyades, Orion, Delphin, 
711-724, Sun enters Cancer, 725-728. Temple of Summanus 
dedicated, 729-732. Rising of Ophiuchus, 733-762. Defeat at 
Thrasimene Lake ; victory over Syphax, 763-770. Temple of 
Fors Fortuna dedicated, 771-784. Rising of Orion's Belt, 785-790. 
Temples of Lares and of Jupiter Stator dedicated, 791-794. Tem- 
ple of Quirinus dedicated, 795, 796. Temple of Hercules Musarum 
dedicated, 797-812. 

1-20. Introduction. — positis, i. q. expositis. — leges, c\mse. — erunt, 
etc. The Epicureans probably. — Est, sc. vero. — Deus, etc, : comp, 
A, A. iii, 549 ; Ex Pont, iii. 4, 93. — Impetus hie, sc. poeticus. — 



BOOK VI. ]-90. 209 

sacrae, etc., seeds of a divine mind, i. e. is produced by, springs from 
the inspiration of the deity. — 10. Voce, sound, noise. — praeceptor 
arandi. Hesiod of Ascra, the author of the Works and Days, a 
poem chiefly devoted to agriculture. In his Theogony (v. 22) is 
said of the Muses, A'i vv tcot' 'Raiocov Ka\r)v tciSa^av doiSrjv, 
'Apvac TToifiaivovO' 'EXikiSvoq vtto ZaOsoio. — Priamides, Paris. — 15. 
Contulit, compared. — in arce Jovis, i. e. on the Capitol. It is doubtful 
whether he means the Capitoline temple, in which Juno was joined 
with Jupiter and Minerva, or the temple of Juno Moneta, which 
really did stand on the Arx : see on i. 637. 

20-64. First origin ; the month was named from Juno. This 
was the opinion of Cincius : see Macrob. i. 12. — per exiguos modos : 
comp. ii. 3, 4. — Saturnum prima, etc. Kai fit Tvpecfivrdrriv t'ekito 
TLpovoQ ayKvXofiijTTjg, Horn. II. iv. 59. The sense, however, is differ- 
ent : Hesiod (Th. 454) makes Vesta the eldest offspring of Kronos. 
— 31. Saturnia : comp. Virg. Aen. viii. 355, seq. Ovid was evidently 
following this place, and, as Saturnia in it was the only town on the 
left bank of the Tiber, he makes it the same as Rome. It was said 
to have lain on the Capitoline ; Varro, L. L. v. 42. — a caelo proxima, 
next after the sky : see Virg. ut sup. 319 : comp. i. 233 ; Ex Pont, 
ii. 8, 37; A. A. i. 139. — Juncta, etc.: see on v. 18. — 35. pellex, 
Maia : see v. 85. — Cur igitur, etc. : comp Virg. Aen. i. 46. — dedere, 
so. homines. It is a repetition of the idea in the preceding verse. — 
40. nomina traham, derive a name. It was the month that was named 
from her, so the poet was probably napping.— ^y^ie/i/er, honestly, 
with good faith. — In genus, etc. : see iv. 31. — Forma, etc. : comp, 
V. 15 ; Virg. Aen. i. 27. — quod non, etc. : comp. Virg. ib. 15, seq. 
— Tatium. '¥.v anaaaig raXg Kovpiag "Hp^ TpaTrs'Cac tOero (Tanog) 
KovpiTii} XeyofjLsvy, Dionys. ii. 50. — Junonicolas : see iv. 73. — 50. 
tuli, I. (\. sustuli, — Centum, numerous. Def. for indef. — quovis, sc. 
altera honore. — mensis honor : comp. iv. 85. — Suburhani: see on iii. 
667. — Aricia : see on iii. 263. — 60. meum. Juno Sospita was wor- 
shiped there. — deae,\.e. Fortuna. — Nee Romulus, etc., i.e. these 
were not built by my grandson, and yet they honour me ; how 
much more then must the city which he did build ! 

65-88. A second origin ; a junioribus. This was the opinion of 
Fulvius Nobilior ; Macrob. ut sicp. — Herculis uxor. Hebe, in Latin 
Juventas. She was the daughter of Jupiter and Juno. — 70. Blandior, 
I coax, ask in a mild gentle tone. — omne mild, i. e. 07nne meum, — 77. 
fitulum, i. e. nonien. — ab annis, i. q. ab aetate. 

89-100. A third origin ; a jungendo. This is not noticed any- 
where else, and may be only a notion of the poet's own. — pietas, i. e. 



210 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

the filial duty of Hebe to her mother. — dissimulata, hidden, lost 
sight of. — Venit, se. at. — AjioUinea, On account of the temple of 
Apollo in the house of Augustus on the Palatine. — -placidi duels, 
Augustus, — opus. He made and maintained concord in the state. 
— 95. Lare communi, du common abode, i.e. a town. — pares, sc. 
honore. 

101-182. Festival of Carna. Who this goddess was is very un- 
certain. She is named by Macrobius, as here, Carna ; while the 
Fathers of the Church call her Cardea, to which also Ovid alludes, 
vv. 101, 127, Macrobius says (i. 12), NonnuUi putaverunt Juniiim 
mensem a Junio Bruto, qui jjrimus Roviae consul /actus est, nominatum 
quod hoc mense id est Kal. Jun. pulso Tarquinio sacrum Carnae deae 
in Caelio monte voti reus fecerit. Hanc deam vitalibus humanis 
praeesse credunt ; ah ea denique petitur lit jecinora et cor da quaeque 
sunt intrinsecus viscera conservet. Et quia cordis heneficio, cujus dis- 
simulatione Brutus habebatur, idoneus emendationi publici status extitit, 
hanc deam, quae vitalibus praeest, templo sacravit. On the other hand, 
Augustine says (Civ. Dei, iv. 8), Posuerunt Forculum foribus. Car- 
deam cardini, Limentinum limini. We are inclined to think that 
this last, or perhaps Cardina, is the proper name, and Carna a cor- 
ruption, whose resemblance to ca7-o, carnis, gave rise to the notion 
of the office of the goddess mentioned by Macrobius. An offer- 
ing to Cardea on occasion of the expulsion of Tarquinius was ap- 
propriate, while the reason given for that to Carna is rather far- 
fetched. 

101-130. Story of Carna. The following legend, in the Grecian 
manner, is probably the poet's own invention. — Helerni: see on ii. 
67. — sacra ferunt, sc. Carnae. — Cranaen, Kpavdrjv, on account of 
the adjacent Janiculan rock (v. 125). He wishes, we may see, to 
derive the name from the Greek. — 113. dixisset, sc. si. This ellipse 
is common in the poets, particularly in Horace. Dares hanc vim 
M. Crasso; in Foro, crede mihi, saltaret, Cic. Off. iii. 19. — 126. 
Occupiat, etc. De Jano quidem non mihi facile quicquam occurrit quod 
ad probrum pertineat ; et forte talis f nit id innocentius vixerit et afaci- 
noribus et flagltiis remotius, Aug. Civ. Dei, vii. 4. This tale therefore 
must have escaped the Father's memory. — spinam, etc. ; see on v. 165. 

131-168. Account of the Striges, The Strix (crpi? a ffrpi^w), 
the Strix Aluco, Linn., is the night-owl. — quae Phine'ia, etc. The 
Harpies. — mensis, i. e. victu. — 135. egentes, i. e. non habentes. — 
vitiant, deform, tear. — lactentia, sucking, i. e. of those that are suck- 
lings. — Sive igltur, etc. Whether they are real birds, or witches in 
their shape. This was a common notion, and one that is not quite 



BOOK VI. 90-199. 211 

extinct j^et in some countries. Hanc ego nocturnas vivam voUtare 
per umbras Suspicor et pluma corpus anile tegi, Am. i. 8, 13. Siriges 
maleficis midieiibus nomen inditum est, quas volaticas etiam vocant, 
Festus V. Striges. In Italian the name for a witch is strega or mali- 
arda. — 143. Procae. One of the kings of Alba, iv. 52. — natus quin- 
que diebus, i.e. he was five days old. — 155. arbutea. We do not 
elsewhere read of the arbutus being used for this purpose, but, as 
the bay was, it may have been because it was an evergreen : see 
Diog. Laert. iv. 7, 10. — medicamen, etc., i. e. were medicated, had 
the juice of herbs in them. — 162. Hanc animam, etc. : comp. Virg. 
Aen. v. 483. — Virga, etc. : see v. 129. The Alba Spina appears to 
be our whitethorn. AkysTai Se kuI KXaivag avriig Ovpaig TrpoffTt- 
OevTOQ aTTOKpoviiv TciQ Twv (papnaKMV KaicovpyiaQ, Dioscor. i. 119. 

169-182. Peculiar food on this day, bacon, beans, and spelt. Cui 
(Carnae) pidte fabacia et larido sacrificatur, quod his maxime rebus 
vires corporis robot^entur ; nam et Kal. Jun. fabariae vulgo vocantur, 
quod hoc mense adultae fabae divinis rebus adhibentur, Macrob. i. 12. 
Quod Kal. Jan. et publice et privatim fabatam (fabaciam ?) piiltem 
dis mactant, Varro ap. Non. v. Mactare. — rogas, sc. si : see on v. I. 
— \73. frazide, danger, injury, — qua7n, etc., i. e. the Attagen. — Nee 
quae, etc., the crane : see II. iii. 5. — sextis Kalendis, i. e. the 
Kalends of the sixth month, June. — laedi viscera. Probably get no 
bowel-complaint. 

181-190. Dedication of temple of Juno Moneta, on the Arx : 
see i. 638. — Ante domus, etc.: see Hist, of Rome, p. 121. — Quavj 
bene, etc. : comp. Juv, x. 276, seq. 

191-198. Dedications of temples of Mars and Tempestas. Even- 
ing-rising of Aquila. Heliac rising of the Hyades. — quern prospicit, 
etc. The temple of Mars stood close to the Appian Road, at a 
short distance from the Capene gate, probably somewhere near 
the church of San Sisto : see Becker, i. p. 512. The Via Tecta 
would seem to have been a portico leading to it from the Capene 
gate, like that leading from Bologna to the church on Monte 
Guardia, and which is a mile long. — 193. Te quoque, etc. The tem- 
ple of Tempestas also lay outside of the Capene gate. It was 
built A. U. 495 by L. Scipio, the conqueror of Corsica, and is thus 
noticed in his epitaph : Dedet Tempestatebus aide mere to. 

199-208. Dedication of temple of Bellona. This, according to 
Livy (x. 19), with whom our poet agrees, was vowed in the Tuscan 
war, A. U. 456, by Ap. Claudius Caecus. On the other hand, Pliny 
(xxxv. 3) tells us that A p. Claudius, the first of the family at Rome, and 
who was consul A. U. 259, posuit in Bellonae aede majores sues, jda- 



212 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

cuitque in excelso sjyectari et titulos honorum legi. From this it would 
appear that Claudius Caecus only rebuilt the original temple. It 
seems, however, somewhat strange that a man who had only just 
come to Rome himself should have placed the portraits or busts 
(clypcos) of his Sabine forefathers in a temple there. — Pyrrho, etc. ; 
see Hist, of Rome, p. 165. — Prospicit, etc. The temple was close 
to the Flaminian Circus, which lay under the Capitol, in the 
Campus Martius ; and the area in which stood the column was in its 
rear toward the Circus. In the early days of Rome, when her 
contests were all with her near neighbours, the fetial who declared 
war used to cast a spear into the hostile territory; but when that 
became more difficult, on account of the distance, the symbolic act 
here noticed came into use. This custom was observed by Augus- 
tus (Dion 1. 4), and even by M. Aurelius (Id. Ixxi. 33.) 

209-212. Dedication of temple of Hercules Custos. Of this 
temple nothing is known beyond what is here told us. Plutarch 
merely says (Sul. 35), 'AttoBvujv de Trjg ovaiaq airaariQ 6 SuWag 
T(^ 'HpnKXei StKdrrjv, i<JTia(JiiQ iiroiCiTO r(^ SIjijliij 'iroXvTEXelc k.t.X, 
It may have been at this time that he built the temple. — Altera 
pars. This may be either the other side or the other end. — probavit. 
This word was properly used of tlie Censors when they approved 
of a work as executed by the contractor ; see Liv. iv. 22. 

213-218. Dedication of the temple of the ancient Sabine deity 
named Sancus, Dius Fidius, and Semo. This temple was dedi- 
cated A. U. 288 : see Dionys. ix. 60 ; but it could only have been a 
reparation or rebuilding, as Sancus was worshiped in the time of 
Tatius (Tert. ad Nat. ii. 9), and several relics from the times of 
the kings were preserved in it. It stood on the Quirinal, in or 
about the present Piazza di Monte Cavallo and the Quirinal palace : 
Becker i. p. 576. For Sancus, see Mythol. p. 530. 

219-234. Time for marriage. It would seem as if the unlucky 
season for matrimony, which extended all through the month of May 
(v. 490), reached as far as the Ides of inwe.—Jitia, etc. Of this 
daughter he says elsewhere (Tr. iv. 10, 75), Filia me mea bis prima 
fecunda juventa, Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum. The names of 
her husbands are unknown. Seneca says (De Const. Sap. 17), In 
senatu flentem vidimus Fidum Cornelium, Nasonis generum, etc. ; but 
there is no proof that this Naso is our poet. — 227. Donee, etc. On 
the XVII. Kal., i. e. two days after the Ides, the Temple of Vesta 
was cleaned out, and the dirt (stercus) was, according to Ovid, 
thrown into the Tiber ; but Varro and Festus differ from him on 
this point. Dies qui vacatur: Quando stercus delatum, fas: 



BOOK vi. 203-268. 213 

ab eo appellatiis, quodeo die ex aede Vestae stercus everritur, etper Capi- 
tolinum clivom in locum defertur certum, Varro, L. L. vi. 32. Stercus 
ex aede Vestae xvii. Kal. Jim. defertur in angiportum medium fere 
clivi Capitolini, qui locus clauditur porta stercoraria : tantae sanctitatis 
majores nostri esse judicaverunt, Fest. v. Stercus. The dirt, how- 
ever, was probably afterwards taken out of this place and thrown 
into the river. — 229. Kon mihi, etc. : see Excursus on i. 333. — nite- 
hit, will shine, i. e. will be clean. 

235-248. Morning-setting of Arctophylax. Piscatory games. 
Temple of Mars dedicated. — Tertia, etc. It is usually supposed 
that this is vii. Id., but Clodius says, ry irpb t' siSuiv 6 dpicrovpog 
opOpov Svsrai, and it is, in reality, at the end of the third night from 
the Nones, that the sign sets. — Lycaona, i. e. hycaoniden, as he was 
grandson of Lycaon ; like 'X-rripimv for 'YTripwviSijg, 'A/jiipLTpvojv for 
'AfKpiTpvuviSrjQ, Pind. Nem. iv. 32. — in gramine Campi. Here Ovid 
is at variance with Verrius, who said that they were celebrated be- 
yond the river. Piscatorii ludi vocantur qui quotannis mense Junio 
trans Tiherim fieri solent a Praetore IJrbano pro piscatoribus Tibe- 
linis, quorum qiiaestiis non in macellum pervenit sed fere in aream 
Volcani ; quod id genus pisciculoj'um vivorum datur ei deo pro animis 
humanis, Fest. v. Piscatorii. — rebellabas, were warring again. It was 
the second Punic war. — Consulis, Flaminius, who was slain at the 
Thrasimene lake, A. U. 537 : Hist, of Rome, p. 20Q.—Menti, etc. 
This temple, which stood on the Capitol, was built by direction of 
the Sibylline books : Liv. xxii. 9 ; xxiii. 31. — mediis, etc., i. e. M'ith 
six days between them, that is, inclusive of both, in the usual Roman 
mode of expression ; in reality there are only four. 

249-460. The Vestalia : see Excursus VI. 

249-310. Enquiry into various particulars relating to the goddess. 
— operata: see on iii. 261. — purpurea, bright, brilliant. — valeantj&re- 
well, adieu to : see Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 80 ; Ter. And. iv. 2, 13. — mcndacia, 
the fictions. The word is often, as here, used in a good sense : 
comp. Hor. A. P. 151. — Nee fueras, etc. No men were admitted 
into the temple of Vesta. — nullo, sc. homine, i. e. he learned them 
from the inspiration of the goddess. — 257. Dena, etc., i. e. in the 
fourth year of Numa's reign. — quo non, etc. : comp. Met. i. 322. — 
Q,uae nunc, etc. For a full enquiry respecting the temple of Vesta, 
see the Excursus. — 265. Forma, sc. rotunda.— subest vigil, etc. Ac- 
cording to the doctrine of the Pythagoreans there was a central 
fire in the universe, and, as the earth was regarded as its middle 
point, the fire must have been within it. In this place Vesta is used 
for her temple, and focus for the sacred flame in it. — 268. Significant, 



214 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

mark out, indicate. — sedem suam, their own, proper seat. — 269. Terra, 
etc. The earth, like a ball, though so heavy, hangs suspended in 
the air : comp. Met. i. 13. — 271. fysa volubilitas, etc. The six fol- 
lowing verses are wanting in all the good MSS., and are found only 
in seven or eight of those of inferior note. Gierig regarded them 
as spurious, and Merkel has left them out of the text, yet in his 
Prolegomena (p. ci.) he treats them as genuine Ovidian verses. It 
is possible that they are so, and that the monks omitted them, as 
teaching the rotation of the earth, contrary to Scripture as they 
maintained, and for which they afterwards punished the great 
Galileo. Or they may have been interpolated by those who had 
adopted the notion of the rotation of the earth from the ancients, to 
whom it was not unknown, ex. gr. Jam vero terrain, altricem nostravi, 
quae trajecto axe sustmetur, diei noctisque efficatricem, Cic. 
Tim. 10. — orbew,5C.terrariim, the earth. — jiarti, sc. alicui. — 277. Arte. 
This is the reading of the great body of the MSS., including all the 
best. On this account, and because it best agrees with the fact, we 
have retained it in preference to Arce, the reading adopted by 
Heinsius and all succeeding editors. It is of the celebrated sphere 
of Archimedes he is speaking, which was brought to Rome on the 
takingofSyracuseby M.Marcellus: see Cic deRep. i. 14. — suspensus, 
etc. It is very difficult to understand what is meant by this. The 
globus, of which he speaks, evidently represented the mundus or 
vault of heaven ; for all the planets were inside of it, and the earth 
occupied its centre {v. 279) ; and moreover it was of glass, in order 
that the motion of the planets which took place in it might be seen. 
Was it then inclosed in a glass-case, to preserve it from injury? 
It may also be asked, how the motions were effected in the inside 
of a globe ? For this purpose, we might suppose that the bottom 
was open ; but this would not agree with the idea of its being sus- 
pended. On the subject of this sphere, see Cic. ut sup. ; Tusc. i. 25 ; 
Athen. v. p. 207; Claud. Epigr. 18. — stat is like the Italian sta : 
see on Virg. Buc. vii. 53. — poll, i. q. mundi. — Par fades, etc. The 
temple, however, did not exactly resemble a. pita; for its body was 
a cylinder, and its roof a hemisphere, thokis. — quaeris, sc. si. — suas, 
appropriate. — 285. Ex Ope, etc. He here follows Hesiod. Theog. 
453. — impatiens viri, i. e. single, unmarried : comp. Met. i. 478. — 
Quid, sc. turn. — Ignis, etc., sc. solummodo. — vi stando, etc. This is a 
strange etymology. Terrain nonnulli Vestam esse pronuntiant, qucd 
in mundo stet sola, ceteris ejus partibus viobilitate perpetua constitutis, 
Arnob. iii. p. 119. — 300. Causa, etc. 'EarLa from ((mjjui. — At focus, 
etc. An quodfocum dicat ubicumque ignis est etfovetur, unde et Varro 



BOOK VI. 269-319. 215 

focum did vult, Serv. Aen. xi. 211. — tamen. In our notes on Horace 
we have more than once had occasion to observe, that the Latin 
tamen answers to the Italian pure, and is, therefore, at times simply 
emphatic. Here it seems to be, indeed. — p'^^imis aedibus, the fore- 
part of the house, i. e. the atrium. — ante, in former times. Hence 
it would seem, that in Ovid's time there vv'as no longer & focus kept 
in the atria of the houses at Rome. Perhaps, however, he may 
merely allude to the custom of dining in the atrium, which was still 
retained in the country : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 6, 66. — Hinc, i. e. a 
foco, i. e. a Vesta. — vestibulum, the porch out before the atrium. For 
the etymon, see Excursus on iii. 445. — 303. unde, etc., M'hence we 
pray and speak. There is a number of various readings in this 
place. Most MSS. have Quaefamur, which gives no good sense. — 
Vesta est, sc. nam. The reason of the origin he assigns to vestibulum. 
— loca prima, sc. aediiim, i. e. the atrium. — Ante focos, etc. The an- 
cient Romans sat at their meals, and took them in the atrium ; the 
use of the triclinium with its lecti or sofas came to them from Greece 
and Asia: see Virg. Aen. vii. 176, Serv. in he. — adesse deos, sc. 
Lares. Apud Romanos etiam coena edita, sublatisque mejisis primis 
silentium fieri solebat quoad ea quae de coena libata fuerant ad focum 
ferrentur et igni darentur ac puer deos propitios nunciasset . . . Graeci 
quoque 6twv Trapovffiav dicunt, Serv. Aen. i. 730. — Nunc quoque, 
etc. An instance in which the old custom was still retained. — 
Vacunae. For this goddess, about whose nature and character 
there was so much uncertainty, see on Hor. Ep. i. 10, 49. She was 
chiefly, as the Scholiast there tells us, worshiped by the Sabines, and 
we do not hear of any temple to her at Rome.— /oco5, altars. 

308-348. The Vestalia kept by the hdkers.—Venit, etc. Another 
ancient rite is still preserved. On this day offerings of food (bread 
we may suppose) are sent to the temple of Vesta, and the mill- 
stones and mill-asses are adorned with garlands. — pura, clean ; or, it 
may be, plain, not chased or adorned. — patella : see on ii. 633. — 
coronatis : comp. i. 663; v. 52; TibuU. ii. 1, 8. — panis dependet : 
see on v. 347. — Sola, etc. In the old times they used no other corn 
than/a?- for making bread: comp. ii. 519. — Fornicali, etc.: see ii. 
525. — 315. Sitpjjositum, etc. Panem prima cinis calidus et fervens 
testa percoxit. Sen. Ep. 90. Placentam imponito, testo caldo operito, 
pruna insuper et drcum operito. Videto ut bene et otiose jiercoquas. 
Cat. R. R. 76.— focum, sc. Vestae. — servat, i. q. observat, pays a reli- 
gious regard to. — 319. Praeteream, etc. This legend, which so 
closely resembles that in i. 391, seq. is probably the poet's own in- 
vention. It is likely that he would have omitted it, had he lived to 



216 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

revise and publish the poem. — 345. Lampsacos (sc. hinc, or ergo), 
etc. : see i. 391. — damns, sc. nos homines. There certainly was no 
sacrifice of this kind at Rome. — monilibus. " Quod attinet ad formam 
panis ... in modum coronae fuisse existimo . . . Hae coronae sunt 
quae Valentinianus et Valens, in lege De annonis civicis et pane 
gradili, vocant huccellas. Soli Siculi hanc vocem hodie rotinent, qui 
materna lingua hujusmodi panes dicunt buccellatos, Castellani vocant 
rosqidllas^'' Neap. He illustrates it further, by the following verses 
of Aristophanes (Plut. 764), Kdyw ^ avadrjaai jSovXojufu 'Evayys- 
\id ff£ Kpi(3av(t)Twv 6pfia6(^, Toiavr' dirayyeiXavTa. They are evi- 
dently those cakes made in the form of a ring, which may still be 
seen in France and Italy, and of which a parcel was hung round 
the necks of the asses. 

349-394. Altar of Jupiter Pistor on the Capitol. For this there 
is hardly any other authority, Servius says (Aen. viii. 652), Hodie 
ara in Capitolio est Jovis Soteris, in qua liberali obsidione coria et solea 
Vetera concremaverunt, and as an inscription was found under the 

Capitol with Jovi Conservatori colleg. siligimariorum 

DEDiT, Merkel (p. ccxxix.) infers that the bakers were under the 
protection of Jupiter Conservator, who was thence named Jupiter 
Pistor. The place is a digression here, as this altar had nothing to 
do with the Vestalia. — quam pretio. The altar was of little account. 
— Cincta, etc.: see Hist, of Rome, p. 171. — 359. Haec est, etc. ; 
comp. Virg. Aen. i. 257. — suburbanos : see on iii. 667. — contudit, 
i. q. contuderat, by the usual enallage. — erat in cursu : see on v. 245. 
— aerata, adorned with copper. — 366. Putant, etc., whence it ap- 
pears that they believe in the gods. — 367. arce, the Capitol, where 
were the temples of Jupiter, Juno, and other deities. — 374. Monte 
sua, on their own sacred hill, the Capitol. — lituo, the augural staff: 
see Hist, of Rome, p. 16, note.— 3S5. illos, i.e. the Romans. — 
391. Ceres, i. e. the cakes and loaves they had made, v. 382. 

395-416. Barefoot procession of ladies on the Vestalia. This 
also is noticed only by Ovid. It does not appear whence it came, 
or whither it went, but probably to the temple of Vesta. The 
explanation given of it is absurd. — revertebar, sc. domum. Ovid 
lived near the Capitol (see on iv. 905), and he was evidently going 
down from the Via Nova to the Forum on his way home. — Qua, 
etc. The Via Nova, commencing at the top of the Velia (at the 
arch of Titus), ran round the Palatine from the Porta Mugionis to 
the Porta Romanula over the Velabrum. It therefore lay above 
the temple of Vesta, to which and the Forum, it would seem, a 
street or way led down from it. That this had been lately made, 



BOOK VI. 345-435. 217 

appears from his saying nunc. — matronmn. This is probably a col- 
lective, and is \. q, matro7ias. — 401. yor«, '\. q. forum : see i. 264. — 
fossa, i. e. the valley between the Palatine and Capitoline hills. — 
Curtius, etc. This was a part of the Forum on which there was an 
altar. Three various origins were given of the name, for two of 
which, see Hist, of Rome, p. 127 ; the third is thus given by Varro^ 
L. L. V. 150. Cornelius et Lutatius scribunt,eum locum esse fulguritum 
et ex Sen. Con. septum esse ; id quod factum esset a Curtio consule, 
quoi M. Genutius fuit collega, [i. e. A. U. 309,] Curtium appellatmn. — 
Velabra, i. q. Velabrum. This street joined the Vicus Tuscus, which 
led out of the Forum, and ran on to the Forum Boarium, which 
was on the river joining the Circus Maximus. The pomps, or reli- 
gious or triumphal processions, used to enter at the Carmental 
gate, go along the Vicus Jugarius under the Capitol, and thence 
along the south side of the Forum to the Vicus Tuscus, down it and 
the Velabrum, and so into the Circus : see Liv. xxvii. 37. The 
pomps at the Circensian games commenced at the Capitol, and 
went down the Clivus into the Forum, and so on : see on iv. 391. 
— 406. praeter, i. q. praeterquam. — Saepe, etc. At qua Velabri regie 
patet ire solebat Exiguus pulsa per vada linter aqua, Tibull. ii. 6, 33. 
Qua Velabra suo stagnabant flumine, quaque Nauta per urbanas velifi- 
cabat aquas, Prop. iv. 9, 3. Velabrum, a vehendo ; Velaturam 
facere etiam nunc dicuntur qui id mercede faciunt, Varro, L. L. v. 44. — 
Cantat, i. q. cantabat. For this enallage, see our Horace, Escnrs. I. 
— conveniens, etc., i. e. Vertumnus whose statue stood in the Vicus 
Tuscus. For this god of change, see Mythoi. p. 534. Propertius 
in the following verses (iv. 2, 7) gives the same origin of his name 
as Ovid : Hac quondam Tiberinus iter faciebat, et aiunt Remorum 
auditos per vada pulsa sonos. At postquam ille suis tantuni concessit 
alumnis, Vertumnus verso dicor ab amne deus. — 412. pede velato, with 
shod foot. This is the only instance, we believe, of velatus with 
pes. 

417-460. Other particulars relating to Vesta. — puerilibus annis, 
when he was a boy, probably at school. — Moenia, etc. For this ac- 
count of the origin of the Palladium, see Mythoi. p. 484:.— desilnisse, 
sc. a caelo. — Cura, etc., sc. cum illic essem. Ovid had visited Asia 
in his younger days: see Tr. i. 2, 78; Ex Pont. ii. 10, 21. — 
425. Smintheus, sc. Apollo. — 433. genus Adrasti. Diomedes, son of 
Tydeus, by the daughter of Adrastus. It was said that he and 
Ulysses contrived to steal the Palladium, and that he afterwards 
gave it to Aeneas in Italy : see Serv. Aen. ii. 166; iii. 407. — 435. lies 
est Romana, etc. It was the universal belief at Rome that the Fal- 

L 



218 NOTES ON THE FASTI. 

ladium was one of the sacred things preserved in the temple of 
Vesta : see Dionys.i.69 ; ii. 66 ; Cic. Phil.xi. 10 ; Scaur. 2 ; Luc. 
i. 592; ix. 901 ; Herodian, i. 14. — 437. Vesta, i.e. aedes Vestae : 
see on Hor. Sat. i. 5, 72. — 444. Metellus, L. Caecilius Metellus, the 
Pontifex Maximus. This conflagration happened soon after the 
close of the first Punic war: Liv. Epit. 19. — Haurit aquas, etc. To 
purify himself; comp. Virg. Aen. ii. 718. — capitis mei, i. q. mei: see 
Hor. Excurs. II. — 453. Dixit, etc. He lost his eyes in the attempt. 
As a reward, he was thenceforth permitted to ride to the senate- 
house in a carriage ; Plin. vii. 43 : comp. Val. Max. i. 4, 4 ; Dionys. 
and Cic. ut suj). — dea. Minerva. — Nunc bene, etc. : see on iv. 949. 

461-468. Victory of Brutus ; Defeat of Crassus. — Calldico, of 
Galicia : see Hist, of Rome, p. 285. — Crassus, etc. Ibid. p. 404. 

469-472. Evening-rising of Delphin. — violae, the flowers, v. 311. 
Species for genus. 

473-562. Matralia or festival of Mater Matuta, whom the Romans 
identified with the Greek marine goddess Leucothea or Ino, and 
worshiped with Grecian rites. — Flava, etc. 'Ec tovto to vEiap iv 
d) EOpryJ TTJQ 'li'ouQ ii.ij3dXXov(Tiv d\(pLTn)v fxa^ag. Pans. iii. 23. — 
Pontibiis (sc. duobus : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 2, 32.) etc. A descrip- 
tion of the Forum Boarium, in which stood the temple of Mater 
Matuta, built, as was said, by Servius TulHus : Liv. v. 23 ; Plut. 
Cam. 5. Its site was probably not far from the Janus Quadrifrons 
and the church of San Giorgio in Velabro. — posito de bove. Bos 
aereiis inde (Aegina) captus in Foro Boario est JRoinae, Plin. xxxiv. 
2. A Foro Boario ubi aereum tauri simulacrum aspicimus, Tac. Ann. 
xii. 24. But it was the ox-market long before the Romans entered 
Greece, and that statue was placed in it merely on account of the 
name. — parenti, i e. vtatri. — quare famulus, etc.: see on z'. 55L — 
485. Arserat, etc. : see Mythol. p. 212. — Est spatio, etc. ; the 
Isthmus of Corinth. — Nondum, etc. : see v. 545.- — 503. Lucus erat, 
etc. This sacred grove, which was close to the Tiber (Liv. xxxix. 
12), probably lay a little way beyond the Aventine. — Stimulae, 
Livy {I. c.) calls her Simila, and the name is probably a corruption 
of Semele, and not that of an old Italian deity. — Maenadas. Bac- 
chae. Like Virgil (Aen. vii. 385), he supposes the rites of Bacchus 
to have prevailed in ancient times in Italy, contrary to the fact. — 
507. Disshnulata deam, i. e. by taking the form of a woman : comp. 
Virg. Aen. v. 619. — Instimulat. Alluding to Stimula. — sacrique 
parat, etc. The ancients were very anxious to keep the knowledge 
of their sacred rites from strangers : see Mythol. p. 181. — 512. 
pignus, i. e. her child. — Oetaeus. Hercules, who afterwards burned 



BOOK VI. 437-569. 219 

himself on Mt. Oeta. — numen, etc., i. e. Juno. — continet, holds, i. e. 
tells? Gierig says, restrains her from telling. — 331. Liba, e\c. A 
cause for the usage noticed, v. 482. Testuatium (libum) quod in 
testu caldo coquebatur, ut etiam nunc Matralibus id faciunt matronae, 
Varro, L. L. v. 106. — resigna, unseal, disclose. — 545. Leucothea, 
etc. The identification of the Latin deities Matuta and Portunus 
with the Leucothea and Palaemon of the Greeks may have taken 
place in the following manner. Matuta was the goddess of the 
dawn, or of the time immediately preceding it. TewjJore item certo 
roseam Matuta per oras Aetheris Auroram defert et lumina jjandit, 
Lucr. V. 655. Her name is evidently connected with mane and 
matutinus, and we have endeavoured to show (see on Hor. Sat. ii. 
6. 20.) that there was in the usual Roman manner a male deity Matu- 
tus or Matutinus. Ma7ium dixere clai'um, wide etiam mane post 
tenebras diei jorima pars ; hide Matuta quae Graecis Leucothea, Non. 
If Matuta then was the Clara Dea, how easy was it to identify her 
with the Alba Dea (AevicoOsa) of the Greeks, even though she never 
w^as regarded as a goddess of the sea. The slight resemblance of 
name and office between Palaemon and the Roman harbour-god 
Portunus may have then sufficed to complete the identification, — 
551. Cur vetet, etc. According to Plutarch (Cam. 5 ; Q. R. 16.) 
they did bring in one slave, and having cuffed her well, then turned 
her out. He adds that no slave was permitted to enter the temple 
of Leucothea, at his native town of Chaeronea. — Cad7nei, i. e. Ino. 
— Comperit, etc. : see iii. 853. — 559. Non tamen, etc. Another cus- 
tom, that of praying for their nephews and nieces, instead of their 
own children. Plutarch (Q. R. 17) mentions this also. Matuta, 
like Lucina, may have been regarded as presiding over birth. 

563-568. Deaths of Rutilius and Didius, on the day of the Ma- 
tralia, in the Marsic Viar.—Butili. The consul P. Rutilius Lupus, 
who was slain A. U. 664, in the first year of the war : see Appian, 
Bel. Civ. i. 60 ; Flor. iii. 18 ; Veil. ii. 16. From Ovid it appears 
that the battle in which he fell was on the banks of the Tolenus 
(Turano), a river of the Sabine country, which joins the Velinus 
near Reate. — Purpweuin fuxit. Milton's ran purple. Par. Lost, i. 
451. — Pallantide : see iv. 373. Possibly an allusion to the real 
character of Matuta. — Didius. Among the Roman commanders in 
this war, Velleius mentions T. Didius ; but we only read of his 
death in this place of our poet. 

.569-636. Dedication of temple of Fortuna, also built by Servius 
Tullins, and in the Forum Boarium. The site of this temple is not 
exactly known, but it seems highly probable that it was the ancient 
L 2 



220 NOTES ON THE FASTT. 

temple, some of whose columns are built into the wall of the old 
church of Sta Maria in Cosmedin. This Fortune has no epithet, 
though from a place in Varro, presently to be quoted, it might ap- 
))ear that she was named Virgo. — quis latet, etc. In this temple 
there stood a statue of gilt wood, covered with two togas, which 
was, as the poet here says, generally regarded as that of Servius, 
while Varro {ap. Non. v. Undulatum) says : Et a quibusdam esse 
dicitur Virginis Fortunae shnulacrimi, ab eo quod duabus undulatis togis 
est opertum, proinde ut olhn reges nostri undulatas et praetextas togas 
soliti stmt habere. Pliny also says (viii, 48), Servii Tullii praetextae, 
quibus signum Fortunae aB eo dicatae coopertum erat, duravere ad 
Sejant exitum, mir unique fuit nee defluxisse eas nee teredinum injurias 
sensisse annis dlx. — Dum dea, etc. This amour of Fortune with 
Servius is also noticed by Plutarch, Q. R. 36 ; De Fort. Rom. 10. 
— 377. Nocte, etc. By the donius here would seem to be meant the 
house of Servius. But it was rather a chapel of the goddess with 
the little door named /e-s^ra, i. e. fenestra (Macrob. iii. 12), whence 
she was called Fenestella ; and the gate near which it stood, but of 
whose situation we have no account whatever, was named from it 
Porta Fenestella, like Porta Carmentalis, Lavernalis, etc. : see 
Merkel, p. cliii. Plutarch says : ^la tlvoq Ovpidos Karafiaivovija 
tig TO Sofxdnov, o vvi^ ^sveffrkWav irvX^v KciXovai. — An 7nagis, etc. 
A second reason. — 582. Confusam, grieved : comp. Juv. iii. 1. — 
Tertia, etc. A third reason : see Hist, of Rome, p. 25. — Nos tamen, 
etc., i. e. I will however be brief. — pia vita, sc. erga patrem — 593. 
caput, the life.— /a«o dotale, I bring as my dower. — Sceleratus Vicus. 
This was a street leading out of the Vicus Cyprius, up the CHvus 
Orbius or Urbius, to the Esquiline : Liv. i, 48; Dionys. iv. 39. 
The topographers have not been able to assign its place : see Becker 
i. p. 525, seq. — templum,sc. Fortunae. — 613. sub imagine, i. e. which 
represented. — Ore, etc. From the address to the matronae, which 
follows, it would appear that the meaning is, that shamefacedness 
(with an allusion to Tullia) will begin to be departed from as soon 
as the face of Servius is uncovered. — 621. Parcite, sc. ergo. It is 
the poet who speaks. — Septimus, i. e. reckoning Tatius. — Arserat, 
etc. : see Dionys. iv. 40; Val. Max. i. 8, 11.— 633. /oco. This is 
the reading of all the best MSS. and of the old editions. Six have 
loco, which Burmann and the subsequent editors have preferred. 
In like manner, for sedet, all the editors but Merkel read/oi;^^, the 
reading of only three MSS. of inferior note. — Signa, etc. : see 
Hist, of Rome, ut sup. ; comp. Virg. Aen. ii. 682 ; vii. 71. 
636-648. Dedication of the temple of Concord, in the Porticus 



BOOK VI. 569-663. 221 

Livia, A. U. 747. It stood somewhere on the Esquiline, probably 
not far from the Subura, but its exact site is not known. — dcdicat, 
honours, declares, as it were, thy divinity. Majorum institutis Mens, 
Fides, Virtus, Concordia consecratae et publice dedicatae sunt, Cic. 
N. D. ii. 31. Dedico is an intensive of dico. For the use of the 
present tense, see Horace, Excurs. I. — Disce, etc. There was at 
Rome, in the time of Augustus, a man named Vedius PolUo, of a 
libertine family, an Eques and extremely wealthy. This man was so 
cruel, that when his slaves committed any offence, he used to have 
them thrown into a pond at his villa near Baiae, to feed the 
muraenae, or sea-eels, which he kept in it. As Augustus, who was 
on terms of intimacy with him, was one day dining at his house 
there, the attendant happened to let fall and break a glass cup, and 
his master ordered him instantly to the muraenae. The slave threw 
himself at the feet of Augustus, and implored his intercession. 
The emperor interceded, but in vain. He then ordered all the 
vessels of that kind in the house to be brought to him, and instantly 
smashed them all. This brought the host to his senses. When 
Pollio died, he left the greater part of his property to the emperor, 
requesting that he would build with it some great public work, 
expecting, of course, that his name would be thereby preserved from 
oblivion. But Augustus levelled the large mansion of Pollio at 
Rome, and on its site built a portico, which he named not from him, 
but from Livia; see Dion, liv. 24 ; Sen. de-Ira, iii. 40; Plin. ix. 
23. — sub crimine regni. Alluding to Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius, and 
M. Manlius : see Hist, of Rome. 

649-710. Dedication of temple of Jupiter Invictus. The Quin- 
quatrus Minores. — Nulla nota, etc., i. e. there is no festival marked 
in the Fasti on Pr. Id. — Invicto. This title is mentioned by Cicero 
Legg. ii. 11, and Augustine De Civ. Dei, v. 11. The temple, whose 
site is unknown, was probably, as Merkel thinks (p. cxli), dedi- 
cated A. U. 560: see Liv. xxxv. 41. — Et jam, etc. Quinquatrus 
minusculae dictae Juniae Idus ab similiiudine Majorum, quod tibi- 
cines turn feriati vagantur per urbeni et conveniunf ad templum 
Minervae. Varro, L. L. vi. 17. — tibicen. A collective. — 657. Tevi- 
paribus, etc. : comp. Censorin, De Die Natali, 12. — mercede. This 
may either mean the payment they received, or the honour 
they enjoyed of eating in the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter. — 
que. This must be i. q. at. — Graiae artis opus, i. e. tibicinium. But 
the cithara, not the tibia, was the proper and original national 
instrument of Greece. The tibia had, however, been long in use 
there : see on Hor. A. P. 202. — 663. Adde, etc. Pighius supposes 

l3 



•rrL jStotes oit the fasti. 

that the aedile here alluded to was Ap. Claudius, who was curule 
aedile A. U. 440. But already by the law of the xii. Tables 
(A. U. 303) the number had been limited to ten: see Cic. Legg. 
ii. 23. It is therefore probable that the poet makes a mistake. 
According- to Livy (ix. 30) the cause of their secession was their 
being prohibited by the censors (Ap. Claudius and C. Plautius, 
A. U. 441) from eating in the temple of Jupiter. — Ex'ilio. For the 
meaning of this word, see Hist, of Rome, p. 83, note. There is no 
reason for supposing that this couplet was written, like iv. 81-84, 
after his exile. — toros, the couch or bier on which the body was car- 
ried to the pyre or tomb. — 669. Servierat, etc., i. e. he was a freed- 
man. Livy gives the following stratagem to the magistrates of 
Tibur, to whom the Romans had made application. — dapes. It was 
probably a sacrifice : see on iv. 745. — Auctor vindictae, i. e. his 
patron or former master : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 7. 76. — dominus, so. 
dovtus, the freedman. — 680. Siistulit, Whe A t\\em u^. — sirpea. It is 
thus correctly described by Scheffer (De Re Vehic. i. 7), Oblonga 
(piadrata capsa, e virgis contexta, corbis instar, quae imponitur vel trahae 
vel plaustro, rebus vilioribusin agro vehendis. It therefore was not un- 
like what is called a kish in Ireland. — 685. Plautius. This is the 
conjecture of Pighius; the reading of nearly all the MSS.is Calli- 
dus ; four of inferior note have Claudius. It must have been a 
proper name, v. 690. — specie, by their appearance. — tibicina. This is 
used here adjectively^ — augeat, give dignity to : see on i. 612. — Sic 
etc., sc. sperans. — Contra, etc. It would appear from this, that in the 
version of the story which Ovid followed they had been ordered to 
quit the city. — Superest, etc. Reason why this festival also is named 
Quinqualius. Story of Marsyas, see Met. vi. 383 ; Mythol. p. 123. 

711-714. Evening-rising of the Hyades. — Thyene. This name 
occurs among the Hyades only in Hygin. Astr. ii. 21. In some 
accounts the Hyades are nymphs of Dodona : Mythol. p. 464. — 
Haec est, etc. : see on v. 227. 

715, 716. Favonius, the West-wind, begins to blow. — Cras. He is 
still speaking on xvii. Kal. 

717-724. Rising of Orion's shoulder. Of Delphin. Victory of 
Postumius. — At, etc. This would seem evidently to mean rising on 
the evening of the xvi. Kal. ; but the rising is said by the critics 
to be in the morning : see on v. 785.— iinxerit, i. q. extinxerit ? — 
Et cinget, etc. Here are some diflficulties unheeded by the critics. 
What, for example, is stella serena f Is it the sun ? or is it a collec- 
tive, as in iv. 390 ? Is it meant by cinget that the sun, when on the 
verge of theshorizon, will illumine both hemispheres ? or that the 



BOOK VI. 665-770. 223 

stars will appear when he sets ? In which last case what is the 
meaning of geminos polos ? Or finally, could the stella be Orion, 
of which Hyginus says (Astr. iii. 33), Orionem a zona et reliquo 
corpore aequinoctialis circulus dividit ? — proles Hyriea : see v. 499, 
seq, — Continua node. By this we think is meant, the following night, 
i. e. XV. Kal. ; comp. v. 734. Continuus is i. q. contmuatus, joined, 
succeeding. — hie, sc. Delpldn, or perhaps dies, included in node. — 
olim, etc. We cannot conceive on what grounds Niebuhr (ii. 4o2) 
places this victory on xiii. Kal., which he says was the 18th of 
June, the day, he adds, of Collin (in the Seven Years' war) and of 
Waterloo. — suburbano : see on iii. 667. 

725-728. Sun enters Cancer. Temple of Minerva on the Aven- 
tine dedicated. — Jam, etc. Reckoning inclusively, there were now 
XII. {sex et totidem) days to the end of the month, to which number 
adding i, we get xiii. Kal., its name in the Fasti. Columella (xi. 2) 
and Fast. Venus, give the same date. — Coepit, etc. The site and date 
of this temple are alike unknown. The Fast. Amit. and Exquil. 
agree with Ovid as to the day of dedication. 

729-732. Dedication of temple of Summanus. This temple, Pliny 
tells us (xxix. 4), was near that of Juventas, and the Fast. Amit. 
Exquil. and Venus, have all on this day summan. ad ciec. max.— 
niirus, i. e. Aurora. — quisqids is est. This god, of whose exact cha- 
.racter Ovid professes his ignorance, is by Varro (L, L. v. 74) placed 
among those to whom the Sabine Tatius raised altars. He is gene- 
rally regarded as an Etruscan deity : see Mythol. p. 530. Merkel 
(p. ccviii) thinks that he was viewed as one of the Dii Inferi, who, 
in the usual propitiatory way, were called aqidlii, not nigri: and that 
instead of Nodurnus, his proper appellation, he was named Submanus, 
from mane. 

733-762. Evening-rising of Ophiuchus, thestellarised Aesculapius : 
for the following mythic events, see Mythol. pp. 393, 422, 458. — 
Ha7ic (sc. Auroram, v. 729), etc., i. e. in the evening. Merkel, how- 
ever, says (p. Ixxiii), " mane a. d. xi. Kal. Jul. non occidentem, ut 
Clodius, sed surgentem facit." — patriis. As she was one of the 
Nereides. — telis, etc. : comp. Virg. Aen. ii. 649. — 746. Coronides. 
Aesculapius, the son of Coronis. — 755. Liicus, etc. : see on iii. 263. 
— Clymejius, izXvjxivoq, a title of Pluto. — quod vetat, i. e. to raise the 
dead. 

76-3-768. Defeat of the Romans at the Trasimene lake : see Hist, 
of Rome, p. 205. — Si vetet, etc. The defeat of Flaminius was 
ascribed to his neglect of the auspices. 

769, 770. Defeat of Syphax and Hasdrubal : see Hist, of Rome, 
L 4 



224 NOTES ON THE EASTI. 

p. 246. — swperat, i. q. swpcrav'it : see Horace, Excurs. I. — su'is, i. q. 
ejus, Masinhsae. 

771-784. Dedication of temple of Fors Fortuna. This temple, 
which was built by Servius Tulliijs, was on the further bank of the 
Tiber. Secundum Tiberin extra urbem Romam, Varro, L. L. vi. 1 7. 
Fors Fortuna est, cujiis diemfeslum colunt, qui sine arte aliqua vivunt ; 
hujus aedes trans Tiberim est, Donat. on Ter. Phorm. v. 6, 1. — Fortis. 
Fors, like sors, mens, and other words of the kind, is a contraction 
of the original nom. fortis, u(\. bonus. "Fors fortuna, i. e. bona, 
oventus fortunae bonus, ut veteres explicant, et fortis familial' 
Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 1084. Dionysius (iv. 27) and Plutarch (De 
Fort. Horn. 3), both mistaking the sense of the word, call the god- 
dess Tirx»? 'AvSptia, or 'iffxvpa, or 'ApiaTtvTiKy. — propinqua, sc. 
Urbi. 

785-790. Rising of the centre or Belt of Orion. The summer 
Solstice. From the words of the poet it seems plain that it is an 
evening-rising of Orion's belt that he means ; yet Aetius says, 
Mrjvl Ti^ avT<p ke (xxv.) 'Qpidjv euloQ ttp;(;6rat dvaTsXKsiv' tlnl Si 
TfOTral dtpivai. 

791-794. Dedication of chapel of the Lares and temple of Jupiter 
Stator. Both of these edifices were on the Summa Sacra Via, i. e. 
its highest point, where the arch of Titus stands. The first was re- 
built by Augustus (Mon. Ancyr. 1), the second had been built by 
Romulus (Liv. i. 12). — ubifit, etc. The women who wove garlands 
had, as appears from this place, their shops or stalls on the Summa 
Sacra Via. The fruiterers were also there : see A. A. ii. 265 ; Varro, 
R. R. i. 2. — Ante, etc. At the arch of Titus is a way leading up to 
the Palatine (to S. Bonaventura and the Villa Mills), which, like 
others of the kind, represents the ancient way. At the opening of 
this, on the Sacra Via, was the Porta Mugionis, and close by it the 
temple of Jupiter Stator : see Tr. iii. 1, 31 ; Dionys. ii. 50 ; Liv. 
i. 47. 

795-796. Dedication of temple of Quirinus. This appears to be the 
temple which, being vowed by his father the dictator, was built and 
dedicated by the consul L. Papirius Cursor, at the termination of 
the Samnite war, A. U. 459 : Liv. x. 46 ; Plin. vii. 60. Its site is 
not known. — trabeae tiiae, i. e. tibi trubeate. 

797-812. Dedication of temple of Hercules Musarum. This tem- 
ple, which was near the Flaminian Circus, and close by the Porticus 
Octaviae, was built by M. Fulvius Nobilior, who placed in it the 
statues of the Muses, which he had taken from Ambracia in the M'ar 
against the Aetolians : see PUn. xxxv. 36. Various reasons are 



BOOK VI. 771-812. 225 

assigned for this union of Hercules and the Muses, but the simple one 
seems to be, that Fulviushad also brought away a statue of Hercules 
playing on the lyre ; and he wished to place these works of art all 
together. This temple was repaired, and a portico added to it by 
M. Marcius Philippus, in the time of Augustus : Suet. Oct. 29 ; 
Mart. V. 4:9.— Marcia. The wife of Fabius Maximus, one of our 
poet's most powerful friends, and with whom he was connected by 
marriage : see Ex Pont. i. 2, 138 ; iii. 1, 75 ; Tac. Ann. i. 5. — 808. 
Laudamus, etc., i. e. we the Muses commend, etc., ex. gr. r]VKO].ioQ, 
\tvK.ui\tvoq, KaWiaipvgoQ, and other epithets used by the poets. — 
Nupta, etc. From this place we learn that Marcius Philippus, the 
repairer of that temple, had been married to the aunt of Augustus. 
Another Marcius Philippus had married his mother Atia : see Suet. 
Oct. 8 ; Cic. ad Att. xv. 12. — increpuit, etc. As the statue repre- 
sented him playing on the lyre. 



226 EXCURSUS I. 



EXCURSUS L 

Temple of Janus. 

Cum tot sint Jani, cur stas sacratvs in uno. 

Hie uhi juncta foris templa duobus habes? — i. 257. 

This is evidently the celebrated temple of Janus Geininus, or Janus 
Quirinus, called also Porta Janualis (Varr. L. L. v. 165), which was 
open in time of war, shut in time of peace {v. 211). Ovid here 
says that it lay between two of the Fora of Rome ; and from the 
narrative it is plain that one of them was the Forum Romanum. 
Livy says (i. 19) that it was ad infimum Argiletum, which Servius 
tells us (Aen. vii. 607) was juxta theatrum Marcelli, i. e. outside of 
the Carmental Gate, and so not even within the walls of the city. 
Again, Macrobius (i. 9), when relating the legend in the text, says, 
portavi quae sub radicibus coUis Vimiyialis erat, quae postea ex eventu 
Janualis vocata est. We have thus three different sites given for 
the temple of Janus, and as Ovid could not be mistaken any more 
than Livy, the whole question turns on the site of the place named 
Argiletum. 

From various places in Martial (see i. 3, 1 ; 117, 8) it appears 
that his bookseller lived in the Argiletum. His shop, he says, was 
contra Caesaris forum, and (i. 2, 8) Limina post Pads Palladiumque 
forum. By Pads here is evidently meant the Templum Pacis, or 
Forum of Vespasian ; and by the Palladium Forum, that of Nerva, be- 
gun by Domitian, in which there was a temple of Minerva. This also 
is the Caesaris Forum, which name was nevei', as some fancy, given 
to the Forum Julium. Further, the same poet (ii. 17) makes the 
Argiletum extend to the fauces or entrance of the Subura, which 
was the valley between the Carinae and the Quirinal and Viminal 
hills; and as the Argiletum joined it and those Fora, and also, as ap- 
pears from Livy and Ovid, approached the Roman Forum, it must 
have been the space between the southern point of the Quirinal and 
that Forum, in which space all the imperial Fora, except that of 
Trajan, were built ; and in Martial's time the name may have been 
restricted to the space between these Fora and the Quirinal. By 



EXCUESUS I. 227 

infimum Argiletum, Livy must have meant its lowest most southern 
part as one went from the Subura to the Forum. Servius there- 
fore, who was not personally acquainted with Rome, fell into error 
in consequence of there being a temple of Janus built by Duilius, 
and repaired by Tiberius (Tac. Ann. ii. 49), near the theatre 
of Marcellus. In his time, also, the name Argiletum had gone out 
of use ; so that he probably did not know where it had been. The 
origin of this name, bj^ the way, was very uncertain. The usual 
derivation was that in Virgil (Aen. viii. 345), Argiletum; but some 
derived it from argilla. Of these, the first is, of course, inadmissi- 
ble ; and against the other may be urged that there does not appear 
to have been argilla in that place, at least not more than elsewhere, 
and that the termination etum is properly used only of plants, as 
quercetiim, vinetum,fruticetum, etc. 

There only then remains to be considered, the site given to the 
temple of Janus by Macrobius. This, however, must be at once 
rejected, as it is at variance with all the other accounts. Perhaps, 
indeed, he wrote Quirinalis instead of Viminalis. 

By the second Forum, Ovid undoubtedly meant the Forum 
Julium, which, as Becker has we think demonstrated (Handbuch, i. 
362, seq.),\&Y between that of Augustus and the Forum Romanum ; 
the probable site of the temple of Janus was between the Basilica 
Aemilia and the arch of Severus, at the modern church of S. Adriano. 
Another name for this place, according to Varro (L. L. v. 156), was 
Lautolae, a lavando, quod ibi adJanum Geminum aquae caldaefue- 
runt. From this the critics infer that Lautolae, which is only used 
of this place, and of the pass at Teri-acina, denotes hot springs ; but 
Ovid, in this part of the Fasti, and still more clearly in Met. xiv. 
785, seq., makes the heating of the water to have been supernatural. 
As there is a spring in the adjacent Career, and the entrance into the 
Forum Augusti is, at the present day, named Arco del Pantano, we 
may infer that in ancient times there were springs in that locality. 

From Ovid's descriptions of this Janus, one might suppose that 
it was one of the gates of the Romulian town. But that it could not 
have been, on account of the distance ; neither could it have been a 
gate of the Arx on the Tarpeian hill, for the clivus led down to it. 
In a medal of Augustus the temple of Janus appears to be a square 
or oblong building with folding-doors, exactly like those of a house, 
at the right side, and not in the centre. Procopius (De Bell. Goth. 
i. 25) describes the temple of Janus in his own time, as being square, 
and covered with copper, and containing a statue of the god five feet 
high. It had doors at each end, also covered with copper. 

l6 



228 EXCURSUS II. 

EXCURSUS II. 

Pontiffs, Rex Sacrorum, Flamens. 

Jta Rex placare Sacrorum 
Numina laidgerae conjuge debet ovis. — i. 333. 

Among no people was what is called the union between Church 
and State, that is, of ecclesiastical and civil affairs, so close as among 
the Romans. All religious ordinances and regulations proceeded 
from the Senate, to whom all the ministers of religion were sub- 
ordinate. ' As, however, this body could not give the constant 
attention that was requisite to the affairs of religion, there was, be- 
side the Flamens, or priests of particular deities, a college or board 
with a {^resident, named Pontifices, to whom the general super- 
intendence of the religion of the state was committed. 

Like almost every thing connected with religion, the institution 
of the Pontificate was ascribed to the mythic Numa, which only 
means that it had existed at Rome, time out of mind,. — was, in fact, 
coeval with the state. The name Pontifex, Varro (L. L. v. 83) 
derives from pontem facere : Nam (says he) ab Us sublicius (pons) 
est Jactus primum, itt restitiitus saepe, cum in eo sacra et uls et cis 
Tibenm non mediocii ritu fiunt. But, at the same time, he informs us 
that Q. Scaevola, the Pontifex Maximus, had derived it from jmsse 
facere, as ifit was^o/j/ej7; and Scaevola must, we may suppose, have 
had good reason for rejecting an etymon so very obvious, and yet 
so untrue, as that of Varro. A new and not improbable one has 
been proposed by Gottling (Rom. Statverf. p. 173) ; namely, that it 
was originally pompifex, indicative of the direction of religious cere- 
monies, of which the ponqjs, or processions, were a prominent part. 
The difference in orthogi'aphy would then be like that in Pomptina 
or Pontina palus. 

The college, or board of Pontiffs, originally consisted of five mem- 
bers ; namelj^ the Pontifex Maximus, or president, and four minor pon- 
tiffs, probably two for each of the two principal ancient patrician tribes, 
the Ramnes and Titienses; but in A. U.452 the plebeians succeeded 
in gaining admission into this college also, and the number of mem- 
bers was increased to nine. Like the other ministers of religion, 
the pontiffs held their office for life : when a member of the college 
died, the remaining members co-opted or chose his successor. On 
the death of the Pontifex Maximus the college was first completed 



EXCURSUS II. 229 

in the usual manner, and then his successor was chosen from among 
the members (see Liv, xxxix.46 ; xl. 42). This, however, was only 
preliminary, for the election was to be confirmed by the Comitia 
Curiata (Dionys. ii. 22 ; Liv. xxv. 3). 

The pontiffs had the direction of all sacred rites and ceremonies, 
both public and private. They had books of ancient origin (libri 
Pontificii) containing the Indigitamenta, i. e. the names of the gods 
and mode of worshiping them, and the legal forms. They also 
had the keeping of the Kalondar, and the charge of intercalating the 
year (see Introd. § 4). They summoned and presided in the Comi- 
tia Curiata for the inauguration of priests, the making of wills, 
changes of families, adoptions, etc. They exercised criminal justice 
over the Vestals who broke their vows, and their companions in 
guilt. 

The Pontifex Maximus dwelt in the Regia (said to have been the 
abode of Numa), close by the temple of Vesta. It was necessary 
that he should have borne curule offices. He had the right to 
select the Vestals and the Flamens, and in devotions and consecra- 
tions it was his duty to pronounce the solemn words. It was, finally, 
a part of his office to act as historiographer of the state, by keeping 
the Annales Maximi, in which were inserted the names of the ma- 
gistrates of each year, and the principal political events, with a 
notice of such portents and prodigies as had occurred. 

The Rex Sacrorum, or Rex Sacrificus, or Sacrificulus, as he was 
variously named, was another minister of religion, not attached to 
the service of any particular deity. During the regal period there 
were, it is said, some public sacred rites, which could only be per- 
formed by the king in person ; and, as after the abolition of royalty, 
it was deemed necessary to retain the title of Rex for this purpose, 
this office was instituted. The dwelling {Doinus) of the Rex was 
at the top of the Sacra Via, probably one of the houses of the kings 
(Becker, i. 22Q, seq.). His wife was named Regina, and on the 
Kalends of each month she was to oflTer a sacrifice at her house 
(see on i. 53). Like the other priests, the Rex was under the au- 
thority of the Pontifex Maximus. Moreover, he could hold no 
office in the state (Liv. xl. 42). He possessed his dignity for life, 
and he had the first place in the Ordo Sacerdotum. 

The word Flamen answers to the Greek h^ivq, priest. It is of 
uncertain origin, but is usually supposed to be i. q. Filamen, and to 
be derived afilo : quod in Latio capita velato erant semper ac caput 
cinctum habebantjilo, Varr. L. L. v. 84. In the classic authors we 
meet with the names of fifteen Flamens, viz. : Dialis, Martialis, 



230 EXCURSUS II. 

Quirinalis, Furinalis, Volcanalis, Palatualis, Carmentalis, Falacer, 
Volturnalis, Floralis, Ponionalis. Of these, the three first were 
named Majores, and were patricians; the remainder were called 
Minores, and were plebeians. The Flamen Pomoaalis was the lowest 
in rank. 

The Flamen Dialis, or priest of Jupiter, ranked immediately 
after the Rex Sacrorum. His place was one of high dignity ; he 
was by office a member of the senate, and had the right of using 
the curule chair. His house, named the Flaminia, stood on the 
Sacra Via ; and if any person in bonds entered it, he was fi'eed from 
them, and they were thrown into the street. The paternal autho- 
rity over him ceased on his appointment to office, and when giving 
testimony before the praetor he was not required to take an oath. 
At the same time he M'as subject to various restraints and peculiar 
usages. Thus he might not mount a horse, or behold an army, or 
touch a corpse ; he was not to touch, or even name, a she-goat, raw 
flesh, ivy, or beans ; the clippings of his hair, and the parings of his 
nails, were to be buried under a fruit-tree ; his marriage, vyhich 
was performed in the solemn way named confarreatio, was indisso- 
luble, and if his wife died, he had to lay down his office : see Gell. 
X. 15. 

The wife of the Flamen Dialis was called Flaminica. She aided 
in certain religious offices, and had also some peculiarities of dress 
and usage. Thus, she was not to comb her hair or cut her nails 
during the time of visiting the Argei or of cleaning out the temple 
of Vesta : see vi. 226 ; Gell. ut sup. 

The distinguishing mark of the Flamens was their hat or cap, 
named Apex, Galerus, and Tutulus, which Suetonius (ap. Serv. Aen. 
ii. 683) thus distinguished ; Apicem, j}ileu77i sutile, circa medium virga 
eminente ; tutulum, pileum lanatum metae figura ; galerum, pileum 
ex pelle hostiae caesae. Varro says {ap. Gell. x. 15) that it was only 
the Flamen Dialis that Mas privileged to wear a white galerus. 
He was always obliged, when in the open air, to wear his sacerdotal 
hat. 

The Ordo Sacerdotum, at solemn banquets for example, was : Rex, 
Flamen Dialis, Martialis, Quirinalis, Pontifex Maximus (Fest. s. v.) ; 
the rest are not noticed. 

From the earliest times, certain portions of the national lands 
were assigned for the support of the various sacerdotal colleges, 
the temples, etc. By these means they came to be very lucrative 
offices. We find Caesar bribing enormously when seeking that of 
Pontifex Maximus (Hist, of Rome, p. 389); and among the objects 



EXCURSUS III. 231 

of desire held out by Caiilina to liis profligate associates were the 
sacerdotia, Sail. Cat. 21. 



EXCUESUS III. 

Sacred Fraternities. 

Tertia post Idus nudos Aurora Lupercos 

Aspicit, et Fauni sacra bicornis eunt. — ii. 267. 

Beside the priesthoods the Romans had sacred colleges, or frater- 
nities, instituted for the performance of peculiar rites, the object of 
which was the averting of evil from the state, and obtaining for it 
the divine favour. These were the Luperci, the Salii, and the 
Fratres Arvales. 

The Luperci were a certain number of young men, of good 
families, divided into two bodies named Fabiani and Quintiliani, 
from the names of their original leaders, it is said, which seems to 
mean that originally they were restricted to two of the patrician 
geiites ; and as mo know that the Fabii were Sabines, we maj' perhaps 
assume that the Quintilii were Romans, and thus see in them 
another proof of the double nature of the institutions of ancient 
Rome. On the xv. Kal. Mart., i. e. the first day after the middle 
of February, they met at the Lupercal, on the east side of the 
Palatine (by San Teodoro), i. e. the cave of the wolf that had 
reared the Founders of Rome, and there offered goats and dogs 
in sacrifice. Two boys of good family being brought to them, they 
smeared their foreheads with the bloody knife, and the blood was 
then immediately washed away with a piece of wool moistened with 
milk, after which the boys were required to laugh. The Luperci 
then cutting the skins of the goats into thongs, and throwing off all 
their clothes but the half-tunic named cinctus (v. 101), ran about the 
streets, striking with the thongs every one whom they met. Wo- 
men, who wished to have children, threw themselves in their way 
on purpose, as the stroke of the thong was supposed to cause fe- 
cundity. 

The origin of the name Lupercus is doubtful. In the Roman 
theology a male deity, with his accompanying female of this name, 
was recognised ; and the derivation from lupus and arceo seems a 



232 EXCURSUS III. 

natural one. Their office would then be that of protectors of the 
tiocks from wolves, and then from all other evils. After the city 
hiid grown in magnitude, and consequently had no cattle within its 
circuit, the old custom of running about still remaining, its fecun- 
dating effects may have been supposed to extend to human beings. 
This rite was held to be of a purifying nature ; the Lupercalia was 
called dies februatus, and the women that were struck with the 
thongs were said /eirwan (Paul. Diac. v. Februarius), and the thong 
itself was na.mGd februus (Serv. Aen. viii. 343). 

A still more celebrated society was that of the Salii, i. e. Dancers. 
Of these there were two colleges, each consisting of twelve members : 
the one ascribed to Numa, and called Palatini ; the other to Tullus 
Hostilius, named Agonenses, Agonales, and Collini ; the former 
from the Palatine, the latter from the Quirinal hill, on which they 
had their respective chapels. In these, again, we may discern the 
Roman system of duality. 

The dress of the Salii was a short red tunic, girt round with a 
broad brass belt, over which they wore an embroidered trabea, with 
a brazen apex, like that of the Flamens. Each Salian had an esquire 
or attendant. The ancile was hung from his neck by a thong, and, 
when performing the sacred dance, he beat on it with a small sword 
or dagger ; when done, he delivered it to his attendant, to carry. 
The Salii, when dancing, sang sacred hymns called Assamenta, or 
Axamenta, of which Numa was said to have been the author, but 
which in course of time became unintelligible to even the Salians 
themselves (Varro, L. L. vii. 2). They seem to have contained the 
names of all the deities anciently worshiped at Rome (Macrob. i. 
12), and Mamurius was probably only a name for Mars, their patron- 
god ; for it is almost solely the Palatini of which we hear any thing. 
The Collini, however, or Salii of Quirinus, also had ancilia (Li v. v. 
52), and probably, therefore, performed the same dances as the 
others. 

When we recollect that these dances took place in March, the 
first month of the ancient year, and the beginning of the spring, we 
may see that the object of the Salian dancing was the same as that 
of the Lupercan running, the obtaining of the celestial favour for 
the Roman people and their property. 

The Arval brothers were also a college of twelve. They were 
said to represent the twelve sons of Acca Larentia, on the death of 
one of whom Romulus took his place, out of affection to his foster- 
mother (Gell. vi. 7). Each year, on the Ides of May, they made a 
progress crowned with ears of corn, and wearing white fillets, round . 



EXCURSUS IV. 233 

the ancient boundary of the Roman territory, praying to the gods, 
especially to Mars, to spare the lands of the Romans. 

In these three sacred fraternities then we may recognise a com- 
mon object, the averting of the divine displeasure from the Roman 
people and the fruits of their land. They all, as we may see, per- 
formed their rites in the spring ; and in the numbers of the two last, 
and perhaps that of the first, there may have been a reference to 
that of the months in the year. It is only in them, it may be ob- 
served, that the number twelve occurs in Roman institutions of the 
old time. 



EXCURSUS IV. 

ROMAN IDEAS ON THE STATE OF THE DEAD. 

Est honor et tumulis : animas placate paternas. — ii. 333. 

In consequence of the early adoption of Grecian ideas in the 
Latin literature, it has become in all cases difficult, in many impos- 
sible, to ascertain what the original ideas of the Romans were on 
religion, and the subjects connected with it. In none is that more 
felt than in the present subject of inquiry — their notions on the abode 
and condition of the souls of the departed ; for, like every other 
people, they firmly believed in a future existence. 

The idea of guardian spirits was a prominent feature in the Roman 
religion. Each man at the moment of his birth had a celestial spirit, 
named Genius, each woman a Juno, assigned as a guardian. At 
death the Genius left him, and returned to his original abode ; and 
the soul of the man at the same time abandoned its companion, the 
body. Whither it went, is the question. We then, when we free 
ourselves from Grecian ideas, see no reason to suppose that the old 
Romans believed in the existence of a region within the earth, the 
Erebus of the Greeks, the Sheol of the Hebrews, as the abode of 
the dead. Their Orcus (see on Hor. Ep. ii. 2, 178) was Death, 
not the Hades of Greece ; and there do not appear to be any suffi- 
cient grounds for thinking that they believed in rewards and punish- 
ments in a future state. The words inferus, infernus, only signified 
low, under, in position, as opposed to what was higher. Thus the 
Tyrrhene sea was called Mare infermn or infernum, as opposed to 
the Adriatic on the East ; and Limen superimi inferumque (Plaut. 
Merc. V. 1, 1) are the lintel and the threshold of the door. Hence 



234 EXCURSUS IV. 

when we read of Dii Inferi, we may only regard them as opposed 
to the Dii Superi, and not infer at once that they belong to an 
under-world. In like manner, the Latin word deus, divus seems 
like our spirit, ghost, properly to denote an invisible intelligence, 
and not a material being like the Greek 0fO£. Hence we think that 
the right view of that transference of the Grecian idea of the origin 
of heroes to Italy, the birth of Romulus' and Remus, is that given 
by Ovid (iii. 17, seq.), in which the god is invisible. 

The usual name for the souls of the departed is, Dii Manes, i. e. 
Good Spirits ; for though vianis does not occur except in this ex- 
pression, its meaning is very clearly intimated by its compound 
ivimanis. Hence the D. M. so constantly met with on tombs. It is 
very remarkable, that the soul of man and woman alike became a 
deus, there being no distinction of sexes in the Dii Manes. Thus 
Cornelia, writing to her son C. Gracchus (Nepos, fr.), says, Ubi 
viortua cro, 2mrentabis mihi et invocabis deum parentem. The usual 
expression for even the single spirit, we may observe, is Dii Manes, 
without any distinction of sex : see Aug. de Civ. Dei, viii. 26 ; ix. 
11. The abode of the Manes is, perhaps, given in this place of 
Servius (Aen. iii. G3) : Alii Manes a manando dictos intelligunt, 
nam manibus plena sunt loca inter lunarem et terrenum circulum, unde 
et dejluunt. According to Apuleius {ap. Serv. ut sup.), another 
name, co-extensive, it would appear, with Dii Manes, was Lemures, 
which, he says, cum domos incursionibus infestarent. Larvae appella- 
bantur ; contra si aequi et faventes essent. Lares Faniiliares. We do 
not, however, think that this extensive sense of the word is borne 
out by general usage. The Lemures seem to us rather to be what 
we term disturbed sinrits, who haunted in the night the place of their 
abode when in the flesh. This is evidently the view given of them 
by our poet (v. 'ill, seq.), where he terms them taciti Manes, Manes 
jjaterni (v. 443), and animas silentum (v. 483), without any hint of 
their being malignant ; and we have seen nothing adverse to it else- 
where. The same writer elsewhere gives the following definition 
of the Larvae, in which the ideas, however, do not appear to us to 
be all genuine Roman : qui vero ob adversa vitae merita, nullis 
bonis sedibus, incerta vagatione, ecu quodam exilio punitur, inane terri- 
culamentum bonis hominibus, ceterum noxium malis ; id genus plerique 
Larvas perhibent. From Plautus, who frequently mentions the 
Larvae, it would appear that, like the Daemons in the Gospels, they 
were a kind of evil spirits, that possessed people, and rendered them 
insane. Thus (Amph. ii. 2, 133) when Sosia is asserting the mad- 
ness of Alcumena, he says, larvarum plena est : comp. Aul. iv. 4, 15 ; 



EXCURSUS IV. 235 

Capt. iii. 4, 66. We do not find it stated bj' any one but Apuleius 
that the Larva was what we call a ghost. 

A much more general and better known term was Lar. This 
word is said to have been Tuscan, and to answer to our word Lord, 
to which it has a curious but merely accidental resemblance. That 
the Lares were the same beings as the Dii Manes, Dii Liferi, is a 
point about which there can be, we believe, no question. Their 
name seems to have been given them to denote their protecting 
power ; for it was evidently in the light of guardian-spirits that 
they were viewed, differing as it would appear in this from the 
Genii, that while the latter had only charge of the individual man, 
the former had the care of families, properties, etc., and also of 
various individuals united, or in succession. Hence, beside the 
Lares Familiares, there were the Lares Viales, whose protection 
men sought when setting out on a journey (Plaut. Merc. v. 2, 24) ; 
the Lares Rurales, who extended their care over the country ; the 
Lares Marini or Permarini, who gave protection at sea (Li v. xl. 32). 
Of the Lares Praestites we shall presently speak. 

The domestic Lars are spoken of sometimes in the singular, 
sometimes in the plural number. It seems to us that this arose 
from the custom of the Romans of using the plural for the singular, 
which, nourished by the poets, was continually on the increase, and 
attained its height in Ovid. There was in fact, as it would appear, 
only the one Lar Familiaris, whose statue, clad in a tightly-girt toga 
(ii. 634), stood at the focus or fire-place in the Atrium, and which 
used to be crowned with garlands of flowers, and have offerings 
from the food at the table set before it ; for in the old time the 
family took their meals in the Atrium : see on Hor. Sat. ii. 6, 56, 
where, by the way, as the place of Ovid just cited shows, we were 
disposed to restrict the sense of libo too much. Cato and Plautus, 
the two oldest Latin writers whom we possess, both use the word 
only in the singular, one single place in the latter (Rud. iv. 3, 17) 
excepted, where, however, Weise his late editor, on other grounds, 
suspects the whole scene to be supposititious. Cato (R. R. 2) says, 
Paterfamilias ubi ad villam venit, ubi harem Familiarem salutavit, etc. ; 
and again, in his directions to the villica (c. 143), he says, Ealendis, 
Idibus, Nonis . . . coronam in focum indat ; per eosdemque dies Lari 
Faviiliari supplicet. In Cato's days, therefore, it would seem that 
there was only one Lar in the Atrium, at least, in that of the villa. 
At a much later period Columella, when treating of the duty of the 
villicus, says (xi. 2), consuescat rusticos circa larem domini focumque 
familiarem semper epulari. In the prologue to the Aulularia of 



236 EXCURSUS IV. 

Plautus, the Lar speaks throughout as if he alone had charge of 
the house and family. It may however be said that the family was 
poor, and so may have had but one Lar ; but then in the Miles, 
when (iv. 8, 29) Palaestrio is leaving the house of a rich man, she 
says, Etinm nunc saluto te, Lar familiaris, prhisquam eo ; in the 
Trinumus (i. 2, 1), Callicles, a wealthy man, says, harem corona 
nostrum decorari volo ; and, in the Mercator, Charinus, the son of a 
wealthy man, says, Di Penates meum pare7itum, familiai Lar fater, 
where we may observe that the Di Penates and the Lar are men- 
tioned together, exactly as they are by Virgil (Aen. viii. 543 ; ix. 
2o9}, who never uses the plural of Lar. Catullus also says (31, 9), 
ac peregrino Lahore fessi venimus larem ad nostrum. Horace always 
uses the singular, except in three places (Carm. iii. 23, 4 ; Epod. 2, 
60 ; Sat. i. 3, 63) ; and even Ovid rarely uses the plural. The 
strongest place in favour of the plural is TibuU. i. 10, 13, seq. ; yet 
even from that, when well considered, it might appear that, in the 
old time at least, there was only the one family Lar. When the 
word is used for the house, it is almost always in the singular. 

Such then are the proofs of there being only a single Lar Fami- 
liaris in each family. This Lar seems to have been the spirit of the 
Eponymus, or supposed founder of the family. Thus the Lar in 
the Aulularia speaks of three generations of the family, of which he 
had charge, and lets us suppose that he had seen many preceding 
ones ; and in Virgil (/. c.) the Lar of Aeneas is called the Lar of 
Assaracus, his grandfather. It is said, indeed (Hertzberg, p. 27), 
that this was only the principal Lar, and that while his statue stood 
at the hearth, those of his descendants were kept in a press (scri- 
nium, Id. p. 16) named Lararium, which was opened only on holi- 
days. The Lararium, however, as described by Lampridius, in 
whom alone (Vit, Alex. Sev. 29 and 31) we meet the word, was a 
room, forming a kind of private chapel or oratoi'y. The following 
rather obscure place in Propertius (iv. 4, 33), rarisque adsueta Ka- 
lendis Fix apent clausos una puella Lares, might, however, seem to 
intimate something of the kind ; and we are told (Suet. Vit. 2) of 
the father of the emperor Vitellius, that Narcissi quoque et Pallantis 
imagines aureas inter Lares coluit. But a great change seems to have 
been made during the empire, and we have elsewhere expressed 
our opinion that the focus and its Lar had at that time ceased to 
appear in the Atria at Rome. 

Equally celebrated with the family Lars vfere the public ones, 
named Lares Praestites (v. 129), or guardians of the state. These 
were two in number, with the attributes which our poet (/. c.) has 



EXCURSUS IV. 237 

described. Their aedes or rather sacellum was on the Summa Sacra 
Via ; but there were also in all the compita of the city little wooden 
chapels of them, in which their images were twice a year crowned 
with flowers (Suet. Oct. 31), and a festival named the Compitalia 
was held in their honour. 

In antiquity the family and the state mutually represented each 
other. As therefore no house was without its Lar, we should 
naturally expect to find a public Lar ; but again, when we recollect 
the double origin of the Roman state, we might expect to find a 
pair of guardian jiowers ; and so it is precisely, if these are such. 
Moreover, as the family Lar represented the Eponymus of the 
family, so we may suppose these to be Romulus and Remus, or, as 
seems to iis more probable, Romulus and Quirinus, the Eponymi of 
the Roman and Sabine parts of the state. Further, the place of the 
Lar was in the house of the 'paterfamilias and near the focus ; and the 
chapel of these Lars was at the top of the Sacra Via, where were 
the houses of the kings (Liv. i. 41 ; Solin. i. 23, 24), and under 
which stood the temple of Vesta, the focus of the state. As the 
Lar of the villa must have been the same with that of the house at 
Rome, so the Lares Compitales were only repetitions of those on 
the Sacra Via. Finally, as the offering to the family Lar was 
usually made by the slaves of the house (see on vi. 306), so the 
Vicorum Magistri, to whom Augustus committed the worship of the 
Lares Compitales, were Libertini : see Ascon. on Cic. in Pis. 4. 
Sch. Hor. Sat. ii. 3,281. 

If the preceding views are correct, we may discern in the genuine 
ancient religious system of the Romans, a system of a very spiritual 
character. Spirits were regarded as in a continued course of ascent 
and descent to and from the su[)ernal regions of space, as deaths and 
births took place on the surface of earth. At each death also, the 
numerous society of the spirits of the departed, who hovered over 
the earth or higher in the air, received a new member, and, mindful 
of their previous abode in the flesh, they exercised a protecting 
care over their successors in life. We have already stated that we 
have seen no proofs of a belief in the rewards and punishments of a 
future state among the ancient Romans. This ignorance they seem 
to have shared with the ancient world in general ; the time when it 
should be removed not having yet arrived. 

It will be seen that we have assigned four days (xii-ix, Kal.) 
to the Parentalia. The reason is, that the poet always speaks of 
them in the plural. In v. 348 he calls them Parentales dies, v. 557 
he intimates that thev were more than one, and v. 370 he terms the 



238 Excunsus v. 

Feralia the last of them. As this last was ix. Kal. (see Kal. Maff. 
and PVnes.) and is marked F., and as Macrobius tells us (i. 16) 
that atris (i. e. nefastis) diebus non licwit parentare, and the three 
preceding days are marked C, it seems to follow that the Parentalia 
began immediatel}^ after the Quirinalia, which was N.P. thus, with the 
Caristia, occupying the whole space between that festival and the 
Terminalia. 

In the mention of the Feralia or last day of the Parentalia by our 
poet (ii. 567), there is a difficulty. That day, as we have seen, was 
IX. Kal. Mart., which, reckoning inclusively of course, gives eight 
days to the end of the month ; and it is not easy to see how that can 
be the number of feet in a pentameter distich. To obviate this 
difficulty, Merkel conjectures vices for pedes, and places it in his 
text. He thus explains it (p. xli.) " i. e. vicissitudines spondei vel 
dactyli pedis (quod glossema ascriptum fuit), quas distichon sexies, et 
syllabae longae brevisve, quas praeterea bis admittit." By this, we 
suppose, he means that in the hexameter verse two feet (the two 
last) are constant, and four variable, and in the pentameter also, two 
(the two last) are constant, and two variable, as also are the two 
half feet (though one of them must be long), thus making a total of 
eight variable feet. This is so very artificial, that we would sooner 
suppose some error in the place. The MSS. are equally divided 
between the readings p)^^^^ and dies, and it is not improbable that 
the original M'ord may have been lost, and that these are only 
attempts of the critics or copyists to supply its place : see on Hor. 
Ep. ii. 2, 199. 

On the subjects treated on in this Excursus, much information 
will be found in Hertzberg's treatise De Diis Romanorum Patriis, 
Halae, 1840. 



EXCURSUS V. 

VE IN COMPOSITION. 



Kunc vocor ad nomen. Veg randia farra colonae, 

Quae male creverunt, vescaque parva vacant. — iii. 445. 

About the meaning of this inseparable particle ve, which occurs 
only in a hmited number of words, there are, of course, differences 
of opinion. It is generally supposed that its power is that of 



EXOUESUS VI. 239 

diminishing, which accords with the sense of most of the compounds ; 
but Becker (Gallus, p. 189) maintains that it is i. q. Trapd, and 
signifies outside, beyond, and therefore may either increase or 
diminish the sense of the word with which it is joined. Our own 
opinion is, that it is simply negative. 

The words in which we meet it are vecors, vesanus, vegrandis, 
vchemens, vescus, vepallidiis, vestibulum, Vedjovis. In the first two 
there can be no doubt that the sense is negative or diminishing. 
Vegrandis, Becker says, is that which is of a larger size than usual. 
Ovid, however, seems to say the very contrary ; and when Varro 
(R. R. ii. 2) says of ewes, or rather of lambs, Jiunt vegrandes atque 
imhecillae, he can hardly mean that they increase in size. Vescus is 
usually supposed to be compounded of ve and esciis, and to signify, 
small or consuming (see on Virg. Geor. iii, 175) ; but may it not be 
composed of ve and sectis, i. q. secatus, and answer to dTO}.wQ, and 
thus signify very small, indivisible as it were ? Vehemens was pro- 
bably veviens, as it may be always pronounced in Plautus and others, 
and must be in Horace, Ep. ii. 2, 120, and the same as aniens, demens, 
whether the other part be the subst. jnens or an obsolete participle. 
We have elsewhere (see on Hor. Sat. i. 2, 129) given it as our 
opinion, that there is no such word as vepallidus. Vestibulum Becker, 
we think justly, says comes from vestare, as prostibulinn from jyrostare, 
and vestare'is ve-stare, i. e., according to him, to stand out or beyond 
(the house) ; but may it not be i. q. ne-stare, and the vestibule be 
the place where one was not to stand or remain ? 



EXCURSUS VI. 



The Argei. 



Turn quoque piiscoriim virgo simulacra virorum 
Mittere roboreo scirpea ponte solet. — v. 621. 

On the Ides of May, certain sacrifices having been previously 
performed, the Pontifices and the Vestals, followed by the Praetors 
and by such of the citizens as were legally qualified, proceeded 
(probably from the Regia) to the Sublician bridge, from which the 
Vestals cast into the stream images of men, formed of rushes, and 



240 EXCUESUS VI. 

named Argei: Dionys. i. 19 and 38 ; Varro, L. L. vii. 44 ; Paul. 
Diac. V. Argei. There is a diflference in the numbers of these 
Argei : Dionysius (i. 38) says it was 30, while Varro (/. c.) makes it 
XXIV. or (in some MSS.) only xxiii. ; but that of Dionysius ap- 
pears to have been at least the original number, as corresponding 
with that of the curies in Rome. 

Plutarch (Q. R. 86) terms this ceremony rbv pkyiarov twv 
KaOaojAwv, and we think there can be no doubt of its being such, 
and being symbolic in its nature. Rites of this kind, by which the 
guilt of the community was, as it were, laid on individuals, were 
common in antiquity. Such under the Mosaic law was the rite of 
the Scapegoat, which bore the sins of the people away into the 
wilderness (Levit. xvi.). At Athens, every year, in the month 
Thargelion (answering to parts of Ma}^ and June), two men, or, as 
some say, a man and a woman, w^ho had been kept in hold some time 
previously for this purpose, were, like victims, led out of a gate of 
the cit}^ adorned with fruits and flowers, and their bodies rubbed 
with fragrant substances, to a rock (probably on the sea-shore), 
and curses being pronounced on them, they were flung down from 
it. They were always criminals who were selected for this pur- 
pose, and they were termed (papfiaKoi : see Hesych. Suid. Harpocr. 
6'. V. It is probable that the same means of preserving their lives 
were adopted as we shall find at Leucas. This rite seems to have 
been common to the Ionian race. It is said to have existed at 
Pares and Miletus, and in the Phocaean colony at Massalia. Of 
this last, Servius (Aen. iii. 57) tells us from Petronius, that Massi- 
lienses qunties jyestilentia laborabant, unus se ex pauperibus offerebat, 
alundus anno integro publicis ei purioribus cibis. Hie postea ornattis 
verbenis et vestibus sacris circumdueebatur per totam civitalem cum 
exsea'ationibus, ut in ipsum reciderent mala civitatis ; et sic (de rupe ?) 
projiciebatiir. At Leucas in Acarnania, as Strabo informs us (x. 
p. 694), it was an annual custom, on the festival of Apollo, to fling 
from the rock, whence lovers used to leap, a criminal selected for 
the purpose, with birds and wings attached to him, to break his fall. 
Numerous small boats were waiting below, to pick him up and con- 
vey him away beyond the limits of the country. The Roman rite, 
we see, resembles these with the exception of the employment of 
images, and instead of viewing in these, as has generally been done, 
a substitution for the original human victims, we are inclined to 
suppose the ceremony to have been symbolic from the very com- 
mencement, in accordance with the mild spirit of the religion of 
ancient Latium ; for, though in the historic period the Romans at 



EXCURSUS VII. 241 

times offered human victims, it was done in conformity to foreign 
religions, and not to that of Latium. 

Burmann has the following' rather curious note on this place : 
" Similem fere rituni Lipsiae a meretricibus celebratum scribit 
Pfeiffer, Rerum Lipsiensium 1. iii. § 18, illas scilicet solitas olim 
primis jejunii quadragenarii (LeJii) diebus imaginem stramineam 
deformis viri, longa pertica suffixam, sequente omni meretricum 
agmine, tulisse ad Pardam flumen, ibique, cum carminibus in palli- 
dam mortem, praecipitasse ; dicentes se histrare urbem, ut sequeuti 
anno a pestilentia esset immunis." Lobeck also says (Aglaoph. 
p. 175), " Nostra adhuc memoria Thuringi vicani quotannis, cum 
Mortem expelH dicerent, imaginem humanam viminibus contextam, 
postquam in pompa traduxerant, in amnem abjiciebant." Not having 
the Deutsche Mythologie of Grimm at hand, we cannot pursue 
this subject further. 

The origin of the word Argei (which has the penult vowel long, 
contrary to the Latin usage) is quite uncertain ; but it may proba- 
bly be connected with arceo. 

The word jirgei or Argea occurs also in another connexion in 
the Roman antiquities. They were a kind of chapels in different 
parts of the city, at which each year, in the month of March (iii. 
791), offerings were made by the Pontifices. Varro (L. L. v. 45) 
gives their number as 27 ; but it is supposed, with reason, that he 
omits three belonging to the Capitol, so that the real number was 
thirty. Each of these may have furnished one of the rush-images 
for the following rite in May, and hence perhaps the common name. 



EXCURSUS VII. 

Vesta, and the Vestals. 

Vesta, fave ! tibi nunc o'perata resohimus ora. 
Ad tua si nobis sacra venire licet. — vi. 249. 

In ancient times, when families lived much together and houses 
were small, their point of union was the fire, the only one in 
the house, which burned in the apartment in which they prepared 
and ate their meals, and transacted their household affairs. Such 

M 



242 EXCURSUS VII. 

are the manners portrayed in the Odyssey, and such we find them 
among the Romans. This hearth, named by the Greeks tcrria 
{focus), was supposed by them to be under the charge of a goddess 
of the same name. The Latin form of this word is Vesta, who was 
always regarded as a protecting goddess. We find mention of her 
from the very dawn of Roman history ; but whether she belonged 
to the ancient religion of the Latins or was adopted from the 
Greeks, it is impossible now to determine. 

In Grecian cities there was a common hall, named Prytaneum, 
in which the members of the government had their meals, at the 
expense of the state ; and here too was the taria, or public hearth, 
with its fire, by which those meals were probably prepared. At 
Rome, as the feelings of the people were of a more solemn and 
reverential cast, a temple was appropriated to this fire, into which 
none were permitted to enter but the sacred virgins, to whose care 
it was committed. 

This institution of Vestal Virgins was peculiar to the Romans in 
antiquity. A single virgin was in Greece sometimes a priestess, 
especially of the maiden-goddess Artemis, but she only remained 
in office till she was of a marriageable age, while at Rome the office 
was virtually for life. The nearest resemblance to the Roman in- 
stitution, though with numerous differences, was that of the Virgins 
of the Sun in the time of the Incas in Peru. 

Like almost every thing else in religion, this institution was 
ascribed to Numa. The original number of the Vestals was four, 
two for each of the original Roman tribes ; but when the Luceres 
were elevated to an equality with these, the number of Vestals was 
raised to six, which it never exceeded ; the plebeians, it would seem, 
never having coveted a share in this priesthood. The maiden to be 
selected was not to be under six or o'ver ten years ; her father and 
mother were both to be living. She was selected at first by the king, 
afterwards by the Pontifex Maximus. He laid his hand on her, and 
took her as it were captive (the proper term was capere), saying, 
Sacerdotem Vestalem quae sacra facial quae jus siet sacerdotem Vesta- 
lem facere pro pojndo Romano Quiritium uti quae optima lege fuat, ita 
te, Amata, capio (Fab. Pict. ap. Gell. i. 12). By this act she be- 
came completely freed from the paternal power. Her office lasted 
for thirty years ; in the first ten of which she learned her duty ; in 
the second she exercised it ; in the last she became the instructor 
of others. At the expiration of this period she was at liberty to 
resign her oflSce, go into the world, and marry; but of this few took 



EXCURSUS VII. 243 

advantage, it being deemed unlucky to do so. Their duties con- 
sisted in tending the sacred fire, and preserving the various relics 
in the temple ; they prepared the mola salsa and the miiries, or 
sacred salt that were used in religious offices ; they aided at the 
throwing of the Argei into the Tiber, and were present at the secret 
rites of the Bona Dea. 

The Vestals enjoyed high honour and consideration. Far from 
being confined like modern nuns, they went where they pleased 
through the city. A lictor preceded the Vestal ; magistrates lowered 
their fasces when they met her ; the criminal that caught her eyes 
was free ; she was next in dignity to the Flamen Dialis, could not be 
required to make oath, had a peculiar place at public spectacles, en- 
joyed the privileges of the matron who had borne three children, 
and she might make a will. Her garment was white, edged with 
purple, and she wore an infula, or sacred bandeau on her head. 
The Vestals were permitted to be buried within the city, behind 
their temple. The eldest of them was termed Maxima. 

When a Vestal neglected any of her duties, or committed any 
minor offence, she was beaten with rods by the Pontifex Maximus, 
who had the superintendence over the Vestals. But breach of chas- 
tity (fwce^^Mm) being a crime of a deeper dye, and one that brings the 
divine wrath on the state (see on iv. 157), was punished by death in 
both the offending parties. The man was scourged to death ; the 
Vestal was placed in a close litter, her mouth being secured, to pre- 
vent her from making an outcry. In this manner she was carried 
over the Forum, all shuddering at the sight, up and along the 
Quirinal hill to the Mound of Servius Tuliius on the right of the 
Colline gate. In this had been prepared a small subterraneous 
chamber, in which Mere a couch, a lighted lamp, some bread, water, 
milk, and oil. Her bonds were then loosed ; the chief pontiff pro- 
nounced some prayers ; after which, while he and the other priests 
averted their faces, she was made to descend by a ladder, which 
was then drawn up; the chamber was covered over, and she was left to 
die. This place was named Campus Sceleratus. The first example 
we read of was that of Minucia, A. U. 417 ; Liv. viii. 15 : see Plut. 
Num. 10 ; Dionys. ii. 67. 

The temple of Vesta, being the /ocm5 of the state, was naturally, 
placed in a central position, that is, in the valley between the 
Roman town on the Palatine, and the Sabine on the Quirinal and 
Tarpeian. It therefore stood by the Forum, about where the 
Church of Sta. Maria Liberatrice now stands, on its south-side, just 
where the Sacra Via entered it. The fount or pool of Juturna 
M 2 



244 EXCURSUS VII. 

lay between it and the temple of Castor on the left, while on the 
right, by the Sacra Via, and closely adjoining it, was the Regia, the 
abode of the Pontifex Maxiinus. What we name the temple, con- 
sisted of two parts ; the temple, properly so called, and the Atrium 
Vestae, the abode of the virgins ; the latter was in front, facing the 
Forum : see Becker, Handbuch, i. p. 222, seq. 



INDEX. 



Acea, iv. 854. 

Aeneas, i. 527 ; ii- 543 ; iii. 545, 

601 ; iv. 37, 879. 
Agonalia, i. 325. 
Alba, iv. 43. 
Albula, ii. 389. 
Alirio, ii. 601 ; iv. .'537. 
Amalthea, v. 115. 
Amores, iv. 1. 
Anipelos, iii. 409. 
Amulius, iii. 49, 67 ; iv. 53. 
Ancile, iii. 377- 

Anna Perenna, iii. 146,523, 654. 
Appius Caecus, vi. 203. 
Apriiis, iv. 89. 
Aqua Virgo, i. 464. 
Avgei, iii. 791. 
Ariadnis corona, iii. 459. 
Arion, ii. 83. 
Aristaeus, i. 363. 
Attis, iv. 223 ; v. 227- 
Augeo, i. 612. 
Augusta, i. 536. 
Bellona, vi. 201. 
Briai'eus, iii. 805. 
Brutus, ii. 717 ; vi. 461. 
Cacus, i. 550. 
Cadmus, i. 490. 
Caesar, Julius, iii. 156, 702 ; iv. 

379. 
Callaicus, vi. 461. 
Callisto, ii. 156. 
Camillus, vi. 184. 
Capella, v. 113. 
Cai)itale, iii. 839. 

Capitolium, i. 453 ; ii. 667 ; vi. 73. 
Caristia, ii. 617. 
Carmentis, i. 467. 
Carna, vi. 101. 



Celer, iv. 837. 

Cerealia, iv. 610. 

Claudia, iv. 305. 

Clusius, i. 130. 

Collatinus, ii. 733. 

Concordia, i. 639 ; iii. 881. 

Census, iii, 199. 

Corona Gnossis, iii. 459. 

Coronis, i. 291. 

Corvus, ii. 243. 

Cranae,vi. 107. 

Crassus, vi. 465. 

Crater, ii. 244. 

Cremera, ii. 205. 

Cures, V. 131. 

Curia, ii. 530 ; iii. 140 ; iv. 635. 

Curio, ii. 527. 

Cybela, iv. 191. 

Cj'nosura, iii. 107. 

Dardanus, iv. 31. 

Daunus, iv. 76. 

Decemviri, ii. 54 ; iv. 384. 

Delphin, ii. 79. 

Dictynna, vi. 755. 

Didius, vi. 568. 

Dido, iii. 545. 

Dies, i. 45. 

Drusus, i. 1 2, 597. 

Egeria, iii. ] 54. 

Electra, iv. 31 ; vi. 42. 

Equiria, ii. 859 ; iii. 519. 

Esquiliae, iii. 246. 

Evander, i. 471. 

Fabii, ii. 196, 375. 

Faunus, ii. 193 ; iii. 291. 

Faustulus, iii. 56 ; i^. 854. 

Februa, ii. 19. 

Fenestella, vi. 578. 

Feralia, ii. 569. 



246 



Feriae, i. 659. 
Flanien, ii. 21. 
Flaminica, ii. 27 ; vi. 226, 
Flaminius, vi. 765. 
Flora, V. 195. 
Forda bos, iv, 630. 
Fornax, ii. 525. 
Fortuna Fors, vi. 77-^' 

< Publica, iv. 376. 

Virilis, iv. 145. 

Forum, i. 302 ; iii. 704. 

Augustum, V. 552. 

Boarium, i. 582. 

Furius, i. 641. 

Gabii, ii. 690. 

Galli, iv. 631 ; vi. 351. 

Genius, ii. 545 ; v. 145. 

Gradivus, ii. 861. 

Helernus, ii. 67 ; vi. 105. 

Helica, iii. 108, 

Hercules, i. 543 ; vi. 209. 

Hippolytus, iii. 265 ; v. 309. 

HoHoratus, i. 52. 

Hostia, i. 336. 

Hyades, V. 164. 

Hyrieus, v. 499. 

Janalis vlrga, vi. 165. 

Jani, i. 257. 

Janus, i. 64, 127 ; vi. 119. 

Idus, i. 56. 

Ilia, ii. 383 ; iii. 11 ; iv. 54. 

Iliades, iv. 23 ; v. 565. 

Ino, iii. 859 ; vi. 485. 

lulus, iv. 39. 

Juno, V. 231. 

Lucina, iii. 255. 

Moueta, i. 638 ; vi. 183. 

Sospita, ii. 56. 

Jupiter Capitolinus, vi. 186. 

Elicius, iii. 328. 

Pistor, vi. 350. 

Stator, vi. 793. 

. Tonans, ii. 69. 

Victor, i v. 621. 

Juturna, ii. 585. 
Kalendae, i. 55. 
Lara, ii. 599. 
Larentalia, iii. 57. 
Larentia, iii. 55. 
Lares, ii. 616, 634 ; v. 129. 
Leiuures, v. 483. 
Lemiu-ia, v. 421. 



Leucothea, vi. 501. 
Liba, iii. 7^4. 
Libamina, iii. 733. 
Liber, iii. 465, 777- 
Libera, iii. 512. 
Libertas, iv. 624, 
Livia, i. 649. 
Locuples, V. 281, 
Luceres, iii, 132, 
Lucina, ii. 449. 
Lucretia, ii. 741. 
Lupercal, ii. 381. 
Luperci, ii. 267 ; v. 101. 
Lyra, 1. 316. 
Maia, iv. 174. 
Majestas, v. 25. 
Maius, V. 73. 
Mamurius, iii. 383. 
Manes, ii. 535. 
Manlius, vi. 185. 
Marcia, vi. 802. 
Mars, iii. 2, 171 ; v. 229. 

Ultor, V. 577, 595. 

Matralia, vi. 475, 
Matuta, vi, 479. 
Megalesia, iv. 357. 
Mens, vi. 241. 
Mercurius, v. 663. 
Metellus, iv. 348 ; vi, 444, 
Mezentius, iv. 881. 
Miluus, iii. 794. 
Minerva, iii. 809 ; vi. 652. 

Capta, iii. 837- 

Narcissus, v. 525. 

Nasica, iv. 347. 

Nonae, i. 57. 

JSuma, i. 43 ; iii. 152. 

Nuinitor, iv. 53. 

Ocresia, vi. 627. 

Olenia, v. 113,251. 

Ophiuchus, vi. 735. 

Ops, vi. 285. 

Orion, iv. 388 ; v, 493 ; vi. 787, 

Othryades, ii. 665. 

Palaemon, vi. 501. 

Palaestinae, ii. 564 ; iv. 236. 

Pales, iv. 640, 776. 

Palilia, iv. 721. 

Palladium, vi. 421. 

Pallantias, iv. 373, 

Pan, ii, 271, 

Patres/ni. 127 ; v. 71. 



247 



Pafulcins, i. 129, 
Pax, i. 704. 
Pecunia, v. 281. 
Pentheus, iii. 721. 
Persephone, iv. 452. 
Philippi, iii. 707- 
Philippus, vi. 801. 
Phryxus, iii. 858. 
Piamina, ii. 1 9. 
Picus, iii. 291. 
Plaudus, vi. 685. 
Pleiades, iv. 169 ; v. 84. 
Poll, iii. 106. 
Pollux, V. 710. 
Porrigere, i. 646. 
Porrima, i. 633. 
Porta Capena, iv. 345. 

Car mentis, ii. 201. 

Collina, iv. 871. 

Portunus, vi. 547. 

Pobtliumius, iv. 41 ; vi. 724. 

Postverta, i. 633. 

Piiapus, i. 416. 

Proca, iv. 52 ; vi. 143. 

Proculus, ii. 499. 

Proteus, i. 367. 

Publicii, V. 288. 

Pudor, V. 29. 

Purgamina, ii. 35. 

Purus,\i. 25 ; iii. 582. 

Pyrrhus, vi. 203, 732. 

Quinquatria, iii. 810 ; vi. 651. 

Quirinus, ii. 475. 

Regis fuga, ii. 685 ; v. 728. 

Remuria, v. 479. 

Reraus, ii. 372 ; iii. 70 ; iv. 56,817, 

841 ; v. 475. 
Reverentia, v. 23. 
Rex Nemorensis, iii. 271. 

Sacrorum, i. 333. 

Robigo, iv. 907. 
Romula ficus, ii. 412. 
Romulus, i. 29 ; iii. 97 ; vi. 84. 



Salii, iii. 387. 
Salus, iii. 882. 
Sancus, vi. 213. 
Sceleratus Vicus, vi. 6 ;9. 
Secessio Plebis, i. 643 ; iii. 664. 
Semo, vi. 213. 

Servius Tullius, vi. 480, 571, "83. 
Stimula, vi. 503. 
Stultorum festa, ii. 513. 
Sulla, vi. 212. 
Summanus, vi. 731. 
Syphax, vi. 769. 
Tacita, ii. 572. 
Tanaquil, vi. 629. 
Tarantum, i. 501. 
Tarpeia, i. 261. 
Tarquinius, ii. 687 ; vi. 600. 
Tatius, i. 262. 
Tempestas, vi. 193. 
Terminus, ii. 641. 
Tibicen, vi. 653. 
Tiro, iii. 787- 
Tolenum, vi. 565. 
Torquatus,i. 601. 
Trabea, ii. 503. 
Trasimena, vi. 765, 
Tubilustria, v. 725. 
Tullia, vi. 587. 
Turnus, iv. 879. 
Vacuna, vi. 307. 
Vedjovis, iii. 430. 
Velabi'a, vi. 405. 
Vesta, vi. 249. 
Vestihulum, vi. 304. 
Via Nova, vi. 396. 
— Tecta, vi. 192. 
Victhna, i. 335. 
Vinalia, iv. 863. 
Vindemitor, iii. 407, 
Virbius, vi. 766. 
Urion, v. 636. 
Vulpes combustae, iv. 681. 



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